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This article is about the American skateboarder. For the British comedian, see Tony Hawks.
Tony Hawk
Tony Hawk in November 2006
Personal information
Full nameAnthony Frank Hawk
NicknameThe Birdman[1]
Born (1968-05-12) May 12, 1968 (age 56)[2]
Carlsbad, California
Height6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
Weight171 lb (78 kg)
Websitetonyhawk.com
Sport
CountryUnited States
SportSkateboarding
EventVert skateboarding
Turned pro1982
Retired1999
Medal record
Summer X Games
Representing  United States
Gold medal – first place 1995 Rhode Island Vert
Gold medal – first place 1997 San Diego Vert
Gold medal – first place 1997 San Diego Vert Doubles
Gold medal – first place 1998 San Diego Vert Doubles
Gold medal – first place 1999 San Francisco Vert Doubles
Gold medal – first place 1999 San Francisco Vert Best Trick
Gold medal – first place 2000 San Francisco Vert Doubles
Gold medal – first place 2001 Philadelphia Vert Doubles
Gold medal – first place 2002 Philadelphia Vert Doubles
Silver medal – second place 1995 Rhode Island Park
Silver medal – second place 1996 Rhode Island Vert
Silver medal – second place 2001 Philadelphia Vert Best Trick
Bronze medal – third place 1998 San Diego Vert
Bronze medal – third place 1999 San Francisco Vert
Updated on April 23, 2013

Anthony Frank "Tony" Hawk (born May 12, 1968), nicknamed "The Birdman", is an American professional skateboarder, actor, and owner of skateboard company Birdhouse. Hawk is well known for completing the first documented 900 and for his licensed video game titles, published by Activision.[3] He is widely considered to be one of the most successful and influential pioneers of modern vertical skateboarding.[4]

In 2002, he created the "Boom Boom HuckJam", an extreme sports exhibition and tour that was launched in Las Vegas. Throughout his career, Hawk has made numerous appearances in films, other media, and his own series of video games. He has also been involved in various philanthropic activities, including his own Tony Hawk Foundation that helps to build skateparks in underprivileged areas. In 2014, Hawk was labeled as one of the "Most influential skateboarders of all-time" by FoxWeekly.[5]

Early life

Tony Hawk in 1987

Tony Hawk was born on May 12, 1968 in Carlsbad, California, to Nancy and Frank Peter Rupert Hawk, and was raised in San Diego, California.[6][7] When Hawk was young, he was described as being "hyperactive,"[7] and his mother says that he was "so hard on himself and expected himself to do so many things."[4] One time, Hawk struck out in baseball and was so distraught that he hid in a ravine and had to be "physically coaxed out" by his father. His frustration with himself was so harsh that his parents had him psychologically evaluated at school. The results were that Tony was "gifted," he tested with an I.Q. of 144,[8] and school advisers recommended placing him in advanced classes.[4] Hawk attended Jean Farb Middle School from 1980 to 1981, and eventually returned for the show, Homecoming with Rick Reilly, where he set up a ramp and did a demonstration.

His parents supported his skateboarding because it served as an outlet for his excessive energy, and as Hawk's skills developed, he became a professional skateboarder at age fourteen.[4] Hawk was the National Skateboard Association world champion for twelve consecutive years.[citation needed]

Career

Skateboarding

On July 27, 1999, Hawk was the first skater to land a "900", a trick involving the completion of two-and-a-half mid-air revolutions on a skateboard; Hawk was successful on his twelfth attempt. After completing the trick, Hawk commented, "This is the best day of my life."[9] Nearly twelve years later, Hawk was still able to land the trick and posted a video on his Twitter account stating, "I'm 43 and I did a 900 today." [10][11]

Hawk was invited to President Barack Obama's June 2009 Father's Day celebration and skated in the hallways of the nearby Old Executive Office Building which is on the White House grounds. This marked the first time ever someone skateboarded on the White House grounds with permission from officials.[12]

In 2009, Hawk was inducted into the Skateboarding Hall of Fame at its inaugural ceremony.[13][14]

As of January 2012, Hawk is sponsored by Birdhouse, Independent, Quiksilver, Bones, and Nixon.[15][16][17][18] Hawk was formerly sponsored by Theeve.[19]

Following an invitation from his sponsor, Quiksilver, Hawk assembled a group of vert skateboarders to perform, in 2012, the first-ever vert demonstration to have occurred in India. While in India, the group visited Gandhi's house, the skateboarders were greeted by a very excited young audience and the 540-degree maneuver was executed during the skateboarding demonstration—the Indian trip was published on Hawk's RIDE YouTube channel on February 4, 2013.[20]

Contest history

3

All contest results are covered in Thrasher Magazine and can be checked at the Thrasher Magazine Archives.[21] Only first places were counted.

Other ventures

Boom Boom HuckJam

In 2002, Hawk started a show tour, featuring freestyle motocross, skateboarding, and BMX. It started in Las Vegas and then on to 31 cities around the U.S. and eventually to Six Flags amusement parks.[22]

Video game series
Main article: Tony Hawk's Pro Skater (series)

A video game series based on his skateboarding, with the title Tony Hawk's Pro Skater, debuted in 1999. Since then, the series has spawned 18 titles so far, including ten main series titles, four spin-offs, and four repackages.

Hawk's role in the series was usurped by customizable player characters in later installments,[23] but he has remained a prominent character. In the fifth game in the series, Underground, he is a minor non-player character whom the player meets in Tampa, Florida and skates against. Impressed with the player's skills, Hawk grants them entry into a skate competition.[24] He later appears in Moscow to teach them the "360 Varial Heelflip Lien" move.[25] Hawk and other skaters are briefly playable near the end of the game when they skate in a promotional video for the player's skate team,[26] and in all gameplay modes except the story mode.[27] He appeared as a kid in the Backyard Sports series Backyard Skateboarding.

Amusement park rides

A series of amusement park rides known as Tony Hawk's Big Spin were built in three Six Flags parks in 2007 and 2008.[28] The ride was originally billed as the "Tony Hawk experience" and was designed to have the look and feel of a giant red-and-black skatepark. It offered a full "extreme sports" experience, with monitors in the queue lines displaying highlights of the history of action sports and a large spinning Tony Hawk figure crowning the ride. In 2010 Six Flags cancelled its license and the rides were renamed to Pandemonium.[29] The ride at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom was moved to Six Flags Mexico in 2012 to make way for a new ride known as Superman: Ultimate Flight. Additionally, a water park ride called Tony Hawk's Halfpipe (renamed The Halfpipe in 2011) was opened at Six Flags America in Bowie, Maryland.[30]

RIDE Channel

In January 2012, Hawk launched the online YouTube channel, RIDE Channel. In the welcome video, Hawk explained:

... I'm proud to announce the launch of our new YouTube channel—it's called "RIDE". I've teamed up with some of the best people in the skate industry; we are rolling out over twenty-two different shows over the course of the year. Shows like, "Hand in Hand", which basically features different successful musicians and artists and people from all walks of life who have been inspired by skating ... this is something we've always wanted to, and it's finally a reality, and it's here on YouTube...[31]

As part of the RIDE Channel, a show called "Tony's Strange Life" features Hawk interviewing a variety of people, not just skateboarding figures,[32][33] skits in which Hawk appears,[34][35] and footage of Hawk skateboarding, including skateboarding footage from the floor of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).[36][37] The predecessor of RIDE Channel was a now-defunct website, entitled "Shred or Die", which was similar, with the show, "Free Lunch", carried across to the new venture.[38]

Hawk doing skate jam in 2012

Film and television

In 1986, Tony Hawk was a featured skateboarder and skater-double for Josh Brolin in the movie Thrashin'. In 1987 Tony made a brief appearance in the movie Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol with David Spade. In 1989, he appeared as a skateboarder in Gleaming the Cube. In 2002, he appeared in Neal H. Moritzs's and Christopher Gilcrest's film xXx playing the role of one of Xander Cage's stuntman friends, and later in the movie, a skateboarder at a party. In 2004 he played himself in the Australian skateboarding movie Deck Dogz. In 2006, Tony Hawk appeared in a cameo on the film Drake & Josh Go Hollywood as himself. Hawk has had a cameo in the movie The New Guy. Hawk appeared in Jackass: The Movie with Mat Hoffman and Bam Margera, skateboarding in a fat suit and Jackass Number Two, while skateboarding through an obstacle course. He was also in Jackass 3D. Tony appears in the film following the 2006 Gumball Rally, 3000 Miles, again with Bam Margera. He also plays the police officer who arrests Ryan Dunn in the movie Haggard: The Movie. Hawk also made a brief cameo appearance in Lords of Dogtown as an astronaut, where he is shown comically falling off the skateboard as he is a "rookie". He voiced himself in the 2006 animated movie Tony Hawk in Boom Boom Sabotage, where he is kidnapped by circus freaks.

Hawk was featured as an extra in the "Weird Al" Yankovic video "Smells like Nirvana". He can be seen sitting in the bleachers during the crowd sweep near Dick Van Patten. He also made a cameo appearance in the Simple Plan music video for "I'm Just a Kid", he can be seen, in a crowd, watching kids at a high school skating.

On television, he has also appeared in Action, What I Like About You, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, The Tom Green Show, The Naked Brothers Band, Zeke and Luther, and All That. Hawk was a guest on the kid's show on Nickelodeon, Yo Gabba Gabba.[39] In 2000, he played himself in Max Steel. He also guest voiced on The Simpsons episode "Barting Over", where he played himself, along with fellow San Diegans Blink-182. In the episode, Hawk lends Homer a new board from his brand where complete rookies are able to perform at the top levels. He ends up having a comical play off with him after Homer begins to show him up. On the PBS Kids show Cyberchase, he guest starred as Slider's long-lost father, Coop. In the CSI: Miami episode "Game Over" he played a game programmer who was murdered. In 2008, he played on Million Dollar Password. Hawk also played on Fox's Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader. Tony Hawk helped design the world famous Canvey Island skate park in 1982 and has hosted Cartoon Network's "Hall of Game" sports award show on February 25, 2011. Hawk was on Take Two With Phineas and Ferb. Hawk appeared on the internet cooking show Epic Meal Time on October 28, 2011 to celebrate the show's one-year anniversary, where he can be seen in the final scene eating a deep-fried pizza cake. Hawk reappeared on another Epic Meal Time video on July 20, 2013, as a guest on the educational cooking show "Handle It". Hawk assisted Harley Morenstein (Sauce Boss) in cooking egg rolls. The video features promotion for Hawk's own YouTube channel, "Ride Channel".[40] He also guest starred on the ABC comedy Last Man Standing. He played himself in an episode of Rocket Power.

Hawk has appeared in the TV series Breaking In, The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange, The Cleveland Show, Sesame Street, and So Random!. Hawk appeared in the movie Parental Guidance as himself. In 2013, he and Eric Koston appeared as reporters in an episode of The Aquabats! Super Show!, another series by Yo Gabba Gabba! creator and longtime friend of Hawk's, Christian Jacobs.[41] He also appeared in Disney's Zeke & Luther as himself.

Image and legacy

In December 2011, Hawk was identified by Transworld Skateboarding magazine as the second most influential skateboarder of all time, after Mark Gonzales.[42]

In January 2013, professional skateboarder, John Cardiel, identified by Transworld Skateboarding as the eleventh most influential skateboarder of all time, listed Hawk as one of his personal all-time skateboarding influences, alongside Gonzales, Christian Hosoi and Sacramento's skateboarders. Cardiel explained, "... the insane 540s with no hands, and, just like, all his tricks; he had the ramps, all his ramps, all the ramps he had—I thought that was insane. Tony Hawk's the best."[43]

In an interview for the online series "Free Lunch", produced by Hawk's RIDE Channel, professional skateboarder Andrew Reynolds stated:

... and then Tony's just, like, Tony Hawk—he's like, basically, to me it says, "You can be a skater and take over everything and be, you know ... and use skateboarding to be ... a businessman, a ... role model to young people", um, he's just the best. And, he called my house when I was fifteen, and was, like, "Do you wanna do something with us?", not knowing anything about me. Yeah, Tony's the man, sure, he's the best.[44]

In 2012 Reynolds recruited Hawk's son Riley to his skateboard deck company, Baker, explaining

... I was just, kinda like, "it's kinda touchy, you know what I mean, like?" It's kinda weird, you know? Tony's kid, he rides for Birdhouse. But I look at it, like, I picture him on Baker, you know what I mean? So we just approached Tony, "Yeah, we wanna talk to Riley about maybe gettin' some Baker boards, or something like that." And Tony's like, "Man, he's rippin', he's nineteen years-old, he can, you know, it's really up to him. You guys talk to him, you know?" So we just kinda said, "You wanna get some boards?", he's like, "I'm down, man!" And I look at it, like, there would be no Baker without Tony and Birdhouse. I know it's an ongoing process, you know? Tony quits to start Birdhouse; I quit to start Baker; my guys quit to start a new brand, you know? It's just an ongoing thing.[44]

Personal life

Hawk with Lhotse Merriam in 2007

In April 1990, Hawk married Cindy Dunbar, whom he began dating in high school.[45] Their son, Hudson Riley, was born on December 6, 1992 and was named after one of Hawk's ancestors.[45][46] Riley is also a professional skateboarder and is sponsored by Lakai Limited Footwear and Baker Skateboards.[47] The couple divorced in 1993.[7]

Hawk married Erin Lee in 1996 and they have two sons, Spencer (born March 26, 1999) and Keegan (born July 18, 2001). Lee and Hawk divorced in 2004.[7]

Hawk married Lhotse Merriam on January 12, 2006, on the island of Tavarua, Fiji.[48] Rancid played for them as the wedding's band. The couple's only child, a daughter named Kadence Clover Hawk, was born on June 30, 2008.[49] The couple announced their divorce on February 7, 2011.[50]

As of May 2014, the Hawk family home is located in San Diego, California, where Riley Hawk was presented with his first signature model skateboard. Hawk announced the news to his son and owner of Baker, Andrew Reynolds, was also present. Riley is also a member of the "Shep Dawgs" crew.[51][52]

Hawk married his fourth wife Kathy Goodman on June 28, 2015 in a ceremony in Limerick, Ireland.[53]

Philanthropy

Hawk at the opening of the Needles Skate Park in Needles, California in 2004

Hawk launched the Tony Hawk Foundation, which has given away more than US$3.4 million to help build over 400 skateparks around the US. The Foundation supports projects in low-income areas and helps underprivileged kids. In 2015, the foundation received the Robert Wood Johnson Sports award, which honors recipients for their innovative and influential approaches to using sports to build a Culture of Health in their communities. In 2007, Hawk, Andre Agassi, Muhammad Ali, Lance Armstrong, Warrick Dunn, Jeff Gordon, Mia Hamm, Andrea Jaeger, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Mario Lemieux, Alonzo Mourning, and Cal Ripken, Jr. founded the charity, "Athletes for Hope",[54] an organization that aims to inspire all people to volunteer and support their communities through the actions of professional athletes.

Filmography

2

Videos

2

References

  1. ^ "Birdman Tony Hawk lands in Sydney for the tenth anniversary of Bondi's Bowl-A-Rama". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  2. ^ http://www.biography.com/people/tony-hawk-40989
  3. ^ Cohn, Gary (17 September 2009). "Tony Hawk Carves a New Niche". Entrepreneur. Entrepreneur Media, Inc. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d "Tony Hawk's Biography". TonyHawk.com. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  5. ^ Joey Betancourt (15 Feb 2014). "Top 15 Most Influential Skateboarders Of All-Time". Sports Fox. Fox Weekly. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved 15 Feb 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Tony Noonga vert skater hawk Biography - Skateboarding to the rescue, A skateboard slump, Back in the game". Notablebiographies.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  7. ^ a b c d "Tony Hawk Biography". Biography.com. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  8. ^ "Tony Hawk Takes Off". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  9. ^ "Tony Hawk lands the first 900 - X Games Five". Youtube.com. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
  10. ^ "Tony Hawk 900 in Linkoping Sweden".
  11. ^ "Twitter / tonyhawk: I'm 43 and I did a 900 today". Twitter.com. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
  12. ^ Siegel, Joel (June 20, 2009). "Skating at White House: Bad or Rad?". ABC News. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  13. ^ "Skateboarding Hall of Fame — 2009 – Tony Hawk". Skateboarding Hall of Fame.
  14. ^ http://www.bennettawards.com/projects/2015/6/30/custom-bennett-awards-presented-to-skateboarding-hall-of-fame-inductees www.bennettawards.com. 2015-10-14.
  15. ^ RIDEChannel (14 January 2013). "Tony Hawk's 2013 Welcome To Indy Video Part" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  16. ^ Aaron Smith (12 November 2012). "TONY HAWK ON BONES WHEELS". Skateboarder magazine. GrindMedia, LLC. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  17. ^ "Team / Tony Hawk". Nixon. Nixon Inc. 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  18. ^ "Team: Pros". Quiksilver. Quiksilver. 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  19. ^ Blair Alley (27 November 2009). "TONY HAWK ON THEEVE TRUCKS". Transworld Skateboarding. Bonnier Corporation. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  20. ^ RIDEChannel (4 February 2013). "Tony Hawk at India's First-Ever Vert Demo" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  21. ^ Thrasher Magazine Archives. Website Thrasher Magazine. Retrieved January 01, 2015
  22. ^ "What is Boom Boom HuckJam?". Tony Hawk's Boom Boom HuckJam. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  23. ^ "Into Neverland". 1UP.com. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
  24. ^ "Walkthrough: Tampa". IGN. Archived from the original on 2011-10-01. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  25. ^ "Walkthrough: Moscow". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  26. ^ "Walkthrough: Finish". IGN. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  27. ^ Tony Hawk's Underground (Nintendo GameCube) instruction booklet, p. 15.
  28. ^ "Tony Hawk Builds a Roller Coaster | Underwire". Wired.com. 2007-04-20. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  29. ^ "Pandemonium - Six Flags Discovery Kingdom - Roller Coasters". Ultimaterollercoaster.com. 2008-05-23. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  30. ^ "Waterfun Products". Waterfun Products. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  31. ^ RIDEChannel (15 January 2012). "Tony Hawk Welcomes you to Ride Channel" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  32. ^ RIDEChannel (23 September 2012). "Bam Margera Tells Tony Hawk The Naked Stalker Chick Story" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  33. ^ RIDEChannel (16 November 2012). "Tony Hawk & Pixies Frontman Frank Black" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  34. ^ RIDEChannel (25 October 2012). "Psh. Tony Hawk and Ed Bassmaster Prank Venice Beach, CA" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  35. ^ RIDEChannel (10 October 2012). "KevJumba vs Tony Hawk" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  36. ^ RIDEChannel (5 October 2012). "Tony Hawk - Lost Street Footage Circa 1993" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  37. ^ RIDEChannel (1 November 2012). "Tony Hawk Skates NYSE Floor" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  38. ^ "Shred Or Die". CrunchBase. CrunchBase. 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  39. ^ "Move". Yo Gabba Gabba. Season 1. Episode 9. September 24, 2007. Nickelodeon. Nick, Jr. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ EpicMealTime video featuring Tony Hawk. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX1FjPXT5e0
  41. ^ "Exclusive: Tony Hawk talks 'Aquabats'". Asbury Park Press. May 29, 2013.
  42. ^ Blair Alley (20 December 2011). "THE 30 MOST INFLUENTIAL SKATERS OF ALL TIME – 2. Hawk". Transworld Skateboarding. Bonnier Corporation. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  43. ^ Skin Phillips (10 January 2013). "30TH ANNIVERSARY INTERVIEWS: JOHN CARDIEL" (Video upload). Transworld Skateboarding. Bonnier Corporation. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  44. ^ a b RIDEChannel (17 October 2012). "Andrew Reynolds on Bake and Destroy, Riley Hawk, Figgy and More on Free Lunch ..." (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  45. ^ a b Kennedy, Mike (July 2009). Tony Hawk. Gareth Stevens Publishing. p 25. Archived at Google Books. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  46. ^ "Shredordie.com, Free Lunch with Riley Hawk - Shred or Die".
  47. ^ "Tiny Hawk". Birdhouse Skateboards. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  48. ^ "Skateboarder Tony Hawk Weds". People.com. January 19, 2006. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  49. ^ "Tony Hawk and His Wife Have a Baby Girl". People.com. July 1, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  50. ^ "Tony Hawk Files for Divorce". People.com. February 7, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  51. ^ "RILEY HAWK is PRO!!!" (Video upload). RIDE CHannel on YouTube. Google Inc. 6 December 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  52. ^ "Meet THe Shep Dawgs" (Video upload). ThrasherMagazine on YouTube. Google Inc. 9 May 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  53. ^ Murphy, Patricia (June 28, 2015). "US Skateboarding legend Tony Hawk ties the knot with love Kathy in Adare Manor". The Independent.
  54. ^ "Athletes for Hope". Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  55. ^ Rogue Spark (6 June 2010). "Tony Hawk & Steve Caballero skateboarding in P. A. 4 (1987)" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  56. ^ a b http://www.waveloch.com/sites/default/files/wavelochHistory.swf
  57. ^ Black Label Skateboards (January 2009). "WhoCares The Duane Peters Story Trailer" (Video upload). Black Label Skateboards on Vimeo. Vimeo LLC. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  58. ^ Vinicius Rezende (16 July 2009). "The Reality of Bob Burquist part 1by Vinicius Rezende" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  59. ^ "Tony Hawk to Guest-Star on Kick Buttowski-Suburban Daredevil". Fanlala.
  60. ^ "Tony Hawk featured on several shows during marathon on Disney XD on Saturday - Page 2 - ESPN". ESPN.com.
  61. ^ "Waiting for Lightning — Trailer" (Video upload). TheMovieBox.net. themoviebox.net. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  62. ^ bonesbrigadedoc (7 September 2012). "BONES BRIGADE: An Excerpt - Tony Hawk and Christian Hosoi Rivalry" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  63. ^ "Cast". Bones Brigade: An Autobiography. Bones Brigade: An Autobiography. 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  64. ^ a b "Tony Hawk skate videos". SkatevideoSite.com. SkatevideoSite.com. 2005–2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
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