Ulmus alata
| Ulmus alata | |
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| Leaves of U. alata | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Ulmaceae |
| Genus: | Ulmus |
| Subgenus: | U. subg. Oreoptelea |
| Section: | U. sect. Chaetoptelea |
| Species: | U. alata
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| Binomial name | |
| Ulmus alata | |
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| Natural range | |
| Synonyms | |
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Ulmus alata, the winged elm or wahoo, is a small- to medium-sized deciduous tree endemic to the woodlands of the southeastern and south-central United States. The species is tolerant of a wide range of soils, and of ponding, but is the least shade-tolerant of the North American elms. Its growth rate is often very slow, the trunk increasing in diameter by less than 5 mm (3⁄16 in) per year. The tree is occasionally considered a nuisance as it readily invades old fields, forest clearings, and rangelands, proving particularly difficult to eradicate with herbicides.[2]
Description
[edit]As its common and scientific[3] names imply, winged elm is most easily recognized by the very broad, thin pair of corky wings that form along the branchlets after a couple of years. The tree generally grows to a maximum height and breadth of about 13 m × 13 m (43 ft × 43 ft), although on fertile alluvial soils such as those of the Mississippi River Delta, some specimens have reached double this height (see 'Notable trees' below). The crown can be either rounded or pyramidal; the branches are pendulous.[4] The leaves are comparatively small for the genus, less than 6.5 cm (2+1⁄2 in) long and less than 2.0 cm (3⁄4 in) broad, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, thin in texture, and smooth above with serrate or doubly serrate margins. The leaves turn bright yellow in Autumn. The wind-pollinated perfect apetalous flowers are borne on long pedicels in March and April before the leaves appear. The reddish samaras are also relatively small, less than 8 mm (5⁄16 in) long, narrowly elliptic with two long incurving stigmas at the tip,[5] and usually disperse before the end of April.[6][7]
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Young Ulmus alata, showing corky bark-ridges -
Leaves of Ulmus alata
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Pests and diseases
[edit]Like the other North American species of elm, U. alata is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease and Elm Yellows (Elm phloem necrosis).[8]
Cultivation
[edit]Ulmus alata is rarely cultivated beyond its natural range. It remains in commercial production in the US, and is occasionally available in Europe. At the beginning of the 19th century, the tree was one of the three American elm species cultivated in ornamental plantations in Britain,[9] but is now rare there. Several specimens are grown in New Zealand.[10]
Notable trees
[edit]On the silty uplands of the Mississippi Delta, Ulmus alata can attain 27 m (89 ft) in height, although the trunk diameter rarely exceeds 60 cm (24 in) d.b.h. In the old growth Fernbank Forest in Atlanta, Georgia, the species attains heights up to 39 metres (128 ft). A tree measuring 40 metres (130 ft) high has been reported from the Congaree National Park in South Carolina.[11] However, the USA National Champion, measuring 27 metres (89 ft) high in 2009, grows in Hopewell, Virginia.[12][3]
Cultivars
[edit]Other uses
[edit]Ulmus alata is of minimal commercial significance, its hard timber considered no more remarkable than that of other American elms, and of limited use because of the commonly small size of the trees. However, owing to its resistance to splitting, it is used to make high-quality hockey sticks.[13]
Accessions
[edit]- North America
- Arnold Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 404-95, wild collected.
- Bartlett Tree Experts,[14] US. Acc. no. 1438, unrecorded provenance.
- Brooklyn Botanic Garden,[15] New York City, US. Acc. nos. 730275, X00886
- Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest - Connecting People with Nature, Clermont, Kentucky, US. No details available.
- Morton Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 116-96, wild collected Papoose Lake, Illinois.[16]
- Europe
- Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG Elm Collection.[17] One tree at East Brighton Park, UK champion 13 m (43 ft) high, 31 cm (12+1⁄4 in) d.b.h. in 2001.[18]
- Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 506
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK. Acc. no. 20080092, from seed wild collected in USA.[19]
- Thenford House, Northamptonshire, UK. No details available.
- Australasia
- Manukau Cemetery & Crematorium, Auckland, New Zealand. No details available.
Nurseries
[edit]- North America
Widely available.
- Europe
- Arboretum Waasland Archived 19 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Nieuwkerken-Waas, Belgium.
- Grange Farm Plants, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK.
- Plantentuin Esveld, Netherlands.
Seed suppliers
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Stritch, L. (2019) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Ulmus alata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61966604A180056609. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ University of Florida, Environmental Horticulture Department (1994). Fact Sheet ST-648. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
- ^ Alata is Latin for "winged".
- ^ "Trees: Ulmus alata". www.ces.ncsu.edu. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004.
- ^ Photo of U. alata samarae, jimbotany.com/16-Catalog_Ra_through_Z-Ackn-LitCitd.htm, [1]
- ^ Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2014 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-108-06938-0
- ^ Schnelle, M. (1999). Field Notes: Ulmus alata. American Nurseryman, page 1998, 1 March 1999. p. 98. Chicago
- ^ "Elm Phloem Necrosis".
- ^ Main, James (1839). The Forest Planter and Pruner's Assistant. London: Ridgway. p. 113.
- ^ Wilcox, Mike; Inglis, Chris (2003). "Auckland's elms" (PDF). Auckland Botanical Society Journal. 58 (1). Auckland Botanical Society: 38–45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
- ^ Event listnativetreesociety.org Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ American Forests. (2012). The 2012 National Register of Big Trees.
- ^ Snow, G. A. "Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm". United States Department of Agriculture. Southern Research Station. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ "Bartlett Tree Experts: Tree Services". www.bartlett.com.
- ^ "BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN >> Plant Records". www.bbg.org. Archived from the original on 30 April 2003.
- ^ Photographs of Morton Arboretum U. alata, Acc. no. 116-96; cirrusimage.com
- ^ "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
- ^ Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Whittet Press, ISBN 978-1-873580-61-5.
- ^ Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. (2017). List of Living Accessions: Ulmus [2]
External links
[edit]- Snow, G. A. (1990). "Ulmus alata". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
- U. alata, Flora of North America, www.efloras.org
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