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== Notes ==
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== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

 "Statistical Yearbook 2011". Central Statistical Organisation. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b c d "Yemen". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 24 April 2012. Jump up ^ "Human Development Report 2011". The United Nations. Retrieved 18 October 2011. Jump up ^ "Yemen". International News Safety Institute. Retrieved 14 October 2009. Jump up ^ Daniel McLaughlin Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide p. 3 Jump up ^ Robert D. Burrowes (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 319. ISBN 0810855283. Jump up ^ St. John Simpson (2002). Queen of Sheba: treasures from ancient Yemen. British Museum Press. p. 8. ISBN 0714111511. Jump up ^ Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 0802849601. Jump up ^ Kishlansky, Mark (2012). e-Study Guide for: Civilization in the West, Volume A. Cram101 Textbook Reviews. p. 351. ISBN 1467295108. Jump up ^ Yaakov Kleiman (2004). DNA & Tradition: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews. Devora Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 1930143893. Jump up ^ Marta Colburn (2002). The Republic of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century. CIIR. p. 13. ISBN 1852872497. Jump up ^ Karl R. DeRouen, Uk Heo (2007). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 810. ISBN 1851099190. Jump up ^ "Yemen: World Bank Projects To Promote Water Conservation, Enhance Access To Infrastructure And Services For Poor". World Bank. Retrieved 2014-02-15. Jump up ^ Laura Etheredge (2011). Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 137. ISBN 1615303359. Jump up ^ "Transparency International's 2009 corruption index: the full ranking of 180 countries". Transparency international. Nov 17 2009. Retrieved Feb 2 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b James L. Gelvin (2012). The Arab Uprisings: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 019989177X. ^ Jump up to: a b Ginny Hill, Peter Salisbury, Léonie Northedge and Jane Kinninmont (2013). "Yemen: Corruption, Capital Flight and Global Drivers of Conflict". Chatham House. Retrieved Feb 2 2014. Jump up ^ "National Dialogue Conference concludes | Yemen Times". Yementimes.com. 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2014-02-15. Jump up ^ Day, Steven (27 Jan 2014). "The 'non conclusion' of Yemen's national dialogue". Foreign Policy Magazine. Retrieved 29 Jan 2014. Jump up ^ Jawād ʻAlī (1968) [Digitized 17 February 2007]. الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام [Detailed history of Arabs before Islam] (in Arabic) 1. Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn. p. 171. Jump up ^ Robert D. Burrowes Historical Dictionary of Yemen p. 145 Rowman & Littlefield, 2010 ISBN 0-81-085528-3 Jump up ^ "He was worshiped by the Madhij and their allies at Jorash (Asir) in Northern Yemen" William Robertson Smith Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia P.193 ISBN 1117531937 Jump up ^ Daniel McLaughlin Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide p. 4 Jump up ^ David Hatcher Childress (1989). Lost Cities & Ancient Mysteries of Africa & Arabia. Adventures Unlimited Press. p. 223. ISBN 0932813062. Jump up ^ Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 594. ISBN 0802849601. Jump up ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 4. p. 254. ISBN 0802837840. Jump up ^ Nicholas Clapp (2002). Sheba: Through the Desert in Search of the Legendary Queen. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 204. ISBN 0618219269. Jump up ^ P. M. Holt, Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis (21 April 1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. Jump up ^ Daniel McLaughlin Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide p. 5 2007 Jump up ^ Jerry R. Rogers, Glenn Owen Brown, Jürgen Garbrecht (1 January 2004). Water Resources and Environmental History. ASCE Publications. p. 36. ISBN 0784475504. Jump up ^ Werner Daum (1987). Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilization in Arabia Felix. Pinguin-Verlag. p. 73. ISBN 3701622922. Jump up ^ "The kingdoms of ancient South Arabia". British Museum. Retrieved 7 February 2014. Jump up ^ Jawād ʻAlī (1968) [Digitized 17 February 2007]. الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام [Detailed history of Arabs before Islam] (in Arabic) 2. Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn. p. 19. Jump up ^ George Hatke (2013). Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. NYU Press. p. 19. ISBN 0814762832. Jump up ^ Teshale Tibebu (1995). The making of modern Ethiopia: 1896–1974. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press. p. xvii. ISBN 1569020019. Jump up ^ Peter R. Schmidt (2006). Historical Archaeology in Africa: Representation, Social Memory, and Oral Traditions. Rowman Altamira. p. 281. ISBN 0759114153. Jump up ^ Ali Aldosari (2007). Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish. p. 24. ISBN 0761475710. Jump up ^ D. T. Potts (2012). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1047. ISBN 1405189886. Jump up ^ Avraham Negev, Shimon Gibson (2005). Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. Continuum. p. 137. ISBN 0826485715. Jump up ^ Lionel Casson (2012). The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton University Press. p. 150. ISBN 1400843200. Jump up ^ Peter Richardson (1999). Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans. Continuum. p. 230. ISBN 0567086755. Jump up ^ Hârun Yahya (1999). Perished Nations. Global Yayincilik. p. 115. ISBN 1897940874. Jump up ^ Jan Retso (2013). The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads. Routledge. p. 402. ISBN 1136872825. Jump up ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1989). The Encyclopedia of Islam 6. Brill Archive. p. 561. ISBN 9004090827. Jump up ^ Stuart Munro-Hay (2002). Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide. I.B.Tauris. p. 236. ISBN 1860647448. Jump up ^ G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (1979). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament 3. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 448. ISBN 0802823270. Jump up ^ Jawād ʻAlī (1968) [Digitized 17 February 2007]. الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام [Detailed history of Arabs before Islam] (in Arabic) 2. Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn. p. 482. Jump up ^ Albert Jamme (1962). Inscriptions From Mahram Bilqis (Marib). Baltimore. p. 392. Jump up ^ Dieter Vogel, Susan James (1990). Yemen. APA Publications. p. 34. Jump up ^ Klaus Schippmann (2001). Ancient South Arabia: from the Queen of Sheba to the advent of Islam. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 52–53. ISBN 1558762361. Jump up ^ Francis E. Peters (1994). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. SUNY Press. p. 48. ISBN 0791418758. Jump up ^ Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 265. ISBN 0195336933. ^ Jump up to: a b Shlomo Sand (2010). The Invention of the Jewish People. Verso. p. 193. ISBN 9781844676231. Jump up ^ Y. M. Abdallah, (1987). The Inscription CIH 543: A New Reading Based on the Newly-Found Original in C. Robin & M. Bafaqih (Eds.) Sayhadica: Recherches Sur Les Inscriptions De l’Arabie Préislamiques Offertes Par Ses Collègues Au Professeur A.F.L. Beeston. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner S.A. pp. 4–5. Jump up ^ Raphael Patai, Jennifer Patai (1989). The Myth of the Jewish Race. Wayne State University Press. p. 63. ISBN 0814319483. Jump up ^ Uwidah Metaireek Al-Juhany (2002). Najd before the Salafi reform movement: social, political and religious conditions during the three centuries preceding the rise of the Saudi state. Ithaca Press. p. 171. ISBN 0863724019. Jump up ^ Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 266. ISBN 0195336933. ^ Jump up to: a b c Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 282. ISBN 0195336933. Jump up ^ Irfan Shahîd (1989). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 65. ISBN 0884021521. ^ Jump up to: a b Ken Blady (2000). Jewish Communities in Exotic Places. Jason Aronson. p. 9. ISBN 146162908X. Jump up ^ Eric Maroney (2010). The Other Zions: The Lost Histories of Jewish Nations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 94. ISBN 1442200456. Jump up ^ Joan Comay, Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok (2 November 1995). Who's who in Jewish history after the period of the Old Testament. Oxford University Press. p. 391. ISBN 0195210794. Jump up ^ D. W. Phillipson (2012). Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum and the Northern Horn, 1000 BC - AD 1300. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 204. ISBN 1847010415. ^ Jump up to: a b Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, Michael Marx (2010). The Quran in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations Into the Quranic Milieu. BRILL. p. 49. ISBN 9004176888. ^ Jump up to: a b Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 293. ISBN 0195336933. Jump up ^ Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0195336933. Jump up ^ Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 298. ISBN 0195336933. Jump up ^ Sabarr Janneh. Learning From the Life of Prophet Muhammad. AuthorHouse. p. 17. ISBN 1467899666. Jump up ^ Abd al-Muhsin Madʼaj M. Madʼaj The Yemen in Early Islam (9-233/630-847): A Political History p. 12 Ithaca Press, 1988 ISBN 0863721028 Jump up ^ Wilferd Madelung The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate p. 199 Cambridge University Press, 15 October 1998 ISBN 0521646960 Jump up ^ Ṭabarī The History of al-Tabari Vol. 12: The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine A.D. 635-637/A.H. 14–15 p. 10-11 SUNY Press, 1992 ISBN 0791407330 Jump up ^ Idris El Hareir The Spread of Islam Throughout the World p. 380 UNESCO, 2011 ISBN 9231041533 Jump up ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society BRILL, 1993 ISBN 9004097058 Jump up ^ Hugh Kennedy The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State p. 33 Routledge, 17 June 2013 ISBN 1134531133 ^ Jump up to: a b Andrew Rippin The Islamic World p. 237 Routledge, 23 October 2013 ISBN 1136803432 ^ Jump up to: a b Paul Wheatley The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries p. 128 University of Chicago Press, 2001 ISBN 0226894282 Jump up ^ Kamal Suleiman Salibi A History of Arabia p. 108 Caravan Books, 1980 OCLC Number: 164797251 Jump up ^ Paul Lunde, Alexandra Porter (2004). Trade and travel in the Red Sea Region: proceedings of Red Sea project I held in the British Museum, October 2002. Archaeopress. p. 20. ISBN 1841716227. "in 976-77 AD[...] the then ruler of Yemen received slaves, as well as amber and leopard skins from the chief of the Dahlak islands (off the coast from Massawa)." Jump up ^ Stephen W. Day Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union p. 31 Cambridge University Press, 2012 ISBN 1107022150 Jump up ^ Gerhard Lichtenthäler Political Ecology and the Role of Water: Environment, Society and Economy in Northern Yemen p. 55 Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2003 ISBN 0754609081 Jump up ^ First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936 p. 145 BRILL, 1993 ISBN 9004097961 Jump up ^ E. J. Van Donzel Islamic Desk Reference p. 492 BRILL, 1994 ISBN 9004097384 Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 237. Jump up ^ Henry Cassels Kay (1999). Yaman its early medieval history. Adegi Graphics LLC. p. 14. ISBN 1421264641. Jump up ^ J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 p. 119 Cambridge University Press,1977 ISBN 0521209811 Jump up ^ William Charles Brice An Historical Atlas of Islam [cartographic Material] P.338 BRILL, 1981 ISBN 9004061169 Jump up ^ Farhad Daftary Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies: A Historical Introduction to an Islamic Community p. 92 I.B.Tauris, 2005 ISBN 1845110919 Jump up ^ Farhad Daftary The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines p. 199 Cambridge University Press, 2007 ISBN 1139465783 ^ Jump up to: a b Fatima Mernissi The Forgotten Queens of Islam p. 14 U of Minnesota Press, 1997 ISBN 0816624399 Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 237. Jump up ^ Farhad Daftary Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies: A Historical Introduction to an Islamic Community p. 93 I.B.Tauris, 2005 ISBN 1845110919 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Steven C. Caton Yemen p. 51 ABC-CLIO, 2013 ISBN 159884928X Jump up ^ Bonnie G. Smith (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History (in Arabic) 4. Oxford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 0195148908. Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 414. Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 303. Jump up ^ Alexander Mikaberidze (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 159. ISBN 1598843370. Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 311. Jump up ^ Farhad Daftary (2007). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 260. ISBN 1139465783. Jump up ^ Farhad Daftary (2007). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 260. ISBN 1139465783. Jump up ^ Josef W. Meri (2004). Medieval Islamic Civilization. Psychology Press. p. 871. ISBN 0415966906. Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 350. Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 354. Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 371. ^ Jump up to: a b Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 407. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Alexander D. Knysh (1999). Ibn 'Arabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam. SUNY Press. p. 230. ISBN 1438409427. ^ Jump up to: a b c Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 84. ISBN 8175330082. Jump up ^ Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 85. ISBN 8175330082. Jump up ^ Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 86. ISBN 8175330082. ^ Jump up to: a b c Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 86. ISBN 8175330082. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index. Taylor & Francis. p. 669. ISBN 0415966922. Jump up ^ David J Wasserstein, Ami Ayalon (2013). Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter. Routledge. p. 201. ISBN 1136579176. ^ Jump up to: a b David J Wasserstein, Ami Ayalon (2013). Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter. Routledge. p. 201. ISBN 1136579176. Jump up ^ Abdul Ali (1996). slamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 94. ISBN 8175330082. Jump up ^ Jane Hathaway (2003). A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. SUNY Press. ISBN 0791458830. ^ Jump up to: a b ^ Daniel Martin Varisco (1993). the Unity of the Rasulid State under al-Malik al-Muzaffar . Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée P.21 Volume 67 Jump up ^ Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1994). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 0521343151. Jump up ^ Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1994). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 0521343151. Jump up ^ Bernard Haykel (2003). Revival and Reform in Islam: The Legacy of Muhammad Al-Shawkani. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0521528909. Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71. OI.B.Tauris. p. 2. ISBN 1860648363. Jump up ^ Giancarlo Casale (2010). The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Oxford University Press. p. 43. ISBN 0199798796. Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p. 88. ISBN 1860648363. Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p. 88. ISBN 1860648363. Jump up ^ Jane Hathaway (2012). A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. SUNY Press. p. 83. ISBN 0791486109. ^ Jump up to: a b Robert W. Stookey (1978). Yemen: the politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. p. 134. ISBN 0891583009. ^ Jump up to: a b c Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p. 95. ISBN 1860648363. Jump up ^ R. B. Serjeant, Ronald Lewcock (1983). Sana: An Arabian Islamic City. World of Islam Festival Pub. Co. p. 70. ISBN 0905035046. ^ Jump up to: a b Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (19894). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 333. ISBN 0521343151. ^ Jump up to: a b Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p. 132. ISBN 1860648363. Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p. 134. ISBN 1860648363. ^ Jump up to: a b Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p. 180. ISBN 1860648363. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 103. ISBN 8175330082. ^ Jump up to: a b Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p. 198. ISBN 1860648363. Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p. 200. ISBN 1860648363. Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p. 208. ISBN 1860648363. Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p. 210. ISBN 1860648363. Jump up ^ Nancy Um (2009). he merchant houses of Mocha: trade and architecture in an Indian Ocean port. University of Washington Press. p. 19. ISBN 0295989106. Jump up ^ Robert W. Stookey (1978). Yemen: the politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. p. 141. ISBN 0891583009. ^ Jump up to: a b c Michel Tuchscherer. "Chronologie du Yémen (1506-1635)', Chroniques yémenites". Retrieved Feb 3 2014. Jump up ^ Harold F. Jacob (2007). Kings of Arabia: The Rise and Set of the Turkish Sovranty in the Arabian Peninsula. Garnet & Ithaca Press. p. 70. ISBN 1859641989. Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p. 197. ISBN 1860648363. Jump up ^ 'Abd al-Samad al-Mawza'i (1986). al-Ihsan fî dukhûl Mamlakat al-Yaman taht zill Adalat al-'Uthman [الإحسان في دخول مملكة اليمن تحت ظل عدالة آل عثمان] (in Arabic). New Generation Library. pp. 99–105. Jump up ^ Amira Maddah (1982). l-Uthmâniyyun wa-l-Imam al-Qasim b. Muhammad b. Ali fo-l-Yaman [العثمانيون والإمام القاسم بن محمد في اليمن] (in Arabic). p. 839. Jump up ^ Musflafâ Sayyid Salim (1974). al-Fath al-'Uthmani al-Awwal li-l-Yaman [الفتح العثماني الأول لليمن] (in Arabic). p. 357. ^ Jump up to: a b c Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p. 75. ^ Jump up to: a b Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p. 76. Jump up ^ Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p. 78. Jump up ^ Kjetil Selvik, Stig Stenslie (2011). Stability and Change in the Modern Middle East. I. B. Tauris. p. 90. ISBN 1848855893. Jump up ^ Anna Hestler, Jo-Ann Spilling (2010). Yemen. Marshall Cavendish. p. 23. ISBN 0761448500. Jump up ^ Richard N. Schofield (1994). Territorial foundations of the Gulf states. UCL Press. p. 90. ISBN 1857281217. Jump up ^ Robert D. Burrowes (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 295. ISBN 0810855283. Jump up ^ Nelly Hanna (2005). Society and Economy in Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean, 1600-1900: Essays in Honor of André Raymond. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 124. ISBN 9774249372. Jump up ^ Roman Loimeier (2013). Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology. Indiana University Press. p. 193. ISBN 0253007976. Jump up ^ Marta Colburn (2002). The Republic of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century. CIIR. p. 15. ISBN 1852872497. Jump up ^ Ari Ariel (2013). Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. BRILL. p. 24. ISBN 9004265376. Jump up ^ R.L. Playfair (1859), A History of Arabia Felix or Yemen. Bombay; R.B. Serjeant & R. Lewcock (1983), San'a': An Araban Islamic City. London. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p. 120. ISBN 1860647677. Jump up ^ Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p. 124. ISBN 1860647677. Jump up ^ Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p. 121. ISBN 1860647677. Jump up ^ R. J. Gavin (1975). Aden Under British Rule, 1839-1967. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 60. ISBN 0903983141. Jump up ^ Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p. 132. ISBN 1860647677. ^ Jump up to: a b Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p. 120. ISBN 1860647677. Jump up ^ Reeva S. Simon, Michael Menachem Laskier, Sara Reguer (2013). The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times. Columbia University Press. p. 390. ISBN 0231507593. Jump up ^ Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p. 59. ISBN 1860647677. Jump up ^ Derryl N. Maclean, Sikeena Karmali Ahmed (2012). Cosmopolitanisms in Muslim Contexts: Perspectives from the Past. Edinburgh University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0748644563. ^ Jump up to: a b B. Z. Eraqi Klorman (1993). The Jews of Yemen in the Nineteenth Century: A Portrait of a Messianic Community. BRILL. p. 11. ISBN 9004096841. Jump up ^ Ari Ariel (2013). Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. BRILL. p. 37. ISBN 9004265376. ^ Jump up to: a b Doğan Gürpınar (2013). Ottoman/Turkish Visions of the Nation, 1860-1950. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 71. ISBN 1137334215. Jump up ^ Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p. 96. ISBN 1860647677. Jump up ^ B. Z. Eraqi Klorman (1993). The Jews of Yemen in the Nineteenth Century: A Portrait of a Messianic Community. BRILL. p. 12. ISBN 9004096841. Jump up ^ Eugene L. Rogan (2002). Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521892236. Jump up ^ Clive Leatherdale (1983). Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925-1939: The Imperial Oasis. Psychology Press. p. 140. ISBN 0714632201. Jump up ^ Nikshoy C. Chatterji (1973). Muddle of the Middle East, Volume 1. Abhinav Publications. p. 197. ISBN 0391003046. Jump up ^ Harold F. Jacob (2007). Kings of Arabia: The Rise and Set of the Turkish Sovereignty in the Arabian Peninsula. Garnet & Ithaca Press. p. 82. ISBN 1859641989. Jump up ^ James Minahan (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 195. ISBN 0313321094. Jump up ^ Bernard Reich (1990). Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 508. ISBN 0313262136. ^ Jump up to: a b Paul Dresch (2000). A History of Modern Yemen. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 052179482X. ^ Jump up to: a b Bernard Reich (1990). Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 509. ISBN 0313262136. Jump up ^ Ameen Rihani (1960). Kings of the Arabs [Muluk al-Arab]. Beirut: Dar al-Rihani. p. 214,215,216. Jump up ^ Massimiliano Fiore (2010). Anglo-Italian Relations in the Middle East, 1922-1940. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 21. ISBN 0754697479. ^ Jump up to: a b c Madawi al-Rasheed (2002). A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 0521644127. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Madawi al-Rasheed. A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. ISBN 052176128X. Jump up ^ Raymond A. Hinnebusch, Anoushiravan Ehteshami (2002). The Foreign Policies of Middle East States. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 262. ISBN 1588260208. Jump up ^ Glen Balfour-Paul (1994). The End of Empire in the Middle East: Britain's Relinquishment of Power in Her Last Three Arab Dependencies. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0521466369. Jump up ^ F. Gregory Gause (1990). "Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence". Books.google.com (Columbia University Press). p. 60. ISBN 978-0-231-07044-7. Retrieved 22 February 2013. Jump up ^ Dresch, Paul (2000). "A History of Modern Yemen". Books.google.com (Cambridge University Press). p. 115. ISBN 978-0-521-79482-4. Retrieved 22 February 2013. Jump up ^ Schmitthoff, Clive Macmillan, Clive M. Schmitthoff's select essays on international trade law p. 390 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Yemen profile (timeline)". BBC. 26 Oct

Using multiple pages from the same source

Further information: Help:References and page numbers

When an article cites many different pages from the same source, most Wikipedia editors have chosen to use shortened footnotes (see Shortened footnotes). An alternative method is to use the template {{rp}}, which appends page number information such as after a superscripted footnote number.

Creating links to citations

Wikilinks to citation templates can be created using the templates {{harv}}, {{harvnb}}, {{harvtxt}}, {{sfn}}, etc. For example this "Mumford 1999" links to a citation template below. This is of particular interest for inline citations using parenthetical referencing or when using shortened footnotes. (See the examples below or wikilinks to full references)

Using commas rather than periods

{{Citation}} creates a citation in the same format as most of the Citation Style 1 templates, except that the periods are replaced with commas and there is no final period. A complete list of templates that are mimicked by {{citation}} can be found at {{citation/core}}. The parameters |separator= |postscript= (available for most templates) can also be used to alter the punctuation.

Examples

See also: Category:Citation templates

Below are examples of how to use various templates to cite a book, encyclopedia, journal, website, comic strip, video and editorial comics, etc.

• For full description of a template and the parameters which can be used with it—click the template name (e.g. {{Citation}} or {{cite xxx}}) in the "template" column of the table below.
• Required field(s) are indicated in bold
• Copy and paste the text under "common usage" to use the template.
• Following each example is the resulting article text.

For a list of tools that can help create some of the templates below, see: Wikipedia:Citation tools.

Citations are commonly embedded in reference templates. For more information, see: Wikipedia:Footnotes.

source	template	common usage	Example 1	Example 2
book	{{cite book}} title	{{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = | publisher = | series = | volume = | edition = | date = | location = | pages = | language = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}	{{cite book | last = Mumford | first = David | authorlink = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of V... | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]] | series = Lecture Notes ... | volume = 1358 | edition = 2nd expanded | location = Berlin | date = 1999 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X | mr = 1748380 | zbl = 0945.14001 }} Mumford, David (1999). The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1358 (2nd expanded ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 198. doi:10.1007/b62130. ISBN 354063293X. MR 1748380. Zbl 0945.14001.	{{cite book | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | first2 = Jeff | last2 = Grubb | first3 =David | last3 = Noonan | title = [[Manual of the Planes]] | location = Berlin | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] | pages = 198–203 | date = September 2001 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0 }} Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001). Manual of the Planes. Berlin: Wizards of the Coast. pp. 198–203. ISBN 0-786918-50-0.
	{{Citation}}	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | place = | publisher = | series = | volume = | origyear = | year = | month= | edition = | chapter = | chapterurl = | page = | pages = | language = | url = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}	{{Citation | first = David | last = Mu... | author-link = David Mumfo... | title = The Red Book of V... | place = Berlin | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]] | series = Lecture Notes ... | volume = 1358 | edition = 2nd expanded | year = 1999 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X | mr = 1748380 | zbl = 0945.14001 }} Mumford, David (1999), The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1358 (2nd expanded ed.), Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 198, doi:10.1007/b62130, ISBN 354063293X, MR 1748380, Zbl 0945.14001	{{Citation | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David | title = [[Manual of the Planes]] | place = Berlin | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] |pages = 198–203 | date = September 2001 | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0 }} Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001), Manual of the Planes, Berlin: Wizards of the Coast, pp. 198–203, ISBN 0-786918-50-0{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
journal paper thesis dissertation	{{cite journal}} Title	{{cite journal | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | location = | date = | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = }}	{{cite journal | authorlink = Stephen Brey... | title = Copyright: A Rejo... | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972 }} Breyer, Stephen (October 1972). "Copyright: A Rejoinder". UCLA Law Review. 20: 75–83.	{{cite journal | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author1-link = David H. Bailey | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author2-link = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1997 | year = 1997 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/... | issn =0343-6993 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340 | mr = 1439159 | zbl = 0878.11002 }} Bailey, David H.; Borwein, Peter; Borwein, Jonathan M. (25 June 1997). "The Quest for Pi" (PDF). Mathematical Intelligencer. 19 (1). Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 50–57. doi:10.1007/BF03024340. ISSN 0343-6993. MR 1439159. Zbl 0878.11002.
	{{Citation}} journal (or periodical)	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = | origyear = | year = | month = | language = | url = | jstor = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}	{{Citation | last = Breyer | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Bre... | title = Copyright: A Rejo... | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972 | year = 1972 }} Breyer, Stephen (October 1972), "Copyright: A Rejoinder", UCLA Law Review, 20: 75–83{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)	{{Citation | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author1-link = David H. Bailey | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author2-link = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1997 | year = 1997 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/... | issn =0343-6993 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340 | mr = 1439159 | zbl = 0878.11002 }} Bailey, David H.; Borwein, Peter; Borwein, Jonathan M. (25 June 1997), "The Quest for Pi" (PDF), Mathematical Intelligencer, 19 (1), Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 50–57, doi:10.1007/BF03024340, ISSN 0343-6993, MR 1439159, Zbl 0878.11002
website	{{cite web}} title url	{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = | work = | publisher = | date = | url = | format = | doi = | accessdate = | archiveurl = | archivedate = }}	{{cite web | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido... | url = http://science-educat... | accessdate = 30 April 2006 | archiveurl = http://web.archive... | archivedate = 3 March 2006 }} Spiegel, Rachel. "Research in the News: Thalidomide". Archived from the original on 3 March 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2006. {{cite web | title = | url = | date = | accessdate = }} (Write date as one of the formats shown at MOS:DATE; e.g. |date=22 July 2009 or |date=July 22, 2009.)	{{cite web | last = Hansen | first = James E. | authorlink = James E. Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An... | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for... | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis... | accessdate = September 28, 2006 }} Hansen, James E.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (December 15, 2005). "GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation". NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
	{{Citation}} title url	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | publisher = | date = | year = | url = | accessdate = }}	{{Citation | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido... | url=http://science-educat... | accessdate = 30 April 2006 }} Spiegel, Rachel, Research in the News: Thalidomide, retrieved 30 April 2006	{{Citation | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E. | author1-link = James Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An... | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for ... | date = December 15, 2005 | year = 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis... | accessdate = September 28, 2006 }} Hansen, James E.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (December 15, 2005), GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, retrieved September 28, 2006
comic	{{cite comic}}	{{cite comic | writer= | penciller= | inker= | story= | title= | volume= | issue= | date= | publisher= | page= | panel= }}	{{cite comic | writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]] | penciller=[[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]] | inker=[[Christopher Rule|Rule, Christopher]] | story=The Fantastic Four! | title=[[Fantastic Four|The Fantastic Four]] | volume=1 | issue=1 | date=November, 1961 | publisher=[[Marvel Comics]] | page=3 | panel=2 }} Lee, Stan (w), Kirby, Jack (p), Rule, Christopher (i). "The Fantastic Four!" The Fantastic Four, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 3/2 (November, 1961). Marvel Comics.
comic strip	{{comic strip reference}}	{{comic strip reference | cartoonist= | strip= | paper= | location= | date= | supplement= | syndicate= | page= }}	{{comic strip reference | cartoonist=[[Milton Caniff|Caniff, Milton]] | strip=[[Steve Canyon]] | paper=Journal Herald | location=Dayton, OH | date=July 15, 1967 | supplement=Color Comics Supplement | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate | page=1 }} Caniff, Milton (w, a). Steve Canyon. Journal Herald (Dayton, OH). July 15, 1967 [Color Comics Supplement], Newspaper Syndicate, p. 1.
conference report or paper	{{cite conference}} title booktitle	{{cite conference | first = | last = | authorlink = | title = | booktitle = | pages = | publisher = | date = | location = | url = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }}	{{cite conference | first = M. | last = Turk | first2 = A. | last2 = Pentland | title = Face recognition ... | booktitle = Proc IEEE Con... | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | year = 1991 }} Turk, M.; Pentland, A. (1991). "Face recognition using eigenfaces". Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Maui, Hawaii. pp. 586–591. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)	{{cite conference | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | title = Direct detection of the ... | booktitle = American Astronomical Society 207th ... | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | url = http://www.aas.org/ ... 30.htm }} Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (January 9, 2006). "Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope". American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting. AAS. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
	{{Citation}}	{{Citation | first = | last = | author-link = | first2 = | last2 = | author2-link = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | contribution = | contribution-url = | series = | year = | pages = | place = | publisher = | url = | doi = | id = }}	{{Citation | last1 = Turk | first1 = M. | last2 = Pet... | first2 = A. | contribution = Face recog... | series = Proc IEEE Confere... | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | year = 1991 }} Turk, M.; Petland, A. (1991), "Face recognition using eigenfaces", Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Maui, Hawaii, pp. 586–591 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)	{{Citation | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | contribution = Direct detection of ... | series = American Astronomical... | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | contribution-url = http://...30.htm }} Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (January 9, 2006), "Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope", American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting, AAS {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
court case (legal decision)	{{cite court}}	{{cite court |litigants = |vol = |reporter = |opinion = |pinpoint = |court = |date = |url= }}	{{cite court |litigants=Roe v. Wade |vol=410 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=113 |date=1973 |url=http://www.law.corn... }} Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
encyclopedia, edited collection	{{cite encyclopedia}} Title encyclopedia	{{cite encyclopedia | title = | encyclopedia = | volume = | pages = | publisher = | date = | id = | accessdate = }}	{{cite encyclopedia | title = Kirkegaard... | encyclopedia = Grote Winkler Pri... | editor-last = Winkler Pri... | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win... | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | year = 1882 }} Winkler Prins, Anthony, ed. (1882). "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund". Grote Winkler Prins. Vol. 9. Elsevier.	{{cite encyclopedia | last = Kramer | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Kramer | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Bernard Lewis | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Hist... | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | location = London | date = 1999 | url = }} Kramer, Martin (1999). "Bernard Lewis". In Boyd, Kelley (ed.). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing. Vol. 1. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 719–720.
	{{Citation}} contribution=name of article	{{Citation | last = | first = | contribution = | year = | title = | editor-last = | editor-first = | volume = | pages = | place = | publisher = | id = }}	{{Citation | contribution = Kirkegaard... | title = Grote Winkler Pri... | editor-last = Winkler Pri... | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win... | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | year = 1882 }} Winkler Prins, Anthony, ed. (1882), "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund", Grote Winkler Prins, vol. 9, Elsevier	{{Citation | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians ... | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | year = 1999 | contribution-url = http://...is.htm }} Kramer, Martin (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley (ed.), Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720
episode (television or radio)	{{cite episode}} title	{{cite episode | title = | episodelink = | url = | series = | serieslink = | credits = | network = | station = | city = | airdate = | began = | ended = | season = | seriesno = | number = | minutes = | transcript = | transcripturl= }}	{{cite episode | title = BBC-TV Presents: ... | episodelink = BBC Snooker World ... | series = Wide World of Snooker | serieslink = Wide World of Snooker ... | credits = Presenters: [[Dennis ... | network = [[BBC]] | station = [[BBC Two]] | city = [[Sheffield]], ... | airdate = 2008-04-27 | minutes = 2:34}} Presenters: Dennis Taylor and Clive Everton (2008-04-27). "BBC-TV Presents: The 2008 World Snooker Championship Live at The Crucible". Wide World of Snooker. 2:34 minutes in. BBC. BBC Two. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)	{{cite episode | title = Duet | episodelink = Duet (Stargate Atlant... | series = Stargate Atlantis | serieslink = Stargate Atlantis | airdate = August 5, 2005 | season = 2 | number = 4 }} "Duet". Stargate Atlantis. Season 2. Episode 4. August 5, 2005. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
mailing list	{{cite mailing list}} title url	{{cite mailing list | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = | mailinglist = | date = | url = | accessdate = }}	{{cite mailing list |last=Murdock |first=Ian |authorlink=Ian Murdock |title=Debian GNU/Linux 0.9... |mailinglist=debian-announce |date=26 October 1995 |url=http://lists.debian.or... |accessdate=20 April 2007 }} Murdock, Ian (26 October 1995). "Debian GNU/Linux 0.93 Release 6 now available". debian-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 20 April 2007. {{cite mailing list}}: Unknown parameter |mailinglist= ignored (|mailing-list= suggested) (help)
map	{{cite map}} publisher title edition	{{cite map |publisher = |title = |url = |edition = |section = |accessdate = }}	{{cite map |publisher=Kansas Departmen... |title=Official State Trans... |url=http://www.ksdot.org/b... |edition=2005–2006 |section=F9 |accessdate=March 30, 2007 }} Official State Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2005–2006 ed.). Kansas Department of Transportation. § F9. Retrieved March 30, 2007.	{{cite map |publisher=Skelly Oil Company |title=Highway Map of Oklahoma |cartography=Diversified Map Co |edition=1966 |section=11C }} Highway Map of Oklahoma (Map) (1966 ed.). Cartography by Diversified Map Co. Skelly Oil Company. § 11C.
news article	{{cite news}} Title	{{cite news | last = | first = | title = | newspaper = | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = | url = | accessdate = }}	{{cite news | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is ... | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk ... }} Finn, Gary (31 August 1998). "What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair". The Independent. London.	{{cite news | last = Andersen | first = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO... | work = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | url = http://www.military.com/Caree... | accessdate = 6 June 2006 }} Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (17 February 2006). "Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success". Marine Corps News. Retrieved 6 June 2006.
	{{Citation}} newspaper (or magazine, journal, periodical)	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | newspaper = | pages = | year = | date = | url = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | accessdate = }}	{{Citation | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is ... | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url =http://www.independent.co.uk ... | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation ... | archivedate = 2010-03-06 }} Finn, Gary (31 August 1998), "What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair", The Independent, London, archived from the original on 2010-03-06	{{Citation | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO... | newspaper = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | year = 2006 | url = http://www.military.com/Ca... | accessdate = 2 June 2006 }} Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (17 February 2006), "Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success", Marine Corps News, retrieved 2 June 2006
newsgroup posting (DO NOT USE TO VERIFY)	{{cite newsgroup}} Title	{{cite newsgroup | title = | author = | date = | newsgroup = | id = | url = | accessdate = }}	{{cite newsgroup | author = Gary S. Terhune | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del... | date = January 11, 2004 | newsgroup = microsoft.pub... | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2... | url = http://groups.googl... | accessdate = May 16, 2006 }} Gary S. Terhune (January 11, 2004). "Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del function on W98, 2nd". Newsgroup: microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion. uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2MSFTNGP09.phx.gbl. Retrieved May 16, 2006.	{{cite newsgroup | title = How can helping "Kids in Af... | author = Trodel | date = June 10, 2006 | newsgroup= humanities.philosophy.ob... | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g20... | url = http://groups.google.com/grou... | accessdate = July 3, 2006 }} Trodel (June 10, 2006). "How can helping "Kids in Africa" be in my self interest". Newsgroup: humanities.philosophy.objectivism. 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g2000cwa.googlegroups.com. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
patent	{{Citation}} inventor-last	{{Citation | inventor-last = | inventor-first = | inventorlink = | inventor2-last = | inventor2-first = | inventorlink2 = | publication-date = | issue-date = | title = | country-code = | description = | patent-number = }}	{{Citation | inventor1-last = Degermark | inventor1-first = Mikael | inventor2-last = Brodnik | inventor2-first = Andrej | inventor3-last = Carlsson | inventor3-first = Svante | inventor4-last = Pink | inventor4-first = Stephen | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams | issue-date = 2001 | patent-number = 6266706 | country-code = US}} Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |country-code= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor1-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor1-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor2-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor2-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor3-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor3-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor4-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor4-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |issue-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |patent-number= ignored (help)
press release	{{cite press release}} Title	{{cite press release | title = | publisher = | date = | url = | accessdate = }}	{{cite press release | title = Nature compares W... | publisher = The Wikimedia... | date = 15 December 2005 | url = http://en.wikipedia... | accessdate = 3 July 2006 }} "Nature compares Wikipedia and Britannica" (Press release). The Wikimedia Foundation. 15 December 2005. Retrieved 3 July 2006.	{{cite press release | title = HFPA Announces Timetable fo... | publisher = [[Hollywood Foreign P...]] | date = May 25, 2006 | url = http://www.hfpa.org/news/id/32 | accessdate = June 13, 2006 }} "HFPA Announces Timetable for 64th Annual Golden Globe Awards" (Press release). Hollywood Foreign Press Association. May 25, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2006.
video (movie, television production, documentary, etc.)	{{cite AV media}} people title	{{cite AV media | people = | title = | medium = | publisher = | location = | date = | url = }}	{{cite AV media | people = Al-Issawi, Omar (Director) | title = [http://www.imdb...] | medium = Television production | publisher = Al-Issawi, Om... | location = Lebanon | date = 2001 }} Al-Issawi, Omar (Director) (2001). Harab libnan (Television production). Lebanon: Al-Issawi, Omar. {{cite AV media}}: External link in |title= (help)	{{cite AV media | people = Dick Cavett | title = The Dick Cavett Show — Rock... | medium = DVD | publisher = Shout Factory | date = 2005 }} Dick Cavett (2005). The Dick Cavett Show — Rock Icons (1969) (DVD). Shout Factory.
video game	{{cite video game}} title developer	{{cite video game | title = | developer = | publisher = | date = | platform = | version = | level = | language = | isolang = | quote = }}	{{cite video game |title=[[Halo 3]] |developer= [[Bungie]] |publisher=[[Microsoft Game Studios]] |date=September 25, 2007 |platform=[[Xbox 360]] |version=1.0 |level=The Storm |language=English |isolang= |quote='''Arbiter''': More Brutes? /... Bungie (September 25, 2007). Halo 3 (Xbox 360) (1.0 ed.). Microsoft Game Studios. Level/area: The Storm. Arbiter: More Brutes? / Master Chief: Worse.

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• {{cite album-notes}}
• {{cite thesis}}

Harvard reference and shortened footnote examples

See also: Template:Harvard citation documentation

These templates automatically create a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. All the following templates are supported: {{citation}} · {{cite book}} · {{cite journal}} · {{cite web}} · {{cite conference}} · {{cite encyclopedia}} · {{cite mailing list}} · {{cite news}} · {{cite press release}} · {{cite arXiv}} · {{cite AV media}} (an up-to-date list is at Template:Citation/core). To use the links, the template must define "Surname" (or "Last") and "Year" and must include |

What to type	What it makes
Article text.{{sfn|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} (Shortened footnote template) Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1879|p=289}} ==Notes== {{reflist}}	Article text. Article text. Notes ^Turner 1851, pp. 10–11 ^Smith 1879, p. 289
{{Harvard citation|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} {{Harv|Smith|1879|p=289}} {{Harvtxt|Turner|1851}} asserts that ... (author's name part of text) {{Harvnb|Smith|1879}} (no brackets) {{Harv|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}} (multi-author)	(Turner 1851, pp. 10–11) (Smith 1879, p. 289) Turner (1851) asserts that ... Smith 1879 (Lincoln et al. 2007, pp. 88–89)
Three Harvcol templates are altered to use colons to indicate page numbers. {{Harvcol|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} {{Harvcol|Smith|1879|p=289}} {{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999}} asserts that ... {{Harvcolnb|Smith|1879}} {{Harvcolnb|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}}	Harvcol templates (Turner 1851:10–11) (Smith 1879:289) Blust (1999) asserts that ... Smith 1879 Lincoln et al. 2007:88–89

Variations

Wikipedia does not dictate a particular way to insert citations into an article. As a result, there are multiple ways to structure citations in an article; multiple ways to insert individual citations; and multiple ways to link short-form inline citations with the full-form citations in the bibliography, when using a style that calls for short-form citations.

There are three primary ways to format individual citations:

1. By hand. When using inline citations (see below), these are simply typed directly; however, when using shortened footnotes or parenthetical references, these can be surrounded with {{wikicite}} to ensure that the appropriate shortened references are linked to the full references below.
2. Using the Citation Style 1 templates, such as {{cite book}}, {{cite web}}, {{cite journal}}, or {{cite news}}.
3. Using the generic {{Citation}} template.

The main differences between the generic {{Citation}} template and the specific Citation Style 1 templates are:

1. The Citation Style 1 templates produce citations with individual sections (e.g. title, author, publisher, etc.) separated by periods, with a trailing period, while {{Citation}} separates sections with a comma and has no trailing punctuation. (However, this can be changed using the |separator= and |postscript= parameters.)
2. Not all Citation Style 1 templates can easily be replaced by the {{Citation}} template. Generally, any Citation Style 1 template of a general nature (e.g. book; web site; journal or newspaper article; article in an edited collection or encyclopedia; etc.) can be replaced, but specialized templates (court cases, comic books, video games, etc.) cannot very easily.
3. Some of the parameter names differ. For example, citing an article in an edited collection uses the misnamed {{cite encyclopedia}} template, with |title= for the article name and |encyclopedia= for the collection name; the equivalent parameters in {{Citation}} are named contribution and title, respectively.
4. When using parenthetical referencing, a Harv templates template that identifies a citation by author and year will automatically link to the appropriate citation elsewhere in the article if created using {{Citation}}. If created using Citation Style 1, however, a |ref=harv parameter must be added.

There are also at least three ways to structure citations as a whole in an article:

1. Inline citations. These simply place the citation inside of a <ref>...</ref> reference, which inserts a small bracketed, superscripted number. When clicked on, it links to a correspondingly-numbered footnote (more properly an endnote) placed elsewhere in the article. The footnotes themselves are inserted using {{reflist}}, which is typically placed by itself in a Notes (or References) section near the end of the article. When there are multiple references to the same citation, typing can be saved by using <ref name="foo">...</ref> the first time, and just <ref name="foo"/> elsewhere. When there are citations that differ only in page number, there are two alternatives: write all the citations out in full, including the page number, or use one citation without page numbers along with the {{rp}} template to add an inline page number after the small bracketed footnote number.
2. Shortened footnotes. Instead of the full-form citation appearing in the footnote, a shortened form appears, giving only the author and year (or in some styles, a shortened version of the article or book title), and page number if appropriate. The full citation appears later on, in a bibliography section. This usually follows directly after the footnotes, is titled "References" or "Bibliography", and contains all relevant citations, listed in alphabetical order. This style is especially appropriate when there are large numbers of references overall and frequent cases of multiple references to the same work, especially in the presence of differing page numbers.
3. Parenthetical references. These are conceptually similar to shortened footnotes, but the shortened reference appears inline in the text, in parentheses, rather than in a footnote.

When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical references, there are multiple ways to link the shortened and full-form references:

1. Don't link them. This happens by default when the shortened references are typed in by hand.
2. Insert manual links. These look like e.g. [[#refPereira2006|Pereira 2006, p. 25]]. The anchor #refPereira2006 is attached to the full-form citation by surrounding it with {{wikicite}} (if inserted by hand), or adding a |ref= parameter to the citation template.
3. Insert links using a Harv templates template, e.g. {{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}. This will insert "Pereira 2006, p. 25" into the text and link it to the citation with the corresponding last name and year. As mentioned above, when using a Citation Style 1 template, the parameter |ref=harv must be added, but this is unnecessary for {{Citation}}. When using parenthetical references, the plain {{Harv}} template is used, which automatically inserts parentheses. Other variations format the page number or parentheses differently.
4. Use the {{sfn}} template for the whole of the footnote. The {{sfn}} template creates its own named <ref>...</ref> tags: {{sfn|Pereira|2006|p=25}} is exactly equivalent to <ref name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625>[[#CITEREFPereira2006|Pereira 2006]], p. 25.</ref> which is itself equivalent to <ref name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625>{{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</ref>.

See also WP:Footnotes and WP:Citing sources for general information, and WP:CITEX for specific examples of exactly how to write the code for various combinations of the above styles.

See also

• Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles for templates about citation-related problems in articles

Notes

Category:Bibliography file formats id:Wikipedia:Templat kutipan