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William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland

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His Grace
The Duke of Portland
KG PC
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
In office
31 March 1807 – 4 October 1809
MonarchGeorge III
Preceded byThe Lord Grenville
Succeeded bySpencer Perceval
13th Prime Minister of Great Britain
In office
2 April 1783 – 19 December 1783
MonarchGeorge III
Preceded byThe Earl of Shelburne
Succeeded byWilliam Pitt the Younger
Lord President of the Council
In office
30 July 1801 – 14 January 1805
MonarchGeorge III
Prime MinisterHenry Addington
William Pitt the Younger
Preceded byThe Earl of Chatham
Succeeded byViscount Sidmouth
Home Secretary
In office
11 July 1794 – 30 July 1801
MonarchGeorge III
Preceded byHenry Dundas
Succeeded byLord Pelham
Personal details
Born(1738-04-14)14 April 1738
Nottinghamshire
Died30 October 1809(1809-10-30) (aged 71)
Bulstrode Park, Buckinghamshire
Political partyWhig, later Tory
SpouseLady Dorothy Cavendish
Children6
Alma materChrist Church, Oxford
SignatureCursive signature in ink

William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland KG PC (14 April 1738 – 30 October 1809) was a British Whig and Tory statesman, Chancellor of the University of Oxford, Prime Minister of Great Britain, serving in 1783 and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1807 to 1809. The 24 years between his two terms as Prime Minister is the longest gap between terms of office of any Prime Minister. He was known before 1762 by the courtesy title Marquess of Titchfield. He held a title of every degree of British nobility—Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron. He is also a great-great-great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth II through her maternal grandmother.

Biography

Early life and education

Lord Titchfield was the eldest son of William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland and Margaret Cavendish-Harley and inherited many lands from his mother and his maternal grandmother.[1][2][3] He was educated at Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford.

Marriage and children

Lady Dorothy Cavendish, wife of William Cavendish Bentinck. (George Romney)

On 8 November 1766, Portland married Lady Dorothy Cavendish, a daughter of William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire and Charlotte Boyle. They were parents of six children:

Portland is a great-great-great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth II (see ancestry of Elizabeth II).

Political and public offices

He was elected to sit in the Parliament for Weobley in 1761 before entering the Lords when he succeeded his father as Duke of Portland the next year. Associated with the aristocratic Whig party of Lord Rockingham, Portland served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household in Rockingham's first Government (1765–1766) and then as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in Rockingham's second ministry (April–August 1782); he resigned from Lord Shelburne's ministry along with other supporters of Charles James Fox following Rockingham's death.[5]

In April 1783, Portland was brought forward as titular head of a coalition government as Prime Minister, whose real leaders were Charles James Fox and Lord North. He served as First Lord of the Treasury in this ministry until its fall in December of the same year. During his tenure the Treaty of Paris was signed formally ending the American Revolutionary War.

In 1789, Portland became one of several vice presidents of London's Foundling Hospital. This charity had become one of the most fashionable of the time, with several notables serving on its board. At its creation, fifty years earlier, Portland's father, William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland, had been one of the founding governors, listed on the charity's royal charter granted by George II. The hospital's mission was to care for the abandoned children in London; and it achieved rapid fame through its poignant mission, its art collection donated from supporting artists, and popular benefit concerts put on by George Frideric Handel. In 1793, Portland took over the presidency of the charity from Lord North.

Along with many such conservative Whigs as Edmund Burke, Portland was deeply uncomfortable with the French Revolution and broke with Fox over this issue, joining Pitt's government as Home Secretary in 1794. He continued to serve in the cabinet until Pitt's death in 1806—from 1801 to 1805 as Lord President of the Council and then as a Minister without Portfolio.

In March 1807, after the collapse of the Ministry of all the Talents, Pitt's supporters returned to power; and Portland was, once again, an acceptable figurehead for a fractious group of ministers that included George Canning, Lord Castlereagh, Lord Hawkesbury, and Spencer Perceval.

Portland's second government saw the United Kingdom's complete isolation on the continent but also the beginning of recovery, with the start of the Peninsular War. In late 1809, with Portland's health poor and the ministry rocked by the scandalous duel between Canning and Castlereagh, Portland resigned, dying shortly thereafter.

He was Recorder of Nottingham until his death in 1809.

Death and burial

Memorial to the 3rd Duke of Portland at the family vault in St Marylebone Parish Church

The 3rd Duke of Portland died at Bulstrode Park, Buckinghamshire, after an operation to remove a kidney stone on 30 October 1809 and was buried in St Marylebone Parish Church, Marylebone, London.[6]

He had lived expensively: with an income of £17,000 a year (worth £577,000 in 2005),[7] he had debts at his death computed at £52,000 (£1.76 million in 2005),[7] which were paid off by his succeeding son selling off some property including Bulstrode.[8]

Along with Sir Robert Peel, Earl of Aberdeen, Benjamin Disraeli, William Ewart Gladstone, Marquess of Salisbury, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Andrew Bonar Law, and Neville Chamberlain, he is one of nine British Prime Ministers to die while his direct successor was in office, and the first to do so.

Legacy

The Portland Vase of Roman glass was given its name due to it having been owned by Portland at his family residence at Bulstrode Park.

Portland parish in Jamaica was named after the 3rd Duke of Portland. The Titchfield School, founded in 1786, also in the parish is also named in his honor. The school's crest is derived from the Earl of Portland's personal crest.

North Bentinck Arm and South Bentinck Arm were named for the Bentinck family by George Vancouver in 1793, along with other names on the British Columbia Coast such as Portland Canal and Portland Channel.

The department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham holds a number of papers relating to the 3rd Duke: the 3rd Duke's personal and political papers (Pw F) are part of the Portland (Welbeck) Collection; and the Portland (London) Collection (Pl) contains correspondence and official papers of the 3rd Duke, especially in series Pl C.

The Portland Estate Papers held at Nottinghamshire Archives also contain items relating to the 3rd Duke's properties.

The Portland Collection of fine and decorative art includes pieces owned and commissioned by the 3rd Duke, including paintings by George Stubbs.

Titles and arms

The 3rd Duke of Portland.

Titles from birth

  • Marquess of Titchfield (1738–61)
  • Marquess of Titchfield MP (1761-1762)
  • His Grace The Duke of Portland (1762–65)
  • His Grace The Duke of Portland, PC (1765–94)
  • His Grace The Duke of Portland, KG, PC (1794–1809)

Arms

Coat of arms of William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland
Notes
The title Duke of Portland was created by George I in 1716 .
Coronet
A Coronet of a Duke
Crest
Out of a ducal coronet proper two arms counter-embowed vested Gules, on the hands gloves Or, each holding an ostrich feather Argent (Bentinck); A snake nowed proper (Cavendish)
Escutcheon
Quarterly: 1st and 4th, Azure a cross moline Argent (Bentinck); 2nd and 3rd, Sable three stags' heads cabossed Argent attired Or, a crescent for difference (Cavendish)
Supporters
Two lions double queued, the dexter Or and the sinister sable
Motto
Craignez Honte (Fear Dishonour)

Cabinets as Prime Minister

First Ministry, April – December 1783

Second Ministry, March 1807 – October 1809

Changes

References

  1. ^ "Line of descent of the Earls and Dukes of Portland" (PDF). University of Nottingham. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  2. ^ Settlements, mortgages, litigation, Acts of Parliament etc. relating to the 'maternal' estates of the Dukes of Portland; 1583–1790, The University of Nottingham, UK.
  3. ^ Series of manorial papers in the Newcastle (Clumber) Collection (1st Deposit); 1357–1867, The University of Nottingham, UK.
  4. ^ "Harriet Catherine Greville".
  5. ^ Stephens, Henry Morse (1885). "Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 4. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  6. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 5. Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 268. ISBN 0-19-861355-5.
  7. ^ a b [1] National Archives currency converter.
  8. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 5. pp. 268–269.

Ancestors

Family of William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland
16. Bernard Bentinck, Baron Bentinck, Heer van Diepenheim en Schoonheten
8. William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland
17. Anna van Bloemendaal
4. Henry Bentinck, 1st Duke of Portland
18. Sir Edward Villiers
9. Anne Villiers
19. Lady Frances Howard
2. William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland
20. Edward Noel, 1st Earl of Gainsborough
10. Wriothesley Noel, 2nd Earl of Gainsborough
21. Lady Elizabeth Wriothesley
5. Lady Elizabeth Noel
22. Fulke Greville, 5th Baron Brooke
11. The Hon. Catherine Greville
23. Sarah Dashwood
1. William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland
24. Sir Edward Harley
12. Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer
25. Abigail Stephens
6. Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer
26. Thomas Foley
13. Elizabeth Foley
27. Elizabeth Ashe
3. Lady Margaret Cavendish Harley
28. Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare
14. John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle
29. Grace Pierrepont
7. Lady Henrietta Cavendish Holles
30. Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle
15. Lady Margaret Cavendish
31. Frances Pierrepont

Succession boxes

Parliament of Great Britain
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Weobley
1761–1762
With: Hon. Henry Thynne 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Lord Chamberlain
1765–1766 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
1782 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Great Britain
2 April 1783 – 19 December 1783 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Leader of the House of Lords
1783 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Home Secretary
1794–1801 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord President of the Council
1801–1805 		Succeeded by
New office Minister without Portfolio
1805–1806 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
31 March 1807 – 4 October 1809 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by Chancellor of the University of Oxford
1792–1809 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by President of the Foundling Hospital
1793–1809 		Succeeded by
The Prince of Wales
later became King George IV
Preceded by Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire
1795–1809 		Succeeded by
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded by Duke of Portland
1762–1809 		Succeeded by
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