Superior highly composite number
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In mathematics, a superior highly composite number is a natural number which has more divisors than any other number scaled relative to some power of the number itself. It is a stronger restriction than that of a highly composite number, which is defined as having more divisors than any smaller positive integer.
The first 10 superior highly composite numbers and their factorization are listed.
# prime factors |
SHCN n |
prime factorization |
prime exponents |
# divisors d(n) |
primorial factorization | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
2 | 6 | 2 ⋅ 3 | 1,1 | 22 | 4 | 6 |
3 | 12 | 22 ⋅ 3 | 2,1 | 3×2 | 6 | 2 ⋅ 6 |
4 | 60 | 22 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 | 2,1,1 | 3×22 | 12 | 2 ⋅ 30 |
5 | 120 | 23 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 | 3,1,1 | 4×22 | 16 | 22 ⋅ 30 |
6 | 360 | 23 ⋅ 32 ⋅ 5 | 3,2,1 | 4×3×2 | 24 | 2 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 30 |
7 | 2520 | 23 ⋅ 32 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 | 3,2,1,1 | 4×3×22 | 48 | 2 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 210 |
8 | 5040 | 24 ⋅ 32 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 | 4,2,1,1 | 5×3×22 | 60 | 22 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 210 |
9 | 55440 | 24 ⋅ 32 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11 | 4,2,1,1,1 | 5×3×23 | 120 | 22 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 2310 |
10 | 720720 | 24 ⋅ 32 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 13 | 4,2,1,1,1,1 | 5×3×24 | 240 | 22 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 30030 |
For a superior highly composite number n there exists a positive real number ε such that for all natural numbers k smaller than n we have
and for all natural numbers k larger than n we have
where d(n), the divisor function, denotes the number of divisors of n. The term was coined by Ramanujan (1915).
The first 15 superior highly composite numbers, 2, 6, 12, 60, 120, 360, 2520, 5040, 55440, 720720, 1441440, 4324320, 21621600, 367567200, 6983776800 (sequence A002201 in the OEIS) are also the first 15 colossally abundant numbers, which meet a similar condition based on the sum-of-divisors function rather than the number of divisors.
Properties
All superior highly composite numbers are highly composite.
An effective construction of the set of all superior highly composite numbers is given by the following monotonic mapping from the positive real numbers.[1] Let
for any prime number p and positive real x. Then
- is a superior highly composite number.
Note that the product need not be computed indefinitely, because if then , so the product to calculate can be terminated once .
Also note that in the definition of , is analogous to in the implicit definition of a superior highly composite number.
Moreover for each superior highly composite number exists a half-open interval such that .
This representation implies that there exist an infinite sequence of such that for the n-th superior highly composite number holds
The first are 2, 3, 2, 5, 2, 3, 7, ... (sequence A000705 in the OEIS). In other words, the quotient of two successive superior highly composite numbers is a prime number.
Divisors
The divisors of the first ten superior highly composite numbers are:
- 2: 1, 2
- 6: 1, 2, 3, 6
- 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
- 60: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60
- 120: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 60, 120
- 360: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 45, 60, 72, 90, 120, 180, 360
- 2520: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 30, 35, 36, 40, 42, 45, 56, 60, 63, 70, 72, 84, 90, 105, 120, 126, 140, 168, 180, 210, 252, 280, 315, 360, 420, 504, 630, 840, 1260, 2520
- 5040: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 30, 35, 36, 40, 42, 45, 48, 56, 60, 63, 70, 72, 80, 84, 90, 105, 112, 120, 126, 140, 144, 168, 180, 210, 240, 252, 280, 315, 336, 360, 420, 504, 560, 630, 720, 840, 1008, 1260, 1680, 2520, 5040
- 55440: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 30, 33, 35, 36, 40, 42, 44, 45, 48, 55, 56, 60, 63, 66, 70, 72, 77, 80, 84, 88, 90, 99, 105, 110, 112, 120, 126, 132, 140, 144, 154, 165, 168, 176, 180, 198, 210, 220, 231, 240, 252, 264, 280, 308, 315, 330, 336, 360, 385, 396, 420, 440, 462, 495, 504, 528, 560, 616, 630, 660, 693, 720, 770, 792, 840, 880, 924, 990, 1008, 1155, 1232, 1260, 1320, 1386, 1540, 1584, 1680, 1848, 1980, 2310, 2520, 2640, 2772, 3080, 3465, 3696, 3960, 4620, 5040, 5544, 6160, 6930, 7920, 9240, 11088, 13860, 18480, 27720, 55440
- 720720: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 48, 52, 55, 56, 60, 63, 65, 66, 70, 72, 77, 78, 80, 84, 88, 90, 91, 99, 104, 105, 110, 112, 117, 120, 126, 130, 132, 140, 143, 144, 154, 156, 165, 168, 176, 180, 182, 195, 198, 208, 210, 220, 231, 234, 240, 252, 260, 264, 273, 280, 286, 308, 312, 315, 330, 336, 360, 364, 385, 390, 396, 420, 429, 440, 455, 462, 468, 495, 504, 520, 528, 546, 560, 572, 585, 616, 624, 630, 660, 693, 715, 720, 728, 770, 780, 792, 819, 840, 858, 880, 910, 924, 936, 990, 1001, 1008, 1040, 1092, 1144, 1155, 1170, 1232, 1260, 1287, 1320, 1365, 1386, 1430, 1456, 1540, 1560, 1584, 1638, 1680, 1716, 1820, 1848, 1872, 1980, 2002, 2145, 2184, 2288, 2310, 2340, 2520, 2574, 2640, 2730, 2772, 2860, 3003, 3080, 3120, 3276, 3432, 3465, 3640, 3696, 3960, 4004, 4095, 4290, 4368, 4620, 4680, 5005, 5040, 5148, 5460, 5544, 5720, 6006, 6160, 6435, 6552, 6864, 6930, 7280, 7920, 8008, 8190, 8580, 9009, 9240, 9360, 10010, 10296, 10920, 11088, 11440, 12012, 12870, 13104, 13860, 15015, 16016, 16380, 17160, 18018, 18480, 20020, 20592, 21840, 24024, 25740, 27720, 30030, 32760, 34320, 36036, 40040, 45045, 48048, 51480, 55440, 60060, 65520, 72072, 80080, 90090, 102960, 120120, 144144, 180180, 240240, 360360, 720720
Superior highly composite radices
The first few superior highly composite numbers have often been used as radices, due to their high divisibility for their size. For example:
- Binary (base 2)
- Senary (base 6)
- Duodecimal (base 12)
- Sexagesimal (base 60)
120 appears as the long hundred, while 360 appears as the number of degrees in a circle.
Notes
- ^ Ramanujan (1915); see also URL http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/achim/hcn.dvi
References
- Ramanujan, S. (1915). "Highly composite numbers". Proc. London Math. Soc. (2). 14: 347–409. doi:10.1112/plms/s2_14.1.347. JFM 45.1248.01. Reprinted in Collected Papers (Ed. G. H. Hardy et al.), New York: Chelsea, pp. 78–129, 1962
- Sándor, József; Mitrinović, Dragoslav S.; Crstici, Borislav, eds. (2006). Handbook of number theory I. Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag. pp. 45–46. ISBN 1-4020-4215-9. Zbl 1151.11300.