Timbisha language

Timbisha
Panamint
Nümü nangkawih, Sosoni nangkawih
Native to	United States
Region	California, Nevada
Ethnicity	100 Timbisha (1998)
Native speakers	20 (2007)
Language family	Uto-Aztecan Numic Central Timbisha
Language codes
ISO 639-3	par
Glottolog	pana1305
ELP	Panamint

Timbisha (Tümpisa; also called Panamint or Koso) is the language of the Native American people who have inhabited the region in and around Death Valley, California, and the southern Owens Valley since late prehistoric times. There are a few elderly individuals who can speak the language in California and Nevada, but none are monolingual and all use English regularly in their daily lives. Until the last decade of the twentieth century, the people called themselves and their language "Shoshone". The tribe then achieved federal recognition under the name Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Band of California. This is an Anglicized spelling of the native name of Death Valley, tümpisa, pronounced [tɨmbiʃa], which means "rock paint" and refers to the rich sources of red ochre in the valley. Timbisha is also the language of the so-called "Shoshone" groups at Bishop, Big Pine, Darwin, Independence, and Lone Pine communities in California and the Beatty community in Nevada. It was also the language spoken at the former Indian Ranch reservation in Panamint Valley.

Classification

Timbisha is one of the Central Numic languages of the Numic branch of Uto-Aztecan. It is most closely related to Shoshoni and Comanche.

Geographic distribution

Timbisha was formerly spoken in the region between the Sierra Nevada mountains of eastern California and the region just to the east of Death Valley in Nevada. Principal valleys where villages were located were (from west to east) Owens Valley, Indian Wells Valley, Saline Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley. In addition, there were villages along the southern slopes of the Kawich Range in Nevada.

Dialects

Each valley had its own variety of Timbisha with mostly lexical differences between them. There was, however, a general loss of h as one moved west across Timbisha territory with h virtually gone in Owens Valley varieties. McLaughlin (1987) is based on the far eastern variety from Beatty, Nevada, while Dayley (1989a) is based on a central variety from Death Valley.

Sounds

Vowels

Timbisha also has a typical Numic vowel inventory of five vowels. In addition, there is the common diphthong ai, which varies rather freely with e, although certain morphemes always contain ai and others always contain e. (The official orthography is shown in parentheses)

	front	back unrounded	back rounded
High	i	ɨ (ü)	u
Non-High		a	o
Diphthong	ai (ai, e)

Consonants

Timbisha has a typical Numic consonant inventory. (The official orthography is shown in parentheses):

	Bilabial	Coronal	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
				plain	Labial.
Nasal	m	n		ŋ (ng)	ŋʷ (ngw)
Stop	p	t		k	kʷ	ʔ
Affricate		ts
Fricative		s				h
Semivowel			j (y)		w

Phonology

Timbisha stops (including the affricate) and nasals are voiced and lenited between vowels, are voiced in nasal-stop clusters, and are lenited (but not voiced) following h.

Voiceless vowels are not as common in Timbisha as they are in Shoshoni and Comanche.

Writing system

Timbisha spelling is based on Dayley (1989a, 1989b) and uses the Roman alphabet. Ü is used for ɨ and ng for ŋ.

Grammar

Work on Timbisha has been carried on by Jon Dayley and John McLaughlin, both of whom wrote grammatical descriptions (McLaughlin 1987, 2006; Dayley 1989a). Dayley has published a dictionary (Dayley 1989b).

Word order and case marking

Timbisha word order is usually SOV as in taipo kinni'a punittai, 'white-man falcon saw', "The white man saw a falcon". The accusative case and possessive case are marked with suffixes. Adverbial relationships are marked with postpositions on nouns as well as with true adverbs. For example, kahni-pa'a, 'house-on', "on the house". Adjectives are usually prefixed to the nouns they modify, unless the relationship is temporary when they are independent words with special suffixes. Compare tosa-kapayu, 'white-horse', "palomino or other pale-colored breed" and tosapihtü kapayu, 'white/pale horse', "white or pale horse" (who happens to be white or pale, but whose siblings may be any color).

Verbs

Verbs are marked for grammatical aspect with suffixes. Valence is marked with both prefixes and suffixes. Some common intransitive verbs have suppletive forms for singular or plural subjects and some common transitive verbs have suppletive forms for singular or plural objects. Otherwise, there is no grammatical agreement marked by the verb.

References

• Jon P. Dayley. 1989a. Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Grammar. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 115. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Jon P. Dayley. 1989b. Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 116. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• John E. McLaughlin. 1987. "Panamint Phonology and Morphology," University of Kansas PhD dissertation.
• John E. McLaughlin. 2006. Timbisha (Panamint). LINCOM Languages of the World/Materials 453. Munich: LINCOM Europa.

External links

• Panamint language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
• Linguist List map of Panamint
• How to count in Timbisha
• OLAC resources in and about the Panamint language