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Red/Cyan (RC) color model

[edit]

An RC color model is a dichromatic color model represented by red and cyan primary colors. [1]These can only reproduce a fraction of the colors possible with a trichromatic color space, such as for human color vision, having limitations in broader color fidelity,

The name of the model comes from the initials of the two primary colors: red and cyan. The model may be either additive or subtractive.

Similar to other complementary color models, the RC color model operates by using two opposite hues, being useful in applications where depth perception or contrast emphasis is essential.

It is commonly used in 3D anaglyph images,[2][3] digital art,[4] and specialized printing techniques.[5] Also, it is used for Color Blindness, where red / cyan contrast can sometimes be easier to distinguish for those with these color vision deficiencies.[6][7]

Overview

[edit]

The RC color model is based on the concept of complementary colors in color theory, where red and cyan lie opposite each other on the color wheel.[1] When used together, these colors create a high level of contrast,[1] making them ideal for producing depth in visual information. The RC color model leverages the human visual system's color processing abilities, with red and cyan interpreted by separate color channels in the brain, resulting in distinct spatial layers when combined correctly.[2]

Applications

[edit]
  1. Anaglyph 3D Imaging One of the most popular applications of the RC color model is in anaglyph 3D imaging. By using red and cyan filters, two different images can be superimposed to create the perception of depth. Special glasses with red and cyan lenses are required to view these images correctly. The red filter is used on one eye to block the cyan channel and the cyan filter on the other to block the red channel, allowing each eye to perceive a different image, which the brain then interprets as a 3D image.[2][3][5]
  2. Color Blindness Testing and Visualization The RC model is occasionally applied in visual tools to assist individuals with red-green color blindness (deuteranopia and protanopia). By converting critical information in red-green color schemes to red-cyan, the contrast can sometimes be easier to distinguish for those with these color vision deficiencies.[6][7]
  3. Digital Art and Photography In digital art and design, the red and cyan color scheme is frequently used to create a retro, glitchy aesthetic, as well as in creating visual illusions that appear to shift or have depth. Artists might use these colors for dramatic contrasts, making images appear surreal or to evoke nostalgia by mimicking old-school 3D or CRT screen colors.[4]
  4. Printing Red/cyan color separations are sometimes utilized in specialized printing techniques to create dimensional effects in printed media.[3] By layering red and cyan inks, printers can produce unique, offset visuals that simulate depth when viewed with the appropriate filters.

Technical Aspects of the RC Model

[edit]

In the RC color model, red and cyan hues correspond to different light wavelengths, with red in the range of approximately 620–750 nanometers and cyan around 490–520 nanometers. By modulating these two complementary colors, designers and technicians can manipulate the intensity and contrast to achieve desired visual effects.

Anaglyph 3D

[edit]

The human eye perceives color and depth through the combination of two slightly different images, known as binocular disparity. When a red and a cyan filter are placed over each eye, each eye perceives a different image because the filters block one of the colors.[2][3] This model is similar to the Red-Green (RG) model but is typically preferred in stereoscopic applications due to the high contrast between red and cyan, which enhances depth perception when viewed through colored lenses.

See also

[edit]

RG color model

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "The Interaction of Color", Josef Albers, 1963
  2. ^ a b c d Zone, Ray (2007-12-01). Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838-1952. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-7271-2.
  3. ^ a b c d Girod, Bernd; Greiner, Günther; Niemann, Heinrich (2013-03-09). Principles of 3D Image Analysis and Synthesis. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4757-3186-6.
  4. ^ a b Digital Art Masters. Vol. 5. ISBN 9780240522104.
  5. ^ a b "Color Rendering in Augmented Reality Devices", Journal of the Society for Information Display, 2021
  6. ^ a b Gaurav Sharma , "Digital Color Imaging Handbook", 2002
  7. ^ a b "Color Universal Design | ICRC2023". www.icrc2023.org. 2023-04-29. Retrieved 2024-10-31.

Gutier

[edit]
4throck/sandbox is located in Spain
4throck/sandbox
4throck/sandbox
4throck/sandbox
4throck/sandbox
4throck/sandbox
4throck/sandbox
Lugo
Lugo
León
León
4throck/sandbox
4throck/sandbox
Loyo
Loyo
Celanova
Celanova
class=notpageimage|
Gutier's world (on a map of modern Spain)
The red dots represent the six Galician counties (conmissos) entrusted to Gutier by Alfonso IV in 929. The blue dots represent the location of Gutier's known residences, also the locations of the monasteries of Loyo (restored by him) and Celanova (founded by his son).


Lor and Quiroga, but also lists Bubal, Ladra, Limia, Paramo, Salnés, Sorga and Triós in Galicia, as well as Refojos de Leza

table

[edit]
Celestial body B-V color index approximate colour temperature U-B color index
Mercury 0.97 4815.9409346655 0.40
Venus 0.81 5250.7063834266 0.50
Earth 0.20 8163.0066229363 0.0
Moon 0.92 4943.4058698703 0.46
Mars 1.43 3901.9253220719 0.63
Jupiter 0.87 5078.2300064319 0.48
Saturn 1.09 4536.5455825597 0.58
Uranus 0.56 6128.7113367035 0.28
Neptune 0.41 6827.4357108048 0.21

Gerald the Fearless

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Gerald the Fearless

Gerald the Fearless, Geraldo Sem Pavor
Statue of Geraldo the Fearless in Évora, decapitating a Moor.
Born
Geraldo Geraldes

unknown
Diedc. 1173
Morocco
NationalityPortuguese
Occupationknight
Known forconquest of Évora
4throck/sandbox is located in Iberia
Trujillo
Trujillo
Évora
Évora
Cáceres
Cáceres
Montánchez
Montánchez
Serpa
Serpa
Juromenha
Juromenha
Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Beja
Beja
Monfragüe
Monfragüe
Badajoz
Badajoz
class=notpageimage|
Conquests of Gerald the Fearless


4throck/sandbox is located in Iberia
Aracena
Aracena
Moura,
Moura,
Serpa
Serpa
Aroche
Aroche
Arronches
Arronches
Alegrete
Alegrete
Elvas
Elvas
Valencia de Alcántara
Valencia de Alcántara
Marvão
Marvão
class=notpageimage|
Treaty of Badajoz (1267)

havelenght

[edit]

Hα recombination line radiation at a wavelength of 656.3 nm. - sRGB value: #ff0000[1]


(O III in spectroscopic notation). Its emission forbidden lines in the visible spectrum fall primarily at the wavelength 500.7 nm, and secondarily at 495.9 nm.

sRGB value: #00ff87; sRGB value: #00ffc0


Forbidden lines of nitrogen ([N II] at 654.8 and 658.4 nm), sulfur ([S II] at 671.6 and 673.1 nm), and oxygen ([O II] at 372.7 nm, and [O III] at 495.9 and 500.7 nm) are commonly observed in astrophysical plasmas.


References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Light wavelength to RGB Converter". www.johndcook.com. Retrieved 2023-04-17.}}

}}

    • Revista Micro Sistemas, p. 85. Julho de 1983.

Television systems before 1940

[edit]
TV introduction by year
  1930-39
  1940-49
  1950-59
  1960-69
  1970-79
  1980-89
  1990-99
  2000--
  No TV
  No data

Table of systems

Introduction Year Country Technology Lines Frame Rate Aspect Ratio Channel Bandwidth

(MHz)

Line

Frequency (Hz)

Station Notes and references
1930 France Mechanical 30 12.5
1932 France Mechanical 60 12.5 3:7 Vertical aspect ratio, sound, and live images[1]; approximate resolution of ~35x60
1935 France Mechanical 180 25 [2][1][3]
1936 France Electronic 180 25 4500 [3][4]
1937 France Electronic 455 25 7 Eiffel Tower Developed by Rene Barthelemy[5][6][3][7][8][9][10]
1941 France Electronic 441 25 1.15:1 7 11025 Fernsehsender Paris By 1941 the "Fernsehsender Paris" station transmitted from the Eiffel Tower in Paris using the German 441 lines system. Used same broadcast frequencies as the previous 455-line system[7][11][10]
1932 Germany Mechanical 48 25 4:3 Sound, talking movies; approximate resolution of ~64x48
1932 Germany Mechanical 60 25 4:3 Test movies and live images; approximate resolution of ~83x60
1932 Germany Electronic 90
1935 Germany Electronic 180 25 Reichspost cable network [12][13][14][2][15][16]
1936 Germany Electronic 375 25 Berlin-Witzleben, Reichspost cable network [14][17][14][18][19]
1937 Germany Electronic 441 25 1.15:1 4 11025 Reichspost cable network [20][7][21][20][21][21]
1940 Germany Electronic 1000 Used for projection, not for direct viewing using a CRT. Limited to experiments in Reichspost laboratories.
1930s Netherlands Electronic 441 25 11025
1938 Netherlands Electronic 567 25 6 14175 [22][23][24][25][26]
1937 Poland Mechanical 120 Warsaw, test movies and live images from a studio
1939 Poland Electronic 343 Under development and was publicly demonstrated during the Radio Exhibition in Warsaw in August 1939, regular operations planned to start at the beginning of 1940, work stopped because of the outbreak of World War II.
1932 Switzerland Mechanical 30 16.6 4:3 Test broadcasts, approximate resolution of ~40×30
1930s Vatican City Experimental transmissions
1932 Italy Mechanical 60 20 4:3 Test movies and live images, approximate resolution of ~45x60
1937 Italy Electronic 375 25 4:3 Rome daily from Rome, between 6pm and 9.30pm on 6.9 meters with a power of 2 kW
1939 Italy Electronic 441 25 4:3 Rome, Milan regular service from Rome and Milan. 2 kW transmission power on VHF 45 MHz[7]
1926 UK Mechanical 30 5 Baird mechanical; black-and-white experimental transmissions. On January 26, 1926, Baird demonstrated the transmission of images of real human faces for 40 distinguished scientists of the Royal Institution. This is widely regarded as being the world's first public television demonstration.
1928 UK Mechanical 30 5 Baird mechanical; first experimental colour TV transmissions[27]
1932 UK Mechanical 30 12.5 3:7 Baird mechanical; vertical aspect ratio, approximate resolution of ~70×30; sound, live TV from studio, first outdoor remote broadcasts of the Derby[28]
1936 UK Mechanical 240 25 6000 BBC Used from November 1936 to February 1937 at the Crystal Palace studios, and later on BBC television broadcasts. For action shots (as opposed to a seated presenter), the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly. Instead, a 17.5mm film was shot, rapidly developed, and then scanned while the film was still wet.
1936 UK Electronic 405 25 5:4 5 10125 BBC Used by the BBC Alexandra Palace television station initially from November 1936 to 1939 and then 1946 to 1985 (interruption due to Second World War).[29][30]
1938 UK Mechanical 120 Baird, world's first color broadcast on February 4, 1938, from Baird's Crystal Palace studios to a projection screen at London's Dominion Theatre.[31]
1932 USSR Mechanical 30 12.5 Approximately ~40x30, test movies and live images
1935 USSR Electronic 180 25 St. Petersburg
1937 USSR Electronic 240 25 St. Petersburg
1938 USSR Electronic 343 25 Moscow, RCA provided broadcast equipment and documentation for TV sets
1933 USA 240
1936 USA Electronic 343 limited public demonstrations in New York City (RCA) and Philadelphia (Philco).
1937 USA Electronic 441 30 6 13230 NBC RCA
1937 USA Electronic 605 Proposed by Philco
1941 USA Electronic 375 60 22500 WCBW (CBS) Field sequential color, tested by WCBW CBS in New York.[32][33][34]
1926 Japan Electronic 40 On December 25, 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum at Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu Campus.[35]
1927 Japan Electronic 100 By 1927, Takayanagi improved the resolution to 100 lines.[36][37]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Herbert, Stephen (2004). A History of Early Television. ISBN 9780415326674.
  2. ^ a b "Grammont Prewar Sets". www.earlytelevision.org.
  3. ^ a b c "Early French Broadcasting". www.earlytelevision.org.
  4. ^ "Toute La Radio" (PDF). Toute La Radio (24). 1936.
  5. ^ "Barthelemy". www.earlytelevision.org.
  6. ^ "Emyradio Prewar Sets". www.earlytelevision.org.
  7. ^ a b c d "405 Alive - FAQ - 405-Line Television in History". www.bvws.org.uk.
  8. ^ Brice, Richard (June 14, 2003). "Newnes Guide to Digital TV". Newnes – via Google Books.
  9. ^ Gripsrud, Jostein; Weibull, Lennart (June 14, 2010). "Media, Markets & Public Spheres: European Media at the Crossroads". Intellect Books – via Google Books.
  10. ^ a b "405 Alive - FAQ - 405-Line Television in History". www.bvws.org.uk.
  11. ^ "Prewar European Stations". www.earlytelevision.org.
  12. ^ "Telefunken Prewar Sets". www.earlytelevision.org.
  13. ^ Larrasa, Miranda (2016). The Olympic Museum (ed.). "Broadcasting the Olympic Games, the Media and the Olympic Games - Television Broadcasting" (PDF). Olympics. p. 4.
  14. ^ a b c "Berlin Olympics Television 1936".
  15. ^ "Gerolf Poetschke's Site Telefunken FE III". www.earlytelevision.org.
  16. ^ "Gerolf Poetschke's Site Fernseh Tischmodell". www.earlytelevision.org.
  17. ^ Beauchamp, K. G.; Beauchamp, Kenneth George (May 27, 1997). Exhibiting Electricity. IET. ISBN 9780852968956 – via Google Books.
  18. ^ Marshall, Paul (2011). Inventing Television: Transnational Networks of Co-operation and Rivalry, 1870-1936 (PDF) (Thesis). University of Manchester.
  19. ^ "1937 TV". www.thevalvepage.com.
  20. ^ a b "R.T.Russell: Colour Test Card Generator". bbcbasic.uk.
  21. ^ a b c "Einheits-Fernseh-Empfänger E l" (PDF). aobauer.home.xs4all.nl. pp. 320–321. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2022.
  22. ^ "Funktechnik- Philips bringt ein neues Fernsehsystem, Heft 2 1948".
  23. ^ "Funktechnik - Philips bringt ein neues Fernsehsystem, Heft 2 1948".
  24. ^ "Sistem masuk tunggal Z-Library". id.1lib.domains.
  25. ^ "Philips Netherland 567 line TV Standard" (in German). Radiomuseum.org. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
  26. ^ J. van der Mark (January 1938). "A transportable television installation" (PDF). Philips Technical Review. 3 (1): 2. The installation is suitable for the broadcasting of 25 pictures per second, with 405 or 567 lines per complete picture, while interlaced scanning is employed. (If 567 lines are used, a frequency spectrum must be dealt with which extends from about 50 cycles per second to about 5 × 106 cycles per second, for 405 lines the necessary frequency spectrum extends only to 2.5·106 cycles per second.
  27. ^ John Logie Baird, Television Apparatus and the Like, U.S. patent, filed in U.K. in 1928.
  28. ^ BAIRD, J.L. BAIRD (1933). "BBC Annual Report".
  29. ^ "First Live BBC Recording". Alexandra Palace Television Society. Archived from the original on 4 April 2005. Retrieved 26 April 2005.
  30. ^ Alan Pemberton (2003-07-01). "World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms - Line Standards". Pembers.freeserve.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  31. ^ Baird Television: Crystal Palace Television Studios. Previous color television demonstrations in the U.K. and U.S. had been via closed circuit.
  32. ^ "CBS Color Television System Chronology". September 22, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-09-22.
  33. ^ "DuMont 183". www.earlytelevision.org.
  34. ^ Abramson, Albert (May 27, 1955). "Electronic Motion Pictures". University of California Press – via Google Books.
  35. ^ Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television, NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), 2002, retrieved 2009-05-23.
  36. ^ High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company, page 220, Springer Science+Business Media
  37. ^ "TV's Japanese Dad?". Popular Photography. November 1990. p. 5.


edit

[edit]

MDA

[edit]
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 89 8A 8B 8C 8D 8E 8F 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA AB AC AD AE AF B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 BA BB BC BD BE BF
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 CA CB CC CD CE CF D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DA DB DC DD DE DF
E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 EA EB EC ED EE EF F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FA FB FC FD FE FF

The attribute bytes mostly behave like a bitmap:

  • Bits 0-2: 1 => underline, other values => no underline.
  • Bit 3: High intensity.
  • Bit 7: Blink

but there are eight exceptions:

  • Attributes 00h, 08h (0000 1000), 80h (1000 0000) and 88h (1000 1000) display as black space.
  • Attribute 70h (0111 0000) displays as black on green.
  • Attribute 78h (0111 1000) displays as dark green on green. In fact, depending on timing and on the design of the monitor, it may have a bright green 'halo' where the dark green and bright green bits meet.
  • Attribute F0h (1111 0000) displays as a blinking version of 70h (if blinking is enabled); as black on bright green otherwise.
  • Attribute F8h (0111 1000) displays as a blinking version of 78h (if blinking is enabled); as dark green on bright green otherwise.
Background Foreground Result
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
IB R G B I R G B
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Invisible
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Invisible
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Invisible
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Underline
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Normal
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
70
Reverse
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
78
Reverse, high-intensity foreground
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
F8
Reverse, high-intensity foreground, high-intensity background
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
F0
Reverse, high-intensity background
Attribute Display
Invisible Invisible
Normal Normal
Underline Underline
Bright Bright
Bright Underline Bright Underline
Reverse Video Reverse Video
Invisible Reverse Invisible Reverse

http://www.techhelpmanual.com/87-screen_attributes.html

Background Foreground
Bl R G B I R G B
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Monochrome Monitor TTL Monochrome Monitor
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 - Underline
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Normal Normal
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Grey on black Bright+Underline
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Bold Bold
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Reverse Reverse
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Grey on White Blink+Underline
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bright on White Blink+normal
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Blink+Normal Blink+Bright+Underline
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Blink+Bold Blink+Bold 
  TTL Monochrome Monitors▲     █     Black-and-White Monitors
  ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄█▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄
  01H underline                    █ 07H normal (white on black)
  07H normal (white on black)      █ 08H grey on black
  09H bright underline             █ 0fH bold (bright white on black)
  0fH bold (bright white on black) █ 70H reverse (black on white)
  70H reverse (black on white)     █ 78H grey on white
  81H blinking underline           █ 7fH bright white on white
  87H blinking normal              █ 87H blinking normal
  89H blinking bright underline    █ 8fH blinking bold 

8fH blinking bold █

Background Foreground Explanation
0/3

0000

2/3

0001

Normal

▌ ░▒▓

0/3

0000

3/3

1111

High intensity

▌░▒▓

2/3

0111

0/3

0000

Reverse video

▌░▒▓

3/3

0111

1/3

1000

Reverse video, high intensity, blink set but disabled

▌░▒▓

2/3

0111

1/3

1000

Reverse video, high intensity

▌░▒▓

3/3

1111

0/3

0 000

Reverse video, blink set but disabled

▌░▒▓

UK101 Character Set

[edit]

Compukit UK101 character set

Compukit UK101 character set
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 ⌃ ≡
1 ↑ ↗ → ↘ ↓ ↙ ← ↖ £
2 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
4 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
6 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
7 p q r s t u v w x y z { } | ÷
8
9
A ◤
B ◢ ◥ ◣ ⇒ ⇐ ⇔ △ ╳ ╱ ╲
C ┗ ┏ ┓ ┛
D √ ∫ ∙ ≈ ┻ ┣ ┳ ┫ ╋ ╰ ╭ ╮ ╯
E ♥ ♣ ♠ ⯁ ◄ ►
F α ß ω 𝛿 Ω μ π Σ λ ϕ θ ε ν γ

Test

[edit]

Digital values from https://www.cypress.com/file/74746/download

COLOR RGB 10-bit Y'CbCr Approximate sRGB value
100% White 1 - 1 - 1 940-512-512 255-255-255
75% White 0.75 - 0.75 - 0.75 721-512-512 191-191-191
75% Yellow 0.75 - 0.75 - 0 646-176-567 191-191-0
75% Cyan 0 - 0.75 - 0.75 525-625-176 0-191-190
75% Green 0 - 0.75 - 0 450-289-231 0-191-0
75% Magenta 0.75 - 0 - 0.75 335-735-793 191-0-192
75% Red 0.75 - 0 - 0 260-399-848 191-0-1
75% Blue 0 - 0 - 0.75 139-848-457 0-0-191
-4% Black -0.04 - -0.04 - -0.04 29-512-512 -10 -10 -10
0% Black 0 - 0 - 0 64-512-512 0-0-0
+4% Black 0.04 - 0.04 - 0.04 99-512-512 10-10-10
-I 0 - 0.2456 - 0.4125 231-624-390 0-63-105
+Q 0.2536 - 0 - 0.4703 177-684-591 65-0-120



Digital color bar values

[edit]

After some searching, I was able to find references for digital values, for both SD and HD 100% and 75% bars.

The first document shows the usage of signal analyzers (LV5100 for SD - http://www.valtechvideo.com/partneri/leader/LV5100D.pdf and LV5152 DA for HD - https://assets.tequipment.net/assets/1/26/Documents/Leader/lv-5152da_manual.pdf) with SD and HD patterns. Both SD and HD values for 75% and 100% bars are explicitly listed. Here's the explanation provided for the values shown:

For digital video sources, the 10-bit YCbCr values for color bars are diferent depending if we have a SD or HD signal[1]. SD values are based on the SMPTE formula for Y from the NTSC system ( Y = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B)[1]. HD values are according to SMPTE RP-177 and 274M ( based on the formula Y= 0.2126R + 0.7152G + 0.722B)[1]

SD 100%[2][3][1] HD 100%[1][4][3] SD 75%[5][1] HD 75%[6][1]
Y Cb Cr Y Cb Cr Y Cb Cr Y Cb Cr
White 940 512 512 White 940 512 512 White 940 512 512 White 940 512 512
Yellow 840 64 585 Yellow 877 64 553 Yellow 646 176 567 Yellow 674 176 543
Cyan 678 663 64 Cyan 754 615 64 Cyan 525 625 176 Cyan 581 589 176
Green 578 215 137 Green 690 167 105 Green 450 289 231 Green 534 253 207
Magenta 426 809 887 Magenta 314 857 919 Magenta 335 735 793 Magenta 251 771 817
Red 326 361 960 Red 250 409 960 Red 260 399 848 Red 204 435 848
Blue 164 960 439 Blue 127 960 462 Blue 139 848 457 Blue 111 848 16
Black 64 512 512 Black 64 512 512 Black 64 512 512 Black 64 512 512

Note: Values sourced from "Leader Teleproduction Test Volume 3 Number 4 - Digital Video Levels"[7]; also matching Recommendation ITU-R BT.1729 (2005) for 100% SD and HD bars[3]


Table

[edit]
Year Saturn version Booster Stage 1 Stage 1 engines Stage 2 Stage 2 engines Stage 3 Stage 3 engines Stage 4 Stage 4 engines
1962 IB S-IB H-1 x8 S-IVB-200 J-2 x1
1959 A-1 S-I H-1 x8 Titan I LR-87-3 x2 Centaur C RL-10A-1 x2
1959 A-2 S-I H-1 x8 clustered Jupiter LR-79 x4 Centaur C RL-10A-1 x2
1959 B-1 S-IB-2 F-1 x2 clustered Titan LR-79 x4 S-IV RL-10 x6 Centaur C RL-10A-1 x2
1959 C-1 / I S-I H-1 x8 S-IV RL-10 x6 S-V RL-10 x2
1960 C-2 S-I H-1 x8 S-II J-2 x4 S-IV RL-10 x6 S-V RL-10 x2
1961 C-3 S-IB-2 F-1 x2 S-II-C3 J-2 x4 S-IV RL-10 x6
1966 INT-20 S-IC F-1 x4 S-IVB J-2 x1
1960 C-4 S-IB-4 F-1 x4 S-II-4 J-2 x4 S-IVB J-2 x1
1962 C-5 / V S-IC F-1 x5 S-II J-2 x5 S-IVB J-2 x1
1965 C-5N S-IC F-1 x5 S-II J-2 x5 Nuclear
1962 C-8 S-IC-8 F-1 x8 S-II-8 J-2 x8 S-IVB J-2 x1
IB-CE S-IB H-1 x8 S-IVB-200 J-2 x1 Centaur D/E
IB-A S-IB-A upgraded H-1 x8 streched S-IVB-200 J-2 x1 Centaur D/E
IB-B S-IB-A upgraded H-1 x8 MS-IVB-2 HG-3
IB-C Minuteman x4 S-IB H-1 x8 S-IVB-200 J-2 x1
IB-D UA1205 x4 S-IB H-1 x8 S-IVB-200 J-2 x1
INT-05
INT-11
INT-12
INT-13
INT-14
INT-15
INT-16
INT-17 S-II–INT-17 HG-3-SL x7 S-IVB-200
INT-18 UA1204/5/7; x2 or 4 S-II J-2 x5 S-IVB-200 (optional)
INT-19 Minuteman, x4 to 12 S-II J-2-SL x5 S-IVB-200
INT-20 S-IC F-1 x3 to 5 S-IVB J-2 x1
INT-21 S-IC F-1 x5 S-II J-2 x5
INT-23
INT-24
INT-25
INT-27
LCB
Saturn V-3 MS-IC-1 F-1A x5 MS-II-2 HG-3 x5

Tree

[edit]
4. Paternal grandfather
2. Father
5. Paternal grandmother
1 Subject (or proband)
6. Maternal grandfather
3. Mother
7. Maternal grandmother

Integrated speaker

[edit]

Early 1980s home computers featured an integrated speaker built into the computer box. This solution was a cost-saving measure since building an RF modulator capable of encoding sound was complex and expensive. Also, the computer monitors of the time didn't feature any sound ability, so a separate solution was needed. Connecting a small speaker directly to the motherboard solved all these problems, at the expense reduced volume (there was no volume control) and poor sound fidelity.

Examples of computers that used this solution:

  • Agat (computer)
  • Acorn atom
  • ZX Spectrum (so called Beeper)


CSS wide color test

background-color: color(display-p3 1 0 0.331);

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Leader Electronics Corporation". Leader Electronics Corporation.
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  3. ^ a b c https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1729-0-200504-I!!PDF-E.pdf#page=18
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  7. ^ Suzuki, N.; Fukinuki, T.; Kageyama, M.; Ishikura, K.; Yoshigi, H. (January 1, 1994). "Multiplexing scheme of helper signals on bars in EDTV-II": 32–36. doi:10.1049/cp:19940723 – via digital-library.theiet.org. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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