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This is a list of most massive exoplanets so far discovered, arranged by decreasing Jupiter mass (MJup).

Overview[edit]

Currently, the International Astronomical Union considers an object above 13 MJ (the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium) to be a brown dwarf, whereas an object under that mass (and orbiting a star or stellar remnant) is considered a planet. The minimum mass required to trigger sustained hydrogen burning (about 80 MJ) forms the upper limit of the definition.[1][2]

It is also debated whether brown dwarfs would be better defined by their formation process rather than by theoretical mass limits based on nuclear fusion reactions.[3] Under this interpretation brown dwarfs are those objects that represent the lowest-mass products of the star formation process, while planets are objects formed in an accretion disk surrounding a star. The coolest free-floating objects discovered such as WISE 0855, as well as the lowest-mass young objects known like PSO J318.5−22, are thought to have masses below 13 MJ, and as a result are sometimes referred to as planetary mass objects due to the ambiguity of whether they should be regarded as rogue planets or brown dwarfs. There are planetary mass objects known to orbit brown dwarfs, such as 2M1207b, MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb, 2MASS J044144b and Oph 98 B.

The 13 Jupiter-mass cutoff is a rule of thumb rather than something of precise physical significance. Larger objects will burn most of their deuterium and smaller ones will burn only a little, and the 13 Jupiter-mass value is somewhere in between.[4] The amount of deuterium burnt also depends to some extent on the composition of the object, specifically on the amount of helium and deuterium present and on the fraction of heavier elements, which determines the atmospheric opacity and thus the radiative cooling rate.[5]

As of 2011 the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia included objects up to 25 Jupiter masses, saying, "The fact that there is no special feature around 13 MJup in the observed mass spectrum reinforces the choice to forget this mass limit".[6] As of 2016, this limit was increased to 60 Jupiter masses,[7] based on a study of mass–density relationships.[8]

The Exoplanet Data Explorer includes objects up to 24 Jupiter masses with the advisory: "The 13 Jupiter-mass distinction by the IAU Working Group is physically unmotivated for planets with rocky cores, and observationally problematic due to the sin i ambiguity."[9] The NASA Exoplanet Archive includes objects with a mass (or minimum mass) equal to or less than 30 Jupiter masses.[10]

List[edit]

Key
Candidate
Maybe a brown dwarf or sub-brown dwarf
Confirmed planets
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The exoplanets with mass higher than 10 MJup and below 60 MJup are included. As techniques improve, and astronomers revise their estimates, this list will change, and no mass is certain, partly because of how hard it is to discover exoplanets in the first place, and, furthermore, how much harder it is to accurately measure an exoplanet's mass.

This list include that are potentially . For example, some studies PZ Telescopii B instead of a brown dwarf, although this is considered to be very unlikely.


Exoplanet name[11] Mass
(in Jupiter mass) 		Method Notes
The listed objects above this mass might be either potentially brown dwarfs, or their masses are potentially unreliable.
(Theoretical limit) 60
J1407b 60–100[12] 0.0192 Later studies has given much larger estimates, hence making it most likely a brown dwarf, although the highest end of this range would be beyond the maximum mass of a brown dwarf and minimum masss required to trigger sustained hydrogen-burning. association.[13]
GQ Lupi b ~30[14] 0.0206
HR 2562 b 29±15[15] Modelling Initially considered a brown dwarf
DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b 28.5±1.9 0.0271 [16]
HIP 74865 b 28.0+37
−10 		0.0268 [17]
KELT-1 b 27.23 0.0263 [18]
nu Oph c 27 0.0259 [19]
USco1612-1800 b 26 0.0249 [20]
TWA 5 b 25+120
−20 		0.0239 [21]
2MASS J01225093-2439505 b 24.5 0.0235 [22]
HD 203030 b 24.09 0.0231 [23]
nu Oph b 24 0.0230 [24]
HIP 78530 b 23.04±4 0.0221 [25]
Kappa Andromedae b 22+8
−9[26] 		0.0134 [27]
HIP 73990 c 22 0.0210 [28]
WISE 1217+16A b 22±2 0.0210 [29]
HD 180314 b 22 0.0210 [30]
CoRoT-3 b 21.66±1 0.0209 [31]
BD20 2457 b 21.4 0.0206 [32]
HIP 73990 b 21 0.0201 [33]
Oph 11 b 21±3 0.0201 [34]
tau Gem b 20.6 0.0198 [35]
HIP 97233 b 20±0.4 0.0192 [36]
HIP 77900 b 20 0.0192 [37]
USco1610-1913 b 20 0.0192 [38]
2M 2140+16 b 20 0.0192 [39]
NGC 4349-127 b 19.8 0.0190 [40]
11 Com b 19.4 0.0186 [41]
HD 211847 b 19.2 0.0184 [42]
Kepler-57b 18.86 0.0181 [43]
Kepler-53b 18.41 0.0177 [44]
HD 41004 B b 18.4 0.0176 [45]
WISE 1711+3500 b 18 0.0172 [46]
Kepler-39b 18 0.0172 [47]
HD 38529 c 17.7-1.4+1.7 0.0170 [48]
HD 100546 b 17.5 0.0167 [49]
HD 202206 b 17.4 0.0167 [50]
GSC 6214-210 b 17 0.0163 [51]
ROXs 12 b 16 0.0153 [52]
HN Peg b 16 0.0153 [53]
Kepler-53 c 15.75 0.0151 [54]
HIP 5158 c 15.04 0.0144 [55]
FU Tau b 15 0.0144 [56]
CT Cha b 15 0.0163 [57][58]
HD 162020 b 14.4 0.0138 [59]
HW Vir (AB) b 14.3 0.0137 [60]
HAT-P-13 c 14.28 0.0137 [61]
HD 13189 b 14 0.0134
1RXS 1609 b 14 0.0134
UScoCTIO 108 b 14 0.0134 [62]
2M 0219-3925 b 13.9 0.0133
Kepler-30d 13.8 0.0132
Kepler-27c 13.8 0.0132 [63]
HD 22781 b 13.65 0.0131
OGLE-2013-BLG-0102L b 13.6 0.0130 [64]
AB Pic b 13.5±0.5 0.0129 [65]
WISE 0458+6434 b 13 0.0125
2M 0103(AB) b 13 0.0125
SR 12 AB c 13 0.0125
HD 217786 b 13 0.0125
Beta Pictoris b 12.9 [66]
Kepler-25b 12.7 0.0121
BD20 2457 c 12.47 0.0120
HD 87883 b 12.1 0.0120
CHXR 73 b 12 0.0115
2M 0122-2439 b 12 0.0115 [67]
XO-3 b 11.79 0.0113
OTS 44 11.5 0.011 [68]
VHS 1256-1257 b 11.2 0.0107
HD 220074 b 11.1 0.0106
HD 110014 b 11.09 0.0106
GU Piscium b 11 0.0105
HD 106906 b 11 0.0105
HD 106270 b 11 0.0105
DH Tau b 11 0.0105
HD 38801 b 10.7 0.0103
NGC 2423 3 b 10.6 0.0102
11 UMi b 10.5 0.0101
WASP-18 b 10.43 0.01
Kepler-52 c 10.41 0.01
CoRoT-27 b 10.39 0.01
HD 219077 b 10.39 0.01
18 Del b 10.3 0.0098
HD 39091 b 10.3 0.0098
ups And d 10.19 0.0097
TYC+1422-614-1 c 10.1 0.0097
Kepler-448b 10 0.0096
FW Tau b 10 0.0096
HR 8799 d 10 0.0096
HR 8799 c 10 0.0096 [69]
Jupiter (as reference) 1 0.00096

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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