1837 in science: Difference between revisions

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The year 1837 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

January 10 – John Gould reports to the Zoological Society of London that bird specimens brought by Charles Darwin from the Galápagos Islands which Darwin had thought were blackbirds, "gross-bills" and finches are in fact "a series of ground Finches which are so peculiar" as to form "an entirely new group, containing 12 species", an important step in the inception of Darwin's theory.^[1]^[2]
March–July – Charles Darwin begins privately to develop his theory of transmutation of species.
November 6 – Establishment of the Public Garden in Boston (Massachusetts), as a botanical garden,^[3] the first in the United States to be open to the general public.

Mathematics

Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet publishes Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions, using mathematical analysis concepts to tackle an algebraic problem and thus creating the branch of analytic number theory. In proving the theorem, he introduces the Dirichlet characters and L-functions.^[4]^[5] He also notes the difference between the absolute and conditional convergence of series and its impact in what will later be called the Riemann series theorem.
Bernard Bolzano publishes Wissenschaftslehre.
William Rowan Hamilton treats complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers.^[6]
Siméon Denis Poisson's lectures on probability (introducing Poisson distribution) and decision theory are published.^[7]
Pierre Wantzel proves that several ancient geometric problems (including doubling the cube and trisecting the angle) are impossible to solve using only compass and straightedge.^[6]^[8]

Physics

Michael Faraday introduces the concept of lines of force.

Technology

February 25 – Thomas Davenport obtains the first United States patent on an electric motor.^[9]
May – Samuel Morse patents his telegraph and exhibits it to the United States Congress.
June 12 – Cooke and Wheatstone file their patent for the electrical telegraph in the United Kingdom.^[10]
July 19 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel's paddle steamer SS Great Western is launched in Bristol.^[11]
July – Godefroy Engelmann of Mulhouse patents chromolithography.^[12]
November 18 – William Crompton patents the cotton power loom in the United States.^[13]
Louis Daguerre's daguerrotype L’Atelier de l'artiste is said to be the earliest known photographic image successfully to undergo the full process of exposure, development and fixation.^[14]^[15]
Camille Polonceau patents the Polonceau truss.
The first electric locomotive built is a miniature battery locomotive constructed by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen in Scotland, and powered by galvanic cells (batteries).

Publications

Bernard Bolzano publishes his Wissenschaftslehre ("Theory of Science").
Andrew Ure publishes his encyclopedia A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines in the United Kingdom.

Awards

Copley Medal: Antoine-César Becquerel; John Frederic Daniell^[16]
Wollaston Medal: Proby Thomas Cautley; Hugh Falconer

Births

January 16 – Ellen Russell Emerson (died 1907), American ethnologist.
January 17 – François Lenormant (died 1883), French assyriologist and numismatist.
January 19 – William Williams Keen (died 1932), American physician.
January 27 – Eduard von Hofmann (died 1897), Austrian forensic pathologist.
March 7 – Henry Draper (died 1882), American physician and astronomer, pioneer of astrophotography.
March 23 – Richard Anthony Proctor (died 1888), English astronomer.
April 3 – John Burroughs (died 1921), American naturalist.
April 27 – Paul Gordan (died 1912), German Jewish mathematician, "the king of invariant theory".
May 26 – Washington Roebling (died 1926), American civil engineer.
June 20 – Paul Bachmann (died 1920), German mathematician.
July 21 – Johanna Hedén (died 1912), Swedish midwife and surgeon.
September 8 – Raphael Pumpelly (died 1923), American geologist and explorer.
October 23 – Moritz Kaposi (died 1902), Hungarian dermatologist.
November 4 – James Douglas (died 1918), Canadian-born metallurgist.
November 14 – Lucas Barrett (died 1862), Canadian-born British naturalist.
November 23 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals (died 1923), Dutch theoretical physicist.
November 28 – John Wesley Hyatt (died 1920), American inventor and industrial chemist.

Deaths

February 1 – Edward Donovan (born 1768), Anglo-Irish naturalist.
February 4 – John Latham (born 1740), English physician, naturalist and "grandfather of Australian ornithology".
February 16 – Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (born 1776), German naturalist and advocate of transmutation.
February 19 – Georg Büchner (born 1813), German-born writer and anatomist (typhus).

References

^ Sulloway, F. J. (1982). "The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series. 43 (2): 49–94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-16.
^ Sulloway, F. J. (1982). "Darwin and his finches: the evolution of a legend" (PDF). Journal of the History of Biology. 15: 1–53. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.458.3975. doi:10.1007/BF00132004.
^ Marchione, William P. (1998–2001). "Horace Gray: Father of the Boston Public Garden". Brighton Allston Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
^ Kanemitsu, Shigeru; Jia, Chaohua (2002). Number Theoretic Methods: future trends. Springer. pp. 271–274. ISBN 978-1-4020-1080-4.
^ Gowers, Timothy; Barrow-Green, June; Leader, Imre (2008). The Princeton Companion to Mathematics. Princeton University Press. pp. 764–765. ISBN 978-0-691-11880-2.
^ ^a ^b Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
^ Poisson, S.-D. (1837). Probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile, précédées des règles générales du calcul des probabilitiés. Paris: Bachelier. recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle.
^ Wantzel, L. (1837). "Recherches sur les moyens de reconnaître si un problème de géométrie peut se résoudre avec la règle et le compas". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. 1: 366–372.
^ U.S. Patent No. 132. "Improvement in Propelling Machinery by Magnetism And Electro-Magnetism". Google patents. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
^ van Dulken, Stephen (2001). Inventing the 19th Century. London: British Library. pp. 82–3. ISBN 0-7123-0881-4.
^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
^ Ferry, Kathryn (2003). "Printing the Alhambra: Owen Jones and Chromolithography". Architectural History. 46: 175–188.
^ U.S. Patent No. 491.
^ Carlisle, Rodney P. (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in Ingenuity – From the Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the Microwave Oven. New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24410-4.
^ Stokstad, Marilyn; Cateforis, David; Addiss, Stephen (2005). Art History (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. pp. 964–967. ISBN 0-13-145527-3.
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

[1] Sulloway, F. J. (1982). "The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series. 43 (2): 49–94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-16.

[2] Sulloway, F. J. (1982). "Darwin and his finches: the evolution of a legend" (PDF). Journal of the History of Biology. 15: 1–53. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.458.3975. doi:10.1007/BF00132004.

[3] Marchione, William P. (1998–2001). "Horace Gray: Father of the Boston Public Garden". Brighton Allston Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-11-13.

[4] Kanemitsu, Shigeru; Jia, Chaohua (2002). Number Theoretic Methods: future trends. Springer. pp. 271–274. ISBN 978-1-4020-1080-4.

[5] Gowers, Timothy; Barrow-Green, June; Leader, Imre (2008). The Princeton Companion to Mathematics. Princeton University Press. pp. 764–765. ISBN 978-0-691-11880-2.

[Crilly-6] Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.

[7] Poisson, S.-D. (1837). Probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile, précédées des règles générales du calcul des probabilitiés. Paris: Bachelier. recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle.

[8] Wantzel, L. (1837). "Recherches sur les moyens de reconnaître si un problème de géométrie peut se résoudre avec la règle et le compas". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. 1: 366–372.

[9] U.S. Patent No. 132. "Improvement in Propelling Machinery by Magnetism And Electro-Magnetism". Google patents. Retrieved 2011-12-13.

[10] van Dulken, Stephen (2001). Inventing the 19th Century. London: British Library. pp. 82–3. ISBN 0-7123-0881-4.

[11] Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.

[12] Ferry, Kathryn (2003). "Printing the Alhambra: Owen Jones and Chromolithography". Architectural History. 46: 175–188.

[13] U.S. Patent No. 491.

[14] Carlisle, Rodney P. (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in Ingenuity – From the Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the Microwave Oven. New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24410-4.

[15] Stokstad, Marilyn; Cateforis, David; Addiss, Stephen (2005). Art History (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. pp. 964–967. ISBN 0-13-145527-3.

[16] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

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 ==Biology==
+* January 10 – [[John Gould]] reports to the [[Zoological Society of London]] that [[Darwin's finches|bird specimens]] brought by [[Charles Darwin]] from the [[Galápagos Islands]] which Darwin had thought were blackbirds, "gross-bills" and [[finch]]es are in fact "a series of ground Finches which are so peculiar" as to form "an entirely new group, containing 12 species", an important step in the [[inception of Darwin's theory]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sulloway, F. J. |year=1982 |title=The ''Beagle'' collections of Darwin's finches (''Geospizinae'') |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=49–94 |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/pdf/1982_SullowayFinches_A86.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516072905/http://darwin-online.org.uk/pdf/1982_SullowayFinches_A86.pdf |archivedate=2012-05-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sulloway, F. J.|year=1982|title=Darwin and his finches: the evolution of a legend|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=15|pages=1–53|url=http://www.sulloway.org/Finches.pdf| doi=10.1007/BF00132004|citeseerx=10.1.1.458.3975}}</ref>
 * March–July – [[Charles Darwin]] begins privately to develop his theory of [[transmutation of species]].
 * November 6 – Establishment of the [[Public Garden (Boston)|Public Garden]] in [[Boston]] (Massachusetts), as a [[botanical garden]],<ref>{{cite web|first=William P.|last=Marchione|title=Horace Gray: Father of the Boston Public Garden|url=http://www.bahistory.org/HoraceGray.html|publisher=Brighton Allston Historical Society|date=1998–2001|accessdate=2013-11-13}}</ref> the first in the [[United States]] to be open to the general public.