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|[[South Africa]]||align=right | {{sort|070000|125,000 BP}}||[[Klasies River Caves]]||Remains found in the Klasies River Caves in the [[Eastern Cape]] province of South Africa show signs of human hunting. There is some debate as to whether these remains represent [[anatomically modern humans]].||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/cs/humanorigins/a/klasiesriver.htm|title=Klasies River Caves – Middle Paleolithic South Africa|last=Hirst|first=K. Kris|publisher=[[About.com]]|accessdate=26 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1006/jhev.1996.0058|title=Morphological affinities of the proximal ulna from Klasies River main site: archaic or modern?|year=1996|author=Churchill, SE; Pearson, OM; Grine, FE; [[Erik Trinkaus|Trinkaus, E]]; Holliday, TW|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=31|pages=213|issue=3}}</ref>
|[[South Africa]]||align=right | {{sort|070000|125,000 BP}}||[[Klasies River Caves]]||Remains found in the Klasies River Caves in the [[Eastern Cape]] province of South Africa show signs of human hunting. There is some debate as to whether these remains represent [[anatomically modern humans]].||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archaeology.about.com/cs/humanorigins/a/klasiesriver.htm|title=Klasies River Caves – Middle Paleolithic South Africa|last=Hirst|first=K. Kris|publisher=[[About.com]]|accessdate=26 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1006/jhev.1996.0058|title=Morphological affinities of the proximal ulna from Klasies River main site: archaic or modern?|year=1996|author=Churchill, SE; Pearson, OM; Grine, FE; [[Erik Trinkaus|Trinkaus, E]]; Holliday, TW|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=31|pages=213|issue=3}}</ref>
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|[[Pakistan]]||align=right | {{sort|070000|125,000 BP}}||[[Pothohar]]||On [[Adiyala]] and [[Khasala]] about {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Rawalpindi]] terrace on the bend of the river hundreds of edged pebble tools were discovered. At Chauntra hand axes and cleavers were found.
|[[Pakistan]]||align=right | {{sort|070000|125,000 BP}}||[[Pothohar]]||On [[Adiyala]] and [[Khasala]] about {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Rawalpindi]] terrace on the bend of the river hundreds of edged pebble tools were discovered. At Chauntra hand axes and cleavers were found. In the [[Soan River]] Gorge many fossil bearing rocks are exposed on the surface. 14 million year old fossils of human, gazelle, rhinoceros, crocodile, giraffe and rodents have been found there. Some of these fossils are on display at the Natural History Museum of [[Islamabad]] and their replicas at [[Natural History Museum]] UK, while some of them has been borrowed by [[harvard university]] for more research.||<ref>http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution</ref>
In the [[Soan River]] Gorge many fossil bearing rocks are exposed on the surface. 14 million year old fossils of human, gazelle, rhinoceros, crocodile, giraffe and rodents have been found there. Some of these fossils are on display at the Natural History Museum of [[Islamabad]] and their replicas at [[Natural History Museum]] UK, while some of them has been borrowed by [[harvard university]] for more research.|| <ref>http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution</ref>
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|[[Oman]]||align=right | {{sort|070000|125,000 BP}}||[[Aybut]]||Tools found in the [[Dhofar Governorate]] correspond with African objects from the so-called 'Nubian Complex', dating from 125,000 to 75,000 years ago. According to archaeologist Jeffrey I. Rose, human settlements spread east from Africa across the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. ||<ref name=omanobserver/>
|[[Oman]]||align=right | {{sort|070000|125,000 BP}}||[[Aybut]]||Tools found in the [[Dhofar Governorate]] correspond with African objects from the so-called 'Nubian Complex', dating from 125,000 to 75,000 years ago. According to archaeologist Jeffrey I. Rose, human settlements spread east from Africa across the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. ||<ref name=omanobserver/>
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|[[Wrangel Island]]||align=right | {{sort|191640|3,360 BP}}||[[Chertov Ovrag]]||Sea-mammal hunting tools.||<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dikov |first=N. N. |year=1988 |month= |title=The Earliest Sea Mammal Hunters of Wrangell Island |journal=Arctic Anthropology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40316156 }}</ref>
|[[Wrangel Island]]||align=right | {{sort|191640|3,360 BP}}||[[Chertov Ovrag]]||Sea-mammal hunting tools.||<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dikov |first=N. N. |year=1988 |month= |title=The Earliest Sea Mammal Hunters of Wrangell Island |journal=Arctic Anthropology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40316156 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Greenland]]||align=right | {{sort|191000|2,000 BC}}||[[Saqqaq]]||[[Saqqaq culture]] was the first of several waves of settlement from northern Canada and from Scandinavia.||<ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7282/full/nature08835.html |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |pages=463, 757–762 |year=2010 |doi=10.1038/nature08835 |accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref>
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|[[Hawaii]]||align=right | {{sort|193290|290 [[Anno Domini|AD]]}}||[[Ka Lae]]||Early settlement from the [[Marquesas Islands]].||<ref>{{cite book |last=Kirch |first= Patrick Vinton |title=Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory |authorlink=Patrick Vinton Kirch |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location= |isbn=0-8248-1938-1 |year=1997 |page=84 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WpmY7h7cVQ8C }}</ref>
|[[Hawaii]]||align=right | {{sort|193290|290 [[Anno Domini|AD]]}}||[[Ka Lae]]||Early settlement from the [[Marquesas Islands]].||<ref>{{cite book |last=Kirch |first= Patrick Vinton |title=Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory |authorlink=Patrick Vinton Kirch |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location= |isbn=0-8248-1938-1 |year=1997 |page=84 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WpmY7h7cVQ8C }}</ref>

Revision as of 16:57, 13 April 2012

Map of human migration, based on studies of mitochondrial (matrilinear) DNA.

Though fossils of hominids have been found dating back millions of years, the earliest known Homo sapiens remains are considered to be a group of bones found at Herto Bouri, near the Ethiopian Kibish Mountains. Though believed to be 130,000 years old at their discovery in 1967, recent studies have dated them as far back as 195,000 years old.[1] From this area, humans spread out to cover all continents except Antarctica by 14,000 BP. According to a recent theory, humans may have crossed over into the Arabian Peninsula as early as 125,000 years ago.[2] From the Middle East, migration continued into India around 70,000 years ago, and Southeast Asia shortly after. Settlers could have crossed over to Australia and New Guinea – that were united as one continent at the time due to lower sea levels – as early as 55,000 years ago.[3] Migration into Europe took somewhat longer to occur; the first definite evidence of human settlement on this continent has been discovered in the Czech Republic, and date back 31,000 years.[4] Settlement of Europe may have occurred as early as 45,000 years ago though, according to genetic research.[5] The Americas were populated by humans at least as early as 14,800 years ago,[6] though there is great uncertainty about the exact time and manner in which the Americas were populated.[7] More remote parts of the world, like Iceland, Madagascar and New Zealand were not populated until the historic era.[8]

The following table shows any geographical region at some point defined as a country – not necessarily a modern-day sovereign state – with the date of the first known or hypothesised human settlement. Dates are, unless specifically stated, approximate. Settlements are not necessarily continuous; settled areas in some cases become depopulated due to environmental conditions, such as glacial periods or the Toba volcanic eruption.[9] Where applicable, information is also given on the exact location where the settlement was discovered, and further information about the discovery. Some dates are based on genetic research (mitochondrial, or matrilinear DNA), and not on archaeological finds.

The list

Country Date Place Notes Ref(s)
Ethiopia 195,000 BP Kibish Bones found in 1967 at Herto Bouri, near the Ethiopian Kibish Mountains, have been dated as ca. 195,000 years old, making them the earliest human remains ever found. [1]
South Africa 125,000 BP Klasies River Caves Remains found in the Klasies River Caves in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa show signs of human hunting. There is some debate as to whether these remains represent anatomically modern humans. [10][11]
Pakistan 125,000 BP Pothohar On Adiyala and Khasala about 16 km (9.9 mi) from Rawalpindi terrace on the bend of the river hundreds of edged pebble tools were discovered. At Chauntra hand axes and cleavers were found. In the Soan River Gorge many fossil bearing rocks are exposed on the surface. 14 million year old fossils of human, gazelle, rhinoceros, crocodile, giraffe and rodents have been found there. Some of these fossils are on display at the Natural History Museum of Islamabad and their replicas at Natural History Museum UK, while some of them has been borrowed by harvard university for more research. [12]
Oman 125,000 BP Aybut Tools found in the Dhofar Governorate correspond with African objects from the so-called 'Nubian Complex', dating from 125,000 to 75,000 years ago. According to archaeologist Jeffrey I. Rose, human settlements spread east from Africa across the Arabian Peninsula. [2]
India 70,000 BP Tamil Nadu Recent finds in Tamil Nadu show that before and after the Toba supereruption, some of the first modern humans showed up in the area. [3]
Philippines 67,000 BP Callao Cave Archaeologists, Dr. Armand Mijares with Dr. Phil Piper found bones in a cave near Peñablanca, Cagayan in 2010 have been dated as ca. 67,000 years old. It's the earliest human fossil ever found in Asia-Pacific [13]
Malaysia 46,000 BP Niah Cave A human skull in Sarawak, Borneo, has been dated to ca. 46,000-34,000 years ago [14]
Greece 45,000 BP Mount Parnassus Geneticist Bryan Sykes identifies 'Ursula' as the first of The Seven Daughters of Eve, and the carrier of the mitochondrial haplogroup U. This hypothetical woman moved between the mountain caves and the coast of Greece, and based on genetic research represent the first human settlement of Europe. [5]
China 42,000 BP Tianyuan Cave Bones found in a cave near Beijing in 1958 have been radiocarbon dated at between 42,000 and 39,000 years old. [15]
Tasmania 41,000 BP Jordan River Levee Optically stimulated luminescence results from the site suggest a date ca. 41,000 BP. [16]
Australia 40,000 BP Lake Mungo Archeological evidence suggests that humans inhabited the area around the upper Swan River in Western Australia about 40,000 years ago. The oldest human remains are the Lake Mungo remains in New South Wales. [3]
New Guinea 40,000 BP Indonesian Side of New Guinea Archeological evidence shows that 40,000 years ago, some of the first farmers came to New Guinea from the South-East Asian Peninsula. [3]
Japan 37,000 BP Based on genetic research; the earliest archaeological evidence is only 30,000 years old. [3]
Germany 35,000 BP Schelklingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany The Venus of Hohle Fels, an Upper Paleolithic Venus figurine dated to between 35,000 and 40,000 years ago, belonging to the early Aurignacian, which is associated with the assumed earliest presence of Homo sapiens in Europe (Cro-Magnon). It is the oldest undisputed example of Upper Paleolithic art and figurative prehistoric art in general. [17]
Sri Lanka 34,000 BP Fa Hien Cave The earliest remains of anatomically modern man, based on radiocarbon dating of charcoal, have been found in the Fa Hien Cave in western Sri Lanka. [18]
Romania 34,000 BP Peştera cu Oase Bones dated as 34–36,000 years old are the oldest human remains found in Europe. [19]
United Kingdom 34,000 BP Gower Peninsula, Wales The Red Lady of Paviland, a fossilised human skeleton dyed in red ochre, found in a limestone cave in 1823. Originally believed to date from the Roman occuption of Britain, but since radiocarbon dated to 34,000 years old, the remains represent the earliest known evidence of ceremonial burial in Western Europe. [20]
France 32,000 BP Chauvet Cave The cave paintings in the Chauvet Cave in southern France have been called the earliest known cave art, though the dating is uncertain. [21]
Italy 32,000 BP Fumane Cave paintings in Fumane in northern Italy date from the same period as those in the Chauvet Cave in France. [22]
Czech Republic 31,000 BP Mladeč Oldest human bones that clearly represent a human settlement in Europe. [4]
Chile 14,800 BP Monte Verde Carbon dating of remains from this site represent the oldest known settlement in the Americas. [23]
United States 14,000 BP Paisley Caves Human fossil feces found in the Paisley Caves in the Cascade Range of Oregon could indicate the earliest known human settlement in North America. [6]
Norway 11,200 BP Aukra The oldest remnants of the so-called Fosna culture were found in Aukra in Møre og Romsdal, and date from this period. [24]
Canada 10,000 BP Haida Gwaii Stone tools and animal remains at Haida Gwaii in British Columbia point to the earliest human settlements in Canada, some 12,000 to 10,000 years ago. [25]
Ireland 9,700 BP Mount Sandel Carbon dating of hazel nut shells reveals this place to have been inhabited for 9,700 years. [26][27]
Estonia 9,600 BP Pulli The Pulli settlement on the bank of the Pärnu River briefly pre-dates that at Kunda, which gave its name to the Kunda culture. [28]
Zhokhov Island 7,900 BP Hunting tools and animal remains in the High Arctic. [29]
Wrangel Island 3,360 BP Chertov Ovrag Sea-mammal hunting tools. [30]
Greenland 2,000 BC Saqqaq Saqqaq culture was the first of several waves of settlement from northern Canada and from Scandinavia. [31]
Hawaii 290 AD Ka Lae Early settlement from the Marquesas Islands. [32]
Madagascar 500 AD The population of Madagascar seems to have derived in equal measures from Borneo and East Africa. [33]
Faroe Islands 600 AD Agricultural remains from three locations were analysed and dated to as early as the sixth century A.D. [34]
Iceland 874 AD Reykjavík Ingólfr Arnarson, the first known Norse settler, built his homestead in Reykjavík this year, though Norse or Hiberno-Scottish monks might have arrived up to two hundred years earlier. [8]
Easter Island 1200 AD Anakena Settled by voyagers from the Marquesas Islands, possibly as early as 300 AD. [35]
New Zealand 1250 AD Wairau Bar Though some researchers suggest settlements as early as 50–150 AD, that later went extinct, it is generally accepted that the islands were permanently settled by Eastern Polynesians (the ancestors of the Māori) who arrived about 1250–1300 AD. [36][37]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago". Science Daily. 28 February 2005. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  2. ^ a b "125,000 years ago first human settlement began in Sultanate". Oman Daily Observer. 7 April 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e Stanyon, Roscoe (2009). "Timing the first human migration into eastern Asia". Journal of Biology. 8 (2): 18. doi:10.1186/jbiol115. ISSN 1475-4924. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b Lovgren, Stefan (19 May 2005). "Prehistoric Bones Point to First Modern-Human Settlement in Europe". National Geographic. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  5. ^ a b Sykes, Bryan (2002). The Seven Daughters of Eve. London: Corgi. p. 202. ISBN 0-552-15218-8.
  6. ^ a b Wilford, John Noble (4 April 2008). "In Oregon, a Clue on Earliest Americans". The New York Times. p. 17. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  7. ^ "First Americans". Southern Methodist University-David J. Meltzer, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b Logan, F. Donald (2005). The Vikings in history. Taylor & Francis. pp. 49–50. ISBN 9780415327565. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  9. ^ Whitehouse, David (9 June 2003). "When humans faced extinction". BBC Online. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
  10. ^ Hirst, K. Kris. "Klasies River Caves – Middle Paleolithic South Africa". About.com. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  11. ^ Churchill, SE; Pearson, OM; Grine, FE; Trinkaus, E; Holliday, TW (1996). "Morphological affinities of the proximal ulna from Klasies River main site: archaic or modern?". Journal of Human Evolution. 31 (3): 213. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0058.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution
  13. ^ Mijares, Armand. "Callao Man". University of the Philippines Diliman. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  14. ^ Barker, Graeme; et al. (2007). "The 'human revolution' in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo)". Journal of Human Evolution. 52 (3). Elsevier: 243–261. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.011. Retrieved 7 April 2012. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last2= (help)
  15. ^ "Ancient human unearthed in China". BBC News. 2 April 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  16. ^ Robert Paton. "Draft Final Archaeology Report on the Test Excavations of the Jordan River Levee Site Southern Tasmania" (PDF). DPIWE. p. 2. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  17. ^ Conard, Nicholas (17 March 2009). "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany". Tübingen: Nature. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  18. ^ Deraniyagala, Siran U. "Pre- and Protohistoric settlement in Sri Lanka". XIII U. I. S. P. P. Congress Proceedings- Forli, 8 – 14 September 1996. International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. Retrieved 09-08-2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^ Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O; Milota, S; B�lg�r, A; Sarcina, L; Athreya, S; Bailey, SE; Rodrigo, R; Mircea, G (2003). "An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (20): 11231–11236. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10011231T. doi:10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 208740. PMID 14504393. {{cite journal}}: replacement character in |last4= at position 2 (help)
  20. ^ Moss, Stephen (25 April 2011). "The secrets of Paviland Cave". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  21. ^ Clottes, Jean (2003). Chauvet Cave: The Art of Earliest Times. Paul G. Bahn (translator). University of Utah Press. ISBN 0874807581.
  22. ^ Corporation, Bonnier (March 2001). "Ancient Art". Popular Science. 258 (3): 30. ISSN 0161-7370. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  23. ^ "Monte Verde Archaeological Site". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  24. ^ Fugelsnes, Elin. "I Fred Flintstones rike" (in Norwegian). Forskning.no (NTNU). Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  25. ^ "Canada's First Nations: Habitation and Settlement". University of Calgary. 2000. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  26. ^ "Mount Sandel, County Londonderry". BBC Online. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  27. ^ "Mount Sandel – earliest human settlement in Ireland" (PDF). University of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  28. ^ Poska, Anneli (1996). "Prehistoric human disturbance of the environment induced from Estonian pollen records: a pilot study". Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology. 45 (3). Estonian Academy Publishers: 152. Retrieved 31 July 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Pitul'ko, V. V. (1993). "An Early Holocene Site in the Siberian High Arctic". Arctic Anthropology. 30 (1): 13–21.
  30. ^ Dikov, N. N. (1988). "The Earliest Sea Mammal Hunters of Wrangell Island". Arctic Anthropology. 25 (1): 80–93. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  31. ^ "Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo". Nature Publishing Group. 2010. pp. 463, 757–762. doi:10.1038/nature08835. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
  32. ^ Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1997). Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. University of Hawaii Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-8248-1938-1.
  33. ^ "The cryptic past of Madagascar – Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute". Sanger Institute. 4 May 2005. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  34. ^ Hannon, G; Bradshaw, Richard H.W. (2000). "Impacts and Timing of the First Human Settlement on Vegetation of the Faroe Islands". Quaternary Research. 54 (3): 404–413. Bibcode:2000QuRes..54..404H. doi:10.1006/qres.2000.2171. ISSN 0033-5894.
  35. ^ Hunt, T. L., Lipo, C. P., 2006. Science, 1121879. See also "Late Colonization of Easter Island" in Science Magazine. Entire article is also hosted by the Department of Anthropology of the University of Hawaii.
  36. ^ Irwin, Geoff (4 March 2009). "When was New Zealand first settled? – The date debate". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 26 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Buckley, H., Tayles, N., Halcrow, S., Robb, K., & Fyfe, R. (2009). The People of Wairau Bar: a Re-examination, Journal Of Pacific Archaeology, 1(1), 1-20.

External links

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