Jump to content

List of French inventions and discoveries: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Citations missing|date=March 2009}}
{{Citations missing|date=December 2009}}
{{Accuracy|date=December 2009}}
{{Expand list|date=March 2009}}
==Arts & Entertainment==
==Arts & Entertainment==
* The [[Cabaret]] by [[Rodolphe Salis]] in 1881 in Paris.<ref name=Cabaret>{{cite journal|last=Vogel|first=Shane|title=WHERE ARE WE NOW?: Queer World Making and Cabaret Performance|journal=GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies|year=2000|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1215/10642684-6-1-29|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref>
* [[Cabaret]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* The [[Photography]] :
* [[Chronophotography]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
** [[Photolithography]] and the first photographic image ever produced in 1822 by [[Nicéphore Niépce]] ([[Saône-et-Loire]])<ref name="utexas">{{cite web|title=The First Photograph - Heliography |url=http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/heliography.html |quote=from Helmut Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ... In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate ... The sunlight passing through ... This first permanent example ... was destroyed ... some years later. |accessdate=2009-09-29}}</ref>
* [[Film|Cinema]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
** [[Daguerreotype]] by Nicéphore Niépce and [[Louis Daguerre]]
** [[Hércules Florence]] coined ''photographie'' in 1834, french word at the origin of the english word ''photography''.<ref>{{cite book | title = Hercule Florence: El descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil | author = Boris Kossoy | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia| isbn = 968030020X | year = 2004 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wCoQAAAACAAJ }}</ref>
[[File:Le Voyage dans la lune 2.jpg|thumb|right|A scene from "[[A Trip to the Moon|A trip to the moon]]" (1902) by [[Georges Méliès]].]]
* The [[Chronophotography]] by [[Étienne-Jules Marey]] (developed by himself, [[Eadweard Muybridge]], [[Albert Londe]], [[Georges Demeny]] and [[Ottomar Anschutz]]) in 1882 in Paris.<ref name=Chronop>{{cite web|title=Movements of Air, Etienne-Jules Marey, Photographer of Fluids|url=http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-musee-dorsay/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay/article/mouvements-de-lair-etienne-jules-marey-1830-1904-photographe-des-fluides-4216.html?S=1&cHash=6ec9933eae|publisher=Musée d'Orsay|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref>.
* The [[Praxinoscope]] of [[Charles-Émile Reynaud]] is an animation device intermediary between the [[zoetrope]] and the [[cinema]].
* The [[Film|Cinema]] developed from chronophotography :
** First motion picture [[camera]] and first projector by [[Louis Le Prince]], frenchman who worked in the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{cite book |title=Turning Points In Film History |last=Rausch |first=Andrew |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=Citadel Press |location= |isbn=9780806525921 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=xBYfGYo-8TgC&pg=PA6&vq=%22Le+Prince%22 }}</ref><ref name="bbceducation">[http://web.archive.org/web/19991128020048/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/local_heroes/biogs/biogleprince.shtml BBC Education - Local Heroes Le Prince Biography], BBC, archived on 1999-11-28</ref><ref name="body of evidence">{{cite journal | last = Howells | first = Richard | title = Louis Le Prince: the body of evidence | journal = Screen | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–200 | publisher = Oxford Journals | location = Oxford, UK | date = Summer 2006 | url = http://screen.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/47/2/179 | issn = | doi = 10.1093/screen/hjl015 | id = | accessdate = 2009-04-16}}</ref>
** The [[Cinematograph]] by [[Léon Bouly]] (1892).
** first commercial, public screening of cinematographic films by [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] in Paris on 28 December 1895.<ref>Louis Lumiere, ''The Lumiere Cinematograph''. In:{{cite book|last=Fielding|first=Raymond |title=A technological history of motion pictures and television: an anthology from the pages of the Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers|publisher=University of California Press|year=1979|pages=49–51|isbn=0520039815}}</ref>
** [[Georges Méliès]] : first filmmaker to use the [[stop trick]], or substitution, [[multiple exposure|multiple exposures]], [[time-lapse]] photography, [[Dissolve (film)|dissolve]]s, and hand-painted color in his films. His most famous film, [[A Trip to the Moon]] (Le voyage dans la Lune), in 1902, was the first [[science fiction]] film and the most popular movie of its time (another of his production, ''Le Manoir du diable'' is also sometimes considered as the first horror movie).<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Georges Melies. French Motion Picture Producer a Pioneer in Industry. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C1EFC355A157A93C1AB178AD85F4C8385F9 |quote= |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=January 23, 1938 |accessdate=2008-05-09 }}</ref>
* [[French horn]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[French horn]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* Developments of the modern [[Piano]] (invented by the italian [[Bartolomeo Cristofori]]) : [[Pleyel et Cie]] (double piano), [[Sébastien Érard]] (double escapement action), Jean-Louis Boisselot ([[Sostenuto|sostenuto pedal]]), Henri Fourneaux ([[Player piano]]).<ref name=piano>{{cite book|last=TIMBRELL|first=Charles|title=Piano An Encyclopedia, Second Edition|url=http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/francepiano-industry-tf/}}</ref>
* [[Photography]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
* [[Actinium]] by [[André-Louis Debierne]] in 1899.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Sur un nouvelle matière radio-active |first = André-Louis|last = Debierne|journal = Comptes rendus|volume = 129|pages = 593–595|year = 1899|url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3085b/f593.table|language=French}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title = Sur un nouvelle matière radio-actif – l'actinium|first = André-Louis|last = Debierne |journal = Comptes rendus|volume = 130|pages = 906–908|year = 1900–1901|url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3086n/f906.table|language=French}}</ref>
* [[Actinium]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* Appertization or [[Canning]] by [[Nicolas Appert]].<ref name='biodict'>{{cite book | editor=Lance Day, Ian McNeil |title = Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology| publisher = Routledge | year=1996 | isbn = 0-415-19399-0 }}</ref>
* [[Appertization]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Beryllium]] by [[Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin]]<ref name="Weeks1">{{Cite book|last = Weeks|first = Mary Elvira |year = 1933|title = The Discovery of the Elements |publisher = Journal of Chemical Education |location = Easton, PA |chapter = XII. Other Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium: Beryllium, Boron, Silicon and Aluminium |isbn = 0-7661-3872-0}}</ref>
* [[Beryllium]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* Chemical [[Bleach]] by [[Claude Berthollet]] and [[Antoine Germain Labarraque]] (with the [[Swedish people|Swedish]] chemist [[Karl Wilhelm Scheele]] and [[Scottish people|Scottish]] chemist [[Charles Tennant]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hubpages_.com/hub/History-Of-Bleach|title=History Of Bleach|author=Hassam}}</ref>
* [[Chemical bleach]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Chromium]] <ref name="Weeks">{{Cite book|last = Weeks|first = Mary Elvira |year = 1933|title = The Discovery of the Elements |publisher = Journal of Chemical Education |location = Easton, PA |chapter = |isbn = 0-7661-3872-0}}</ref>
* [[Chromium]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Europium]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Europium]] <ref name="Weeks" />
[[File:Neon light.jpg|thumb|right|Neon sign]]
* [[Fluorine]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Fluorine]] by [[Henri Moissan]] <ref name="Weeks" />
* [[Francium]]
* [[Francium]] <ref name="Weeks" />
* [[Gallium]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Gallium]] <ref name="Weeks" />
* [[Neon lamp]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Hydrogen]] by [[Antoine Lavoisier]] in 1783. <ref name="Weeks" />
* [[Pasteurization]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Neon lamp]] by [[Georges Claude]] in 1910.<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=1125476 |title=Systems of Illuminating by Luminescent Tubes |invent1=Georges Claude |gdate=1915-01-19 |fdate=1911-11-09}} See [http://inventors.about.com/od/weirdmuseums/ig/History-of-Neon-Light-Gallery/Neon-Lamp-Patent-Drawing.htm reproduction of patent.]</ref>
* [[Photovoltaic effect]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Oxygen]] by [[Antoine Lavoisier]] in 1778. <ref name="Weeks" />
* [[Polonium]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Pasteurization]] by [[Louis Pasteur]].
* [[Radium]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Photovoltaic effect]] by [[Antoine Becquerel]].
* [[Viscose]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Polonium]] <ref name="Weeks" />
* [[Radium]] <ref name="Weeks" />
* [[Viscose]] by [[Hilaire de Chardonnet]] in [[Échirolles]] in 1891.<ref name=Viscose>{{cite journal|last=Beery Mack|first=Pauline|title=Textiles and test tubes. Part II|journal=J. Chem. Educ.|year=1929|month=February|volume=6|issue=2|pages=357-359|doi=10.1021/ed006p357|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref>


==Clothing==
==Clothing==
* [[Polo shirt]] by [[René Lacoste]] in 1926.<ref name="fashenc-07">[http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/Ki-Le/Lacoste-Sportswear.html ''Fashion Encyclopedia'', "Lacoste Sportswear" (2007).]</ref><ref name="lacoste">The Story of Lacoste. Retrieved from http://www.lacoste.com/library/pdf/LACOSTE_history_histoire.pdf.</ref><ref name="time-04">Style & Design: Lacoste. ''Time'' Magazine, Winter 2004. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/2004/style/111504/article/lacoste_on_a_lark_and_a08a.html.</ref><ref name="brandch">[http://www.brandchannel.com/features_profile.asp?pr_id=300 ''The Brand Channel'', Lacoste profile].</ref>
* [[Polo shirt]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* Modern [[Bikini]] by [[Louis Réard]] in 1946.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Bikini: One Of Man's Greatest Inventions |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/02/sunday/main1773847.shtml |work=|publisher=CBS News |date=2 July 2006 |accessdate=17 September 2008 }} </ref>


==Mathematics==
==Mathematics==
* The [[Mechanical calculator|calculator]] by [[Blaise Pascal]] ([[Pascaline]]) in 1642.<ref name=INVENT>[[#MARG|Jean Marguin (1994)]], p. 48</ref>
* [[Arithmometer]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Arithmometer]] by Thomas de Colmar in 1820.<ref name="Chase">Chase G.C.: ''History of Mechanical Computing Machinery'', Vol. 2, Number 3, July 1980, page 204, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</ref>
* [[Calculator]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Gyroscope]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Gyroscope]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Metric system#History|Modern metric system]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Metric system]] during the [[French Revolution]].<ref name=Adler>{{cite book
|title = The Measure of all Things - The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World
|last= Adler
|first= Ken
|year= 2002
|publisher= Abacus
|location= London
|isbn= 0&nbsp;349&nbsp;11507&nbsp;9}} - Prologue, p 1</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviatechno.free.fr/unites/nouveausys.php
|title =La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 " la mesure [républicaine] de superficie pour les terrains, égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté "
|language = French
|trans_title = The law of 18 Germanial year 3 "The republican measures of land area equal to a square with sides of ten metres"
|publisher = Le CIV (Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis) - Forum des Anciens
|accessdate = 2010-03-02}}</ref>


==Medicine==
==Medicine==
[[Image:Stethoscope-2.png|thumb|Modern stethoscope.]]
* [[Antibiotics]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Antibiotics]] by [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Jean Paul Vuillemin]] (natural antibiosis, the modern artificial antibiotics will be developed by the british [[Alexander Fleming]]).<ref name="Early descriptions of antibiosis">{{cite journal |author=Foster W, Raoult A |title=Early descriptions of antibiosis |journal=J R Coll Gen Pract |volume=24 |issue=149 |pages=889–94 |year=1974 |month=December |pmid=4618289 |pmc=2157443 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Blood transfusion]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Blood transfusion]] by [[Jean-Baptiste Denys]] on June 15, 1667.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/heart-surgery-blog/2009/01/03/first-blood-transfusion |title=The First Blood Transfusion? |publisher=Heart-valve-surgery.com |date=2009-01-03 |accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref> and first modern transfusion by Émile Jeanbrau on October 16, 1914 (after the first non-direct transfusion performed on March 27, 1914 by the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin).
* [[Cataract surgery]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* Modern [[Cataract surgery]] by [[Jacques Daviel]] in 1748 (even if early cataract surgery already existed in the antiquity).
* [[Face transplant]]
* [[Face transplant]]
* [[ligature (medicine)|ligature]] of [[arteries]] in 1565 by [[Ambroise Paré]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Ambroise Paré and His Times, 1510–1590 |author=Stephen Paget |authorlink=Stephen Paget |year=1897 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's sons |url=http://books.google.com/?id=s2PsYxqqiSIC}}</ref>
* [[Ligature of arteries]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Rabies vaccine]] by [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Pierre Paul Émile Roux|Émile Roux]] in 1885.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3560403 |author=Geison GL |title=Pasteur's work on rabies: Reexamining the ethical issues diagnosis for developing countries |journal=Hastings Center Report |issue=April |pages=26- |year=1978 |url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/3560403 |volume=8 |publisher=The Hastings Center}}</ref>
* [[Rabies vaccine]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Stethoscope]] in 1816 by [[René Laennec]] at the [[Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital]] in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Laennec |first=René |authorlink=|title=De l'auscultation médiate ou traité du diagnostic des maladies des poumon et du coeur |location=Paris |publisher=Brosson & Chaudé |year= 1819}}</ref>
* [[Stethoscope]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* Medical [[Quinine]] in 1820 by [[Joseph Bienaimé Caventou]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kyle R, Shampe M |title=Discoverers of quinine |journal=JAMA |volume=229 |issue=4 |pages=462 |year=1974 |pmid=4600403 |doi=10.1001/jama.229.4.462}}</ref>

== Physics ==
* [[Radioactivity]] by [[Henri Becquerel]] in 1896.<ref name=Becquere>[http://www.nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html Henri Becquerel - Biography] on the nobel prize website</ref>
* [[Réaumur scale]] by [[René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur]] in 1730.<ref name="Times07">{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article2673568.ece | title=How Reaumur fell off the temperature scale | accessdate=2008-03-10 | date=17 October 2007 | publisher=''[[The Times]]'' | first=Paul | last=Simons }}</ref>
* Several measures used in physics in the SI (see above and : [[Metric system]])


==Miscellaneous==
==Miscellaneous==
[[Image:Bayonette-p1000740.jpg|thumb|Early-19th century socket bayonet]]
* [[Air brake]]{{dn}} {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Air brake]]{{dn}} {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Artificial cement]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Artificial cement]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Bayonet]] (from [[French language|French]] ''baïonnette'')<ref>H.Blackmore, ''Hunting Weapons'', pg 50</ref>
* [[Bayonet]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Braille]] in 1825 by [[Louis Braille]], a blind Frenchman.<ref name = " Noëlle Roy ">{{Citation
* [[Braille]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
| url = http://www.avh.asso.fr/download.php?chemin=rubriques/association/dwnld/&filename=Bio_Br_Paris_GB_060109.pdf
* [[Canning]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
| title = Louis Braille 1809-1852, a French genius
* [[Coffee percolator]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
| author = Roy, Noëlle
* [[Coherer]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
| journal = Valentin Haüy Association website
| accessdate = 2011-02-05
}}</ref> : first digital form of writing.<ref>Peter Daniels, 1996, "Analog and Digital Writing", in ''The World's Writing Systems,'' p 886</ref>
* [[Cafetiere]] : [[Percolation]] (method used by [[Coffee percolator]]) by [[Jean-Baptiste de Belloy]] in 1800 and the [[French press]] (another method to make coffee).<ref>{{Cite news | title = History of the Cafetiere by James Grierson | work = Gallacoffee.co.uk | accessdate = 2009-12-23 | url = http://www.gallacoffee.co.uk/acatalog/History_of_the_Cafetiere.html }}</ref>
* [[Coherer]] by [[Édouard Branly]] around 1890.<ref>Variations of Conductivity under Electrical Influences, By Edouard Branly. Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 103 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) Page [http://books.google.com/books?id=03sMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA481 481] (Contained in, Comptes rendus de I'Acade'mie des Sciences, Paris, vol. cii., 1890, p. 78.)</ref><ref>On the Changes in Resistance of Bodies under Different Electrical Conditions. By E. Branly. Minutes of proceedings, Volume 104 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain). 1891. Page [http://books.google.com/books?id=_jDyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA416 416] (Contained in, Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 1891, vol. exit., p. 90.)</ref><ref>Experiments on the conductivity of insulating bodies, By M. Edouard Branly, M.D. Philosophical magazine. Taylor & Francis., 1892. Page [http://books.google.com/books?id=IlIwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA530 530] (Contained in, Comples Rendus de l' Academic des Sciences, 24 Nov. 1890 and 12 Jan. 1891, also, Bulletin de la Societi internationals d'electriciens, no. 78, May 1891)</ref>
* [[Collotype process]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Collotype process]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Daguerreotype]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[DivX]]
* [[DivX]]
* [[Natural rubber|Discovery of natural rubber/latex]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Natural rubber|Discovery of natural rubber/latex]] by [[Charles Marie de La Condamine]] in 1736.<ref name=bouncingballs>[http://www.bouncing-balls.com/timeline/people/nr_condamine.htm Untitled Document]</ref>
* developments of [[Battery]]
* [[Dry cell battery]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
** [[Dry cell battery]] by [[Gaston Planté]] in 1859 (first practical storage lead-acid battery)<ref name="PlantG">{{Aut|Dell, Ronald; Rand, David A.J.}} (2001): ''Understanding Batteries''. [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]. <small>ISBN 0854046054</small></ref>
* [[Dynamometer]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
** in 1866, [[Georges Leclanché]] patented the carbon-zinc wet cell battery called the [[Leclanché cell]]. <ref name="Leclanch">''Practical Electricity'' by W. E. Ayrton and T. Mather, published by Cassell and Company, London, 1911, pp 188-193</ref>
* [[Electrometer]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Dynamometer]] by [[Gaspard de Prony]] ([[de Prony brake]]) in 1821.
* [[Electrometer]] by [[Jean Charles Athanase Peltier|Jean Peltier]].
* [[Flax spinning frame]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Flax spinning frame]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Foucault pendulum]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Foucault pendulum]] by [[Léon Foucault]] in February 1851 in the Meridian of the Paris Observatory.
* [[Fresnel lens]] by [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]]<ref name=Fresnel>[http://www.uscg.mil/History/weblighthouses/aton_lighthousebib.html Lighthouses, Illuminants, Lenses Engineering and Augustin Fresnel, An Historical Bibliography, United States Coast Guard.]</ref>
* [[Fresnel lens]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Guillotine]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Guillotine]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Hydraulic Shock absorber]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Hydraulic Shock absorber]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Inflatable tyres for cars]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Inflatable tyres for cars]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Injector]] by [[Henri Giffard]] in 1858<ref>{{cite book|author=Strickland L. Kneass|title=Practice and Theory of the Injector|edition=|publisher=John Wiley & Sons (Reprinted by Kessinger Publications, 2007 )|year=1894|isbn=0-548-47587-3}}</ref>
* [[Injector]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[International Olympic Committee]] by [[Pierre de Coubertin]] on 23 June 1894.<ref name="F 6">Pierre de Coubertin. ''The Olympic Idea''. Discourses and Essays. Editions Internationales Olympiques, Lausanne, 1970.</ref>
* [[International Olympic Committee]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Jacquard loom]], a mechanical [[loom]], invented by [[Joseph Marie Jacquard]] in 1801, that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as [[Brocade (fabric)|brocade]], [[damask]], and [[matelasse]].<ref>Eric Hobsbawm, "The Age of Revolution", (London 1962; repr. 2008), p.45.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christinalynn.com/fabric-glossary.shtml|title=Fabric Glossary|accessdate=2008-11-21}}</ref>
* [[Jacquard loom]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Letterbox]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Letterbox]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Loppers]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Loppers]] by [[Bertrand de Molleville]].
* [[Margarine]] by [[Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès]] in 1869<ref>C.G. Lehmann, Lehrbuch der physiologischen Chemie, Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig (1853) p71.</ref> after the discovery of '''margaric acid''' by [[Michel Eugène Chevreul]] in 1813.<ref name="Food Industries Manual">{{cite book|title=Food industries manual|editor=Baker Christopher G.J, Ranken H.D, Kill R.C.|publisher=Springer|year=1997|volume=24th Edition|pages=285–289|isbn=9780751404043|url=http://books.google.com/?id=iG3wx9Wh5N4C&pg=PA286&lpg=PA286&dq=margarine+-+nickel+catalyst&q=margarine%20-%20nickel%20catalyst|accessdate=13 November 2009}}</ref>
* [[Margarine]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Minitel]]
* [[Minitel]] in 1980.
* [[Modern automobile drum brake]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Modern automobile drum brake]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Modern safe]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Modern safe]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[New born incubator]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[New born incubator]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Optical Telegraph]] by [[Claude Chappe]] in 1792.<ref name ="beyer">Beyer, Rick, ''The Greatest Stories Never Told'', A&E Television Networks / The History Channel, ISBN 0-06-001401-6 p. 60</ref><ref name ="tour">French source: [http://www.saintefoyleslyon.fr/index.php?rubrique=142 Tour du télégraphe Chappe]</ref>
* [[Optical Telegraph]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Parachute]] in the late 18th century by [[Louis-Sébastien Lenormand]].<ref name=parachute>Lynn White, Jr.: "The Invention of the Parachute", ''Technology and Culture'' 9(3), 462-467 (1968). <small>[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0040-165X(196807)9%3A3%3C462%3ATIOTP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N JSTOR]</small></ref>
* [[Parachute]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Photolithography]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Photolithography]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Power transformer]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Power transformer]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Reinforced concrete]] by [[Joseph Monier]] in 1849 and [[Patent|patented]] in 1867.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blconcrete.htm |title=The History of Concrete and Cement |publisher=About.com |first=Mary |last=Bellis |date= |accessdate=2011-01-25}}</ref>
* [[Praxinoscope]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Roberval Balance]] by [[Gilles de Roberval]] in 1669.<ref name=Roberval>[http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/roberval.htm The Roberval Balance]</ref>
* [[Radioactivity]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* The [[Sewing machine]] by [[Barthélemy Thimonnier]] in 1830.<ref name=Thimonnier>{{cite web | title=Barthelemy Thimonnier | work=Sewing Machines from the Past to the Present | url=http://perso.wanadoo.fr/buisson/english/thimonnier.htm | accessdate=April 11, 2005}}</ref>
* [[Réaumur scale]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* The [[Aqua-lung]], first [[Scuba Set]] (in open-circuit) by [[Emile Gagnan]] and [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]] in 1943,<ref>"Year by Year 1943" -- [[History Channel International]]</ref>
* [[Reinforced concrete]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Smart Card]] by Roland Moreno<ref>http://si-pwebsrch02.si.edu/search?site=americanhistory&client=americanhistory&proxystylesheet=americanhistory&output=xml_no_dtd&filter=0&q=roland+moreno&submit.x=13&submit.y=8&s=SS</ref><ref>http://www.cwhonors.org/Search/his_8.asp</ref> in 1974 after the automated chip card.
* [[Roberval Balance]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Sewing machine]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Scuba Set]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Smart Card]]
* [[Smokeless white powder]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Smokeless white powder]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Steam digester]] by [[Denis Papin]] in [[1679]].<ref>[http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10182360&wwwflag=2&imagepos=1 Papin’s steam digester], Science and Society – Picture Library.</ref>
* [[Steam digester]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Transmission chain]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Transmission chain]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Waste container]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* [[Waste container]] by [[Eugène Poubelle]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}


== Transportation ==
== Transportation ==
* [[Hot Air Balloon]] (later, [[Aerostat]] and [[Airship]]) by [[Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier], [[François Laurent d'Arlandes]], the [[Montgolfier brothers]] and <ref>{{cite book
* [[Aerostat]]
| author = Tom D. Crouch
* [[Airplane]]
| year = 2009
* [[Airship]]
| title = Lighter Than Air
* [[Bicycle]]
| publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
* [[Hot Air Balloon]]
| isbn = 978-0801891274}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
* [[License plates ]]
| url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/Early_Balloon_Flight_in_Europe/LTA1.htm | title=U.S. Centennial of Flight Commisstion: Early Balloon Flight in Europe | accessdate=2008-06-04 }}</ref>
* [[Moped]]
* [[Roundabout]]
* [[Airplane]] :
** First powered flight by [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] in 1856.<ref name=lebris>{{cite web|title=Biography of Jean-Marie Le Bris|url=http://www.flyingmachines.org/lebr.html|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref>
* [[Steamboat]]
** first aircraft design with the modern monoplane tractor configuration of aircraft by [[Louis Bleriot]] in 1908.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location= |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |page= |pages=21 & 22 |url= |accessdate=2011-04-13}}</ref><ref name = "Suite101.com1">transportationhistory.suite101.com/article.cfm/louis_bleriot Transportation History at Suite101.com. Retrieved 12 March 2008.</ref>
* [[Steam driven Car]]
** In 1909, he completed the first flight across a large body of water in a [[heavier-than-air]] craft, when he crossed the [[English Channel]]..<ref name = "NYTimes1">{{Cite news|first1=Louis|last1=Blériot|title=Bleriot Tells of his Flight|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9907E2DE1F31E733A25755C2A9619C946897D6CF|format=PDF|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 July 1909|publication-date=26 July 1909|accessdate=26 July 2009|issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522|quote=I rose at 2:30 this (Sunday) morning, and, finding that the conditions were favorable, ordered the torpedo boat destroyer Escopette, which had been placed at my disposal by the French Government, to start. Then I went to the garage at Sangatte and found that the motor worked well.|postscript=.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
* [[taxicab|Taxi]]
|title=The New ''Daily Mail'' Prizes
|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]
|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1913/1913%20-%200387.html
|format=PDF
|accessdate=25 July 2009
|issue=223
|volume=5
|publication-date=5 April 1913
|publisher=F. King and Co.
|publication-place=London, U.K.
|issn=0015-3710
|oclc=6674288
|pages=393
|quote=£1,000 for flight across the channel between England and France, to be accomplished in daylight without touching the sea. Offered on October 5th, 1908. Won by M. Blériot, July 25th, 1909 in 46 minutes of flight.
|postscript=.}}</ref><ref name = "NYTimes2">{{Cite news
|first1=Nicola
|last1=Clark
|title=100 Years Later, Celebrating a Historic Flight in Europe
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/25/world/europe/25crossing.html
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|publication-date=24 July 2009
|accessdate=25 July 2009
|issn=0362-4331
|oclc=1645522
|quote=Mr. Blériot informed The Daily Mail of his intention to compete and set up his plane near the beach at Les Barraques. At 4:41 a.m. on July 25, in near-perfect weather conditions, Mr. Blériot took to the air, the plane’s engine belching clouds of black smoke. He skirted the French coastline and then veered north, flying about 30 yards above the water.
|postscript=.}}</ref> He also is credited as the first person to make a working [[monoplane]].
* [[Bicycle]] in 1860 by [[Pierre Michaux]] and [[Pierre Lallement]]
* [[Scooter (motorcycle)|Scooter]]<ref name="ScooterManiacAutoFauteuil">{{cite web| url = http://www.scootermaniac.org/index.php?op=modele&cle=171| title = ScooterManiac - Auto-Fauteuil| work = [http://www.scootermaniac.org/ ScooterManiac] publisher = Florian JACQUET, webmaster| doi = | accessdate = 2010-08-28| quote = | ref = | separator = | postscript = }}</ref> (1902) and [[Moped]].
* [[Roundabout]] {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
* [[Steamboat]] by [[Denis Papin]]<ref>D.L. Hobman, "Cromwell's Master Spy - A study of John Thurloe." , Chapman & Hall 1961 page 27. </ref>. A boat with the world's first [[internal combustion engine]] was developed in 1807 by [[Nicéphore Niépce]]
* [[Steam driven Car]] by [[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]] in 1769.<ref>{{cite web
|title=1679-1681 – R P Verbiest's Steam Chariot
|work =History of the Automobile: origin to 1900
|publisher=[[Hergé]]
|url=http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://users.skynet.be/tintinpassion/VOIRSAVOIR/Auto/Pages_auto/Auto_001.html&sa=X&oi=translate
|accessdate=2009-05-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author=Setright, L. J. K.
|title=Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car
|publisher=Granta Books
|year=2004
|isbn=1-86207-698-7
}}</ref>
* [[Submarine]] : The first submarine not relying on human power was the French ''[[French submarine Plongeur|Plongeur]]'' (meaning ''diver''), launched in 1863, and using compressed air at 180&nbsp;[[Pound-force per square inch|psi]] (1241 [[Pascal (unit)|kPa]]).<ref name="globalsecurity">{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/sub-history4.htm |title=Globalsecurity |publisher=Globalsecurity |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref>
* [[taxicab|Taxi]] by Nicolas Sauvage in Paris in 1640 (first documented but existed maybe erlier).<ref>Web-page (in French) at http://www.herodote.net/histoire/evenement.php?jour=18260810 (retrieved 13 June 2008)</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 114: Line 192:
*[[Welsh inventions and discoveries]]
*[[Welsh inventions and discoveries]]
*[[Science in Medieval Western Europe]]
*[[Science in Medieval Western Europe]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}


{{Inventions}}
{{Inventions}}

Revision as of 14:47, 5 May 2011

Arts & Entertainment

File:Le Voyage dans la lune 2.jpg
A scene from "A trip to the moon" (1902) by Georges Méliès.

Chemistry

Neon sign

Clothing

Mathematics

Medicine

Modern stethoscope.

Physics

Miscellaneous

Early-19th century socket bayonet

Transportation

See also

References

  1. ^ Vogel, Shane (2000). "WHERE ARE WE NOW?: Queer World Making and Cabaret Performance". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 6 (1). doi:10.1215/10642684-6-1-29. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  2. ^ "The First Photograph - Heliography". Retrieved 2009-09-29. from Helmut Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ... In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate ... The sunlight passing through ... This first permanent example ... was destroyed ... some years later.
  3. ^ Boris Kossoy (2004). Hercule Florence: El descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. ISBN 968030020X.
  4. ^ "Movements of Air, Etienne-Jules Marey, Photographer of Fluids". Musée d'Orsay. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  5. ^ Rausch, Andrew (2004). Turning Points In Film History. Citadel Press. ISBN 9780806525921. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ BBC Education - Local Heroes Le Prince Biography, BBC, archived on 1999-11-28
  7. ^ Howells, Richard (Summer 2006). "Louis Le Prince: the body of evidence". Screen. 47 (2). Oxford, UK: Oxford Journals: 179–200. doi:10.1093/screen/hjl015. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  8. ^ Louis Lumiere, The Lumiere Cinematograph. In:Fielding, Raymond (1979). A technological history of motion pictures and television: an anthology from the pages of the Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. University of California Press. pp. 49–51. ISBN 0520039815.
  9. ^ "Georges Melies. French Motion Picture Producer a Pioneer in Industry". New York Times. January 23, 1938. Retrieved 2008-05-09. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ TIMBRELL, Charles. Piano An Encyclopedia, Second Edition.
  11. ^ Debierne, André-Louis (1899). "Sur un nouvelle matière radio-active". Comptes rendus (in French). 129: 593–595.
  12. ^ Debierne, André-Louis (1900–1901). "Sur un nouvelle matière radio-actif – l'actinium". Comptes rendus (in French). 130: 906–908.
  13. ^ Lance Day, Ian McNeil, ed. (1996). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19399-0.
  14. ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). "XII. Other Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium: Beryllium, Boron, Silicon and Aluminium". The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. ISBN 0-7661-3872-0.
  15. ^ Hassam. "History Of Bleach". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. ISBN 0-7661-3872-0.
  17. ^ US 1125476, Georges Claude, "Systems of Illuminating by Luminescent Tubes", issued 1915-01-19  See reproduction of patent.
  18. ^ Beery Mack, Pauline (1929). "Textiles and test tubes. Part II". J. Chem. Educ. 6 (2): 357–359. doi:10.1021/ed006p357. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Fashion Encyclopedia, "Lacoste Sportswear" (2007).
  20. ^ The Story of Lacoste. Retrieved from http://www.lacoste.com/library/pdf/LACOSTE_history_histoire.pdf.
  21. ^ Style & Design: Lacoste. Time Magazine, Winter 2004. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/2004/style/111504/article/lacoste_on_a_lark_and_a08a.html.
  22. ^ The Brand Channel, Lacoste profile.
  23. ^ "The Bikini: One Of Man's Greatest Inventions". CBS News. 2 July 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  24. ^ Jean Marguin (1994), p. 48
  25. ^ Chase G.C.: History of Mechanical Computing Machinery, Vol. 2, Number 3, July 1980, page 204, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
  26. ^ Adler, Ken (2002). The Measure of all Things - The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World. London: Abacus. ISBN 0&nbsp;349&nbsp;11507&nbsp;9. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help) - Prologue, p 1
  27. ^ "La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 " la mesure [républicaine] de superficie pour les terrains, égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté "" (in French). Le CIV (Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis) - Forum des Anciens. Retrieved 2010-03-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Foster W, Raoult A (1974). "Early descriptions of antibiosis". J R Coll Gen Pract. 24 (149): 889–94. PMC 2157443. PMID 4618289. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ^ "The First Blood Transfusion?". Heart-valve-surgery.com. 2009-01-03. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
  30. ^ Stephen Paget (1897), Ambroise Paré and His Times, 1510–1590, G.P. Putnam's sons
  31. ^ Geison GL (1978). "Pasteur's work on rabies: Reexamining the ethical issues diagnosis for developing countries". Hastings Center Report. 8 (April). The Hastings Center: 26-. doi:10.2307/3560403.
  32. ^ Laennec, René (1819). De l'auscultation médiate ou traité du diagnostic des maladies des poumon et du coeur. Paris: Brosson & Chaudé.
  33. ^ Kyle R, Shampe M (1974). "Discoverers of quinine". JAMA. 229 (4): 462. doi:10.1001/jama.229.4.462. PMID 4600403.
  34. ^ Henri Becquerel - Biography on the nobel prize website
  35. ^ Simons, Paul (17 October 2007). "How Reaumur fell off the temperature scale". The Times. Retrieved 2008-03-10. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  36. ^ H.Blackmore, Hunting Weapons, pg 50
  37. ^ Roy, Noëlle, "Louis Braille 1809-1852, a French genius" (PDF), Valentin Haüy Association website, retrieved 2011-02-05
  38. ^ Peter Daniels, 1996, "Analog and Digital Writing", in The World's Writing Systems, p 886
  39. ^ "History of the Cafetiere by James Grierson". Gallacoffee.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  40. ^ Variations of Conductivity under Electrical Influences, By Edouard Branly. Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 103 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) Page 481 (Contained in, Comptes rendus de I'Acade'mie des Sciences, Paris, vol. cii., 1890, p. 78.)
  41. ^ On the Changes in Resistance of Bodies under Different Electrical Conditions. By E. Branly. Minutes of proceedings, Volume 104 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain). 1891. Page 416 (Contained in, Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 1891, vol. exit., p. 90.)
  42. ^ Experiments on the conductivity of insulating bodies, By M. Edouard Branly, M.D. Philosophical magazine. Taylor & Francis., 1892. Page 530 (Contained in, Comples Rendus de l' Academic des Sciences, 24 Nov. 1890 and 12 Jan. 1891, also, Bulletin de la Societi internationals d'electriciens, no. 78, May 1891)
  43. ^ Untitled Document
  44. ^ Dell, Ronald; Rand, David A.J. (2001): Understanding Batteries. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0854046054
  45. ^ Practical Electricity by W. E. Ayrton and T. Mather, published by Cassell and Company, London, 1911, pp 188-193
  46. ^ Lighthouses, Illuminants, Lenses Engineering and Augustin Fresnel, An Historical Bibliography, United States Coast Guard.
  47. ^ Strickland L. Kneass (1894). Practice and Theory of the Injector. John Wiley & Sons (Reprinted by Kessinger Publications, 2007 ). ISBN 0-548-47587-3.
  48. ^ Pierre de Coubertin. The Olympic Idea. Discourses and Essays. Editions Internationales Olympiques, Lausanne, 1970.
  49. ^ Eric Hobsbawm, "The Age of Revolution", (London 1962; repr. 2008), p.45.
  50. ^ "Fabric Glossary". Retrieved 2008-11-21.
  51. ^ C.G. Lehmann, Lehrbuch der physiologischen Chemie, Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig (1853) p71.
  52. ^ Baker Christopher G.J, Ranken H.D, Kill R.C., ed. (1997). Food industries manual. Vol. 24th Edition. Springer. pp. 285–289. ISBN 9780751404043. Retrieved 13 November 2009.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  53. ^ Beyer, Rick, The Greatest Stories Never Told, A&E Television Networks / The History Channel, ISBN 0-06-001401-6 p. 60
  54. ^ French source: Tour du télégraphe Chappe
  55. ^ Lynn White, Jr.: "The Invention of the Parachute", Technology and Culture 9(3), 462-467 (1968). JSTOR
  56. ^ Bellis, Mary. "The History of Concrete and Cement". About.com. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
  57. ^ The Roberval Balance
  58. ^ "Barthelemy Thimonnier". Sewing Machines from the Past to the Present. Retrieved April 11, 2005.
  59. ^ "Year by Year 1943" -- History Channel International
  60. ^ http://si-pwebsrch02.si.edu/search?site=americanhistory&client=americanhistory&proxystylesheet=americanhistory&output=xml_no_dtd&filter=0&q=roland+moreno&submit.x=13&submit.y=8&s=SS
  61. ^ http://www.cwhonors.org/Search/his_8.asp
  62. ^ Papin’s steam digester, Science and Society – Picture Library.
  63. ^ Tom D. Crouch (2009). Lighter Than Air. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801891274.
  64. ^ "U.S. Centennial of Flight Commisstion: Early Balloon Flight in Europe". Retrieved 2008-06-04.
  65. ^ "Biography of Jean-Marie Le Bris". Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  66. ^ Crouch, Tom (1982). Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 21 & 22. ISBN 0-87474-345-1. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  67. ^ transportationhistory.suite101.com/article.cfm/louis_bleriot Transportation History at Suite101.com. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
  68. ^ Blériot, Louis (25 July 1909). "Bleriot Tells of his Flight" (PDF). The New York Times (published 26 July 1909). ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved 26 July 2009. I rose at 2:30 this (Sunday) morning, and, finding that the conditions were favorable, ordered the torpedo boat destroyer Escopette, which had been placed at my disposal by the French Government, to start. Then I went to the garage at Sangatte and found that the motor worked well.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  69. ^ "The New Daily Mail Prizes" (PDF). Flight. 5 (223). London, U.K.: F. King and Co.: 393 5 April 1913. ISSN 0015-3710. OCLC 6674288. Retrieved 25 July 2009. £1,000 for flight across the channel between England and France, to be accomplished in daylight without touching the sea. Offered on October 5th, 1908. Won by M. Blériot, July 25th, 1909 in 46 minutes of flight.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  70. ^ Clark, Nicola (24 July 2009). "100 Years Later, Celebrating a Historic Flight in Europe". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved 25 July 2009. Mr. Blériot informed The Daily Mail of his intention to compete and set up his plane near the beach at Les Barraques. At 4:41 a.m. on July 25, in near-perfect weather conditions, Mr. Blériot took to the air, the plane's engine belching clouds of black smoke. He skirted the French coastline and then veered north, flying about 30 yards above the water.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  71. ^ "ScooterManiac - Auto-Fauteuil". ScooterManiac publisher = Florian JACQUET, webmaster. Retrieved 2010-08-28. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |separator= (help); External link in |work= (help); Missing pipe in: |work= (help)
  72. ^ D.L. Hobman, "Cromwell's Master Spy - A study of John Thurloe." , Chapman & Hall 1961 page 27.
  73. ^ "1679-1681 – R P Verbiest's Steam Chariot". History of the Automobile: origin to 1900. Hergé. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  74. ^ Setright, L. J. K. (2004). Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207-698-7.
  75. ^ John Pike. "Globalsecurity". Globalsecurity. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
  76. ^ Web-page (in French) at http://www.herodote.net/histoire/evenement.php?jour=18260810 (retrieved 13 June 2008)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_French_inventions_and_discoveries&oldid=427589207"