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Coordinates: 55°09′00″N 61°24′36″E / 55.150°N 61.410°E / 55.150; 61.410
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* Barry, Ellen; Kramer, Andrew E. [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/meteorite-fragments-are-said-to-rain-down-on-siberia.html Shock Wave of Fireball Meteor Rattles Siberia, Injuring 1,200], ''NYTimes.com'' website, 15 February 2013. Published as "Meteor Explodes, Injuring Over 1,000 in Siberia" in print on the ''[[The New York Times]]'', 16 February 2013, p. A1 (New York Edition).
* Barry, Ellen; Kramer, Andrew E. [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/meteorite-fragments-are-said-to-rain-down-on-siberia.html Shock Wave of Fireball Meteor Rattles Siberia, Injuring 1,200], ''NYTimes.com'' website, 15 February 2013. Published as "Meteor Explodes, Injuring Over 1,000 in Siberia" in print on the ''[[The New York Times]]'', 16 February 2013, p. A1 (New York Edition).
* {{cite journal |last1=Borovička |first1=J. |last2=Spurný |first2=P. |last3=Brown |first3=P. |last4=Wiegert |first4=P. |last5=Kalenda |first5=P. |last6=Clark |first6=D. |last7=Shrbený |first7=L. |year=2013 |title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor |journal=[[Nature]] |volume=503 |issue=7475 |page=235-237 |arxiv= |bibcode=2013Natur.503..235B |doi=10.1038/nature12671}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Borovička |first1=J. |last2=Spurný |first2=P. |last3=Brown |first3=P. |last4=Wiegert |first4=P. |last5=Kalenda |first5=P. |last6=Clark |first6=D. |last7=Shrbený |first7=L. |year=2013 |title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor |journal=[[Nature]] |volume=503 |issue=7475 |page=235-237 |arxiv= |bibcode=2013Natur.503..235B |doi=10.1038/nature12671}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=P. G. |last2=Assink |first2=J. D. | last3=Astiz | first3=L. |last4=Blaauw |first4=R. |last5=Boslough |first5=M. B. |last6=Borovička |first6=J. |last7=Brachet |first7= N. |last8= Brown |first8=D. |last9=Campbell-Brown |first9=M. |last10=Ceranna |first10=L. |last11=Cooke |first11=W. |last12=de Groot-Hedlin |first12=C. | last13=Drob |first13=D. P. |last14=Edwards |first14=W. |last15=Evers |first15=L. G. |last16=Garces |first16=M. |last17=Gill |first17=J. |last18=Hedlin |first18=M. |last19=Kingery |first19=A. |last20=Laske |first20= G. |last21=Le Pichon |first21=A. |last22=Mialle |first22=P. |last23=Moser |first23=D. E.|last24=Saffer |first24=A. |last25=Silber |first25=E. | last26=Smets | first26=P. |last27=Spalding |first27=R. E. |last28=Spurný |first28=P. |last29=Tagliaferri |first29=E. |last30=Uren |first30=D. |last31=Weryk |first31=R. J. |last32=Whitaker |first32=R. |last33=Krzeminski |first33=Z. |year=2013 |title=A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors |journal=[[Nature]] |volume=503 |issue=7475 |page=238-241 |arxiv= |bibcode=2013Natur.503..238B |doi=10.1038/nature12741}}
* {{cite journal |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first1=C. |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=R. |year=2013 |title=The Chelyabinsk superbolide: a fragment of asteroid 2011 EO40? |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters]] |volume=436 |issue=1 |page=L15-L19 |arxiv=1307.7918 |bibcode=2013MNRAS.436L..15D|doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slt103 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first1=C. |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=R. |year=2013 |title=The Chelyabinsk superbolide: a fragment of asteroid 2011 EO40? |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters]] |volume=436 |issue=1 |page=L15-L19 |arxiv=1307.7918 |bibcode=2013MNRAS.436L..15D|doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slt103 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gorkavyi |first1=N. |last2=Rault |first2=D. F. |last3=Newman |first3=P. A. |last4=Da Silva |first4=A. M. |last5=Dudorov |first5=A. E. |year=2013 |title=New stratospheric dust belt due to the Chelyabinsk bolide |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=17 |pages=4728-4733 |arxiv= |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.4728G |doi=10.1002/grl.50788 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gorkavyi |first1=N. |last2=Rault |first2=D. F. |last3=Newman |first3=P. A. |last4=Da Silva |first4=A. M. |last5=Dudorov |first5=A. E. |year=2013 |title=New stratospheric dust belt due to the Chelyabinsk bolide |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=17 |pages=4728-4733 |arxiv= |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.4728G |doi=10.1002/grl.50788 }}

Revision as of 10:19, 18 December 2013

2013 Chelyabinsk meteor
(image link)
Meteor fireball seen from Kamensk-Uralsky where it was still dawn, in an oblast north of Chelyabinsk

Chelyabinsk meteor is located in Russia
Chelyabinsk meteor
Location of the meteor
Date15 February 2013 (2013-02-15)
Time09:20 YEKT (UTC+06:00)
Location
Coordinates55°09′00″N 61°24′36″E / 55.150°N 61.410°E / 55.150; 61.410[1]
Also known asChelyabinsk meteorite[2]
CauseMeteor air burst
Non-fatal injuries1,491[3]
Property damageOver 7,200[4] damaged buildings, collapsed factory roof, shattered windows

The Chelyabinsk meteor was a near-Earth asteroid that entered Earth's atmosphere over Russia on 15 February 2013 at about 09:20 YEKT (03:20 UTC), with an estimated speed of 18.6 km/s (over 41,000 mph or 66,960 km/h), almost 60 times the speed of sound.[1] It quickly became a brilliant superbolide meteor over the southern Ural region. The light from the meteor was brighter than the sun. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.

Due to its enormous velocity and shallow atmospheric entry angle, the object exploded in an air burst over Chelyabinsk Oblast, at a height of around 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet). The explosion generated a bright flash, producing many small fragmentary meteorites and a powerful shock wave. The atmosphere absorbed most of the object's energy, with a total kinetic energy before atmospheric impact equivalent to approximately 500 kilotons of TNT (about 1.8 PJ), 20–30 times more energy than was released from the atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima.

The object was undetected before its atmospheric entry and its explosion created panic among local residents. About 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the meteor itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the superbolide's flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-zero (°C) temperatures.

With an estimated initial mass of about 12,000–13,000 metric tonnes[5] (13,000–14,000 short tons, heavier than the Eiffel Tower), and measuring between 17 and 20 metres in size, it is the largest known natural object to have entered Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event that destroyed a wide, remote, forested area of Siberia. The Chelyabinsk meteor is also the only meteor confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries. The predicted close approach of a second asteroid, the roughly 30-metre Duende (at the time still known by its provisional designation 2012 DA14) occurred about 16 hours later; detailed analysis of the two objects later determined that they were unrelated to each other. However, its orbit was sufficiently similar to the 2-kilometer-diameter asteroid (86039) 1999 NC43 to suggest they had once been part of the same object.[6]

Initial reports

The meteor's path in relation to the ground.

Local residents witnessed extremely bright burning objects in the sky in Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, and Orenburg Oblasts, the Republic of Bashkortostan, and in neighbouring regions in Kazakhstan,[7][8][9] when the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia.[10][11][12][13][14] Amateur videos showed a fireball streaking across the sky and a loud boom several minutes afterwards.[15][16][17] Eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.[18]

The event began at 09:20 Yekaterinburg time, several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the bolide appeared brighter than the sun,[8] as was later confirmed by NASA.[19] An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite Meteosat 9.[20] Witnesses in Chelyabinsk said that the air of the city smelled like gunpowder.[20]

Atmospheric entry

Illustrating all "phases", from atmospheric entry to explosion.

The visible phenomenon due to the passage of an asteroid or meteoroid through the atmosphere is called a meteor.[21] If the object reaches the ground, then it is called a meteorite. During the Chelyabinsk meteor's traversal, there was a bright object trailing smoke, then an air burst (explosion) that caused a powerful shock wave, the cause of the damage to thousands of buildings in Chelyabinsk and its neighbouring towns. The fragments entered dark flight (without the emission of light) and created a strewn field of numerous meteorites on the snow-covered ground (officially named Chelyabinsk meteorites).

According to the Russian Federal Space Agency, preliminary estimates indicated the object was an asteroid moving at about 30 km/s in a "low trajectory" when it entered Earth's atmosphere. According to the Russian Academy of Sciences, the meteor then pushed through the atmosphere at a velocity of 15 km/s.[13][20][22] The radiant (the apparent position of origin of the meteor in the sky) appears from video recordings to have been above and to the left of the rising Sun.[23]

The United States space agency NASA estimated the diameter of the bolide at about 17–20 m and has revised the mass several times from an initial 7,700 tonnes (7,600 long tons; 8,500 short tons),[10] until reaching a final estimate of 10,000 tonnes,[10][24][25][26][27] (11,000 short tons, greater than the total weight of the Eiffel Tower).[1][28] The air burst and shock wave registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.[29][30][31] On 1 March 2013 NASA published a detailed synopsis of the event, stating that at peak brightness at (09:20:33 local time), the meteor was 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet) high, located at 54.8°N, 61.1°E. At that time it was travelling at about 18.6 km/s (11.6 mi/s), (about 67,000 km/h, or about 41,750 mph) —almost 60 times the speed of sound.[1][32]

A sample found by Ural Federal University scientists at Lake Chebarkul. The object is part of the Chelyabinsk meteorite.

The Russian Geographical Society said the passing of the meteor over Chelyabinsk caused three blasts of different power. The first explosion was the most powerful, and was preceded by a bright flash, which lasted about five seconds. Initial altitude estimates ranged from 30–70 km, with an explosive equivalent of roughly 500 kilotonnes of TNT (2,100 TJ),[20][33][34] (about 20% greater than the former Soviet Union's own RDS-6s nuclear device test detonation in 1953). and the hypocentre of the explosion was to the south of Chelyabinsk, in Yemanzhelinsk and Yuzhnouralsk. Due to the height of the air burst, the atmosphere absorbed most of the explosion's energy.[35][36] The explosion's shock wave reached Chelyabinsk and environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds[37] and 2 minutes 57 seconds later.[38] The object did not release all of its energy in the form of an explosion, because some 90 kilotons of TNT (about 3.75 x 1014 joules, or 0.375 PJ) of the total energy of the fireball was emitted as visible light according to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[1][39]

This visualization shows the aftermath observations by NASA satellites and computer models projections of the plume and meteor debris trajectory around the atmosphere.

The infrasound waves given off by the explosions were detected by 20 monitoring stations designed to detect nuclear weapons testing run by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission, including at the distant Antarctic station, some 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) away. The blast of the explosion was large enough to generate infrasound returns, after circling the globe, at distances up to ~85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi). Multiple arrivals involving waves that traveled twice around the globe have been clearly identified. A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy using empirical period-yield scaling relations gives a value of 460 kilotons of TNT equivalent.[40][41] The meteor explosion produced the largest infrasounds ever to be recorded by a United Nations monitoring system,[42] so great that they reverberated around the world several times, taking over a day to dissipate.[43] Additional scientific analysis of US military infrasound data was aided by an agreement reached with US authorities to allow its use by civilian scientists, implemented only about a month before the Chelyabinsk meteor event.[14][43]

Analysis of CCTV and dash cam video posted online indicates that the meteor approached from east by south, and exploded about 40 km south of central Chelyabinsk above Korkino at a height of 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet), with fragments continuing in the direction of Lake Chebarkul.[1][44][45][46]

The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the Chelyabinsk region was the Kunashak meteor shower of 1949, after which scientists recovered about 20 meteorites weighing over 200 kg in total.[47] The Chelyabinsk meteor is thought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event,[48][49][50] and the only one confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries,[51][Note 1] although a small number of panic-related injuries occurred during the Great Madrid Meteor Event of 10 February 1896.[52]

Strewn field

Strewnfield map of recovered meteorites (253 documented find locations, status of 18 July 2013).

In the hours following the visual meteor sighting, a 6 metre (20 ft) wide hole was discovered in Lake Chebarkul's frozen surface. It was not immediately clear if this was the result of an impact, however, scientists from the Ural Federal University collected 53 samples from around the hole the same day it was discovered. The early specimens recovered were all under 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in size and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their meteoric origin. They are ordinary chondrite meteorites and contain 10% iron. The official name for such fragments is designated as Chelyabinsk meteorite.[2] The Chelyabinsk meteor was later determined to come from the LL chondrite group.[53] In mid-February 2013, a team of six Russian Emergencies Ministry scuba divers examined the bottom of the lake but found no fragment large enough to have caused the 6-metre-wide hole in the ice.[54][55][56]

A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz) Chelyabinsk meteorite specimen, one of many found within days of the airburst, this one between the villages of Deputatsky and Emanzhelinsk. The broken fragment displays a thick primary fusion crust with flow lines and a heavily shocked matrix with melt veins and planar fractures. Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39 in).

In June 2013, Russian scientists reported that further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul had identified a 60 centimetres (2.0 ft)*-size large meteorite buried in the mud at the bottom of the lake. Before recovery began, the chunk was estimated to weigh roughly 300 kilograms (660 lb).[57]

Following an operation lasting a number of weeks, it was raised from the bottom of the Chebarkul lake on 16 October 2013. With a total mass of 654 kg (1,442 lb) this is the largest found fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Initially, it tipped and broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting into three pieces.[58][59]

In November 2013, a video from a security camera was released showing the impact of the fragment at the Chebarkul lake.[60]

In the days immediately after the initial visual meteor sighting, officials in the neighbouring country of Kazakhstan said they were looking for two possible unidentified objects that may have impacted in Aktobe Province, adjacent to the affected Russian regions.[61][62] To date, no further announcements have been made.

See also: Chelyabinsk meteorite

Injuries and damage

Shattered windows in the foyer of the Chelyabinsk Drama Theatre

The meteor's unpredicted arrival and air burst resulted in considerable injuries. Russian authorities stated that 1,491 people, including 311 children, sought medical attention in Chelyabinsk Oblast within the first few days.[3] Health officials said 112 people had been hospitalised, with two in serious condition. A 52-year-old woman with a broken spine was flown to Moscow for treatment.[20] Most people were hurt by shattered, falling or blown-in glass.[20][63] The intense light from the meteor, momentarily 30 times brighter than the Sun,[34] led to over 180 cases of eye pain, and 70 people subsequently reported temporary flash blindness.[64] Twenty people reported ultraviolet burns similar to sunburn, possibly intensified by the presence of snow on the ground.[64]

A fourth-grade teacher in Chelyabinsk, Yulia Karbysheva, saved 44 children from potentially life threatening imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowing the origin of the intense flash of light, Karbysheva thought it prudent to take precautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room's windows and to perform a duck and cover maneuver. Karbysheva, who remained standing, was seriously lacerated when the air blast arrived and window glass severed a tendon in one of her arms; however, not one of her students, who she ordered to hide under their desks, suffered a cut.[65]

After the air blast, car alarms went off and mobile phone networks were overloaded with calls.[66] Office buildings in Chelyabinsk were evacuated. Classes for all Chelyabinsk schools were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows.[20] At least 20 children were injured when the windows of a school and kindergarten were blown in at 09:22.[67] Following the event, government officials in Chelyabinsk asked parents to take their children home from schools.[68]

The collapsed roof over the warehouse section of a zinc factory in Chelyabinsk

Approximately 600 m2 (6,500 sq ft) of a roof at a zinc factory collapsed during the incident.[69] Residents in Chelyabinsk whose windows were smashed quickly sought to cover the openings with anything available, because the temperature in Chelyabinsk and the impact area was −15 °C (5 °F).[70] Approximately 100,000 home-owners were affected, according to Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich.[71] He also said that preserving the water pipes of the city's central heating system was the primary goal of the authorities as they scrambled to contain further post-explosion damage.[20]

By 5 March 2013 the number of damaged buildings was tallied at over 7,200, which included some 6,040 apartment blocks, 293 medical facilities, 718 schools and universities, 100 cultural organizations, and 43 sport facilities, of which only about one and a half percent had not yet been repaired.[4] The oblast's governor estimated the damage to buildings at more than 1 billion rubles[72] (approximately US$33 million). Chelyabinsk authorities said that broken windows of apartment homes, but not the glazing of enclosed balconies, would be replaced at the state's expense.[73] One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the Traktor Sport Palace, home arena of Traktor Chelyabinsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The arena was closed for inspection, affecting various scheduled events, and possibly the postseason of the KHL.[74]

Reactions

Dmitry Medvedev, the Prime Minister of Russia, confirmed a meteor had struck Russia and said it proves the "entire planet" is vulnerable to meteors and a spaceguard system is needed to protect the planet from similar objects in the future.[15][75] Dmitry Rogozin, the deputy prime minister, proposed that there should be an international programme that would alert countries to "objects of an extraterrestrial origin",[76] also called potentially hazardous objects.

Colonel General Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the Central Military District, created task forces that were directed to the probable impact areas to search for fragments of the asteroid and to monitor the situation. Meteorites (fragments) measuring 1 to 5 cm (0.39 to 1.97 in) have been found 1 km (0.62 mi) from Chebarkul in the Chelyabinsk region.[77]

On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News reported that the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs had suggested the investigation of creating an "Action Team on Near-Earth Objects", a proposed global asteroid warning network system, in face of 2012 DA14's approach.[78][79] As a result of the impact, two scientists in California have proposed directed-energy weapon technology development as a possible means to protect Earth from asteroids.[80][81]

Further information: Asteroid impact avoidance

Media coverage

External videos
Meteor Air Burst
video icon Extensive dash cam footage from the atmospheric entry onwards
video icon Explosion eyewitness
video icon Bright light and sound recorded by a stationary surveillance camera

The Russian government put out a brief statement within an hour of the event, but the event was first covered in the US by hockey blog Russian Machine Never Breaks.[82] Discussion on social media sites started almost immediately after the event (including initial scepticism, given the sophistication of modern computer-generated imagery),[83] and heavy coverage by the international media had begun by the time the Associated Press put out a brief report with the Russian government's confirmation less than two hours afterwards.[82][84] Less than 15 hours after the meteor impact, videos of the meteor and its aftermath had been viewed millions of times.[85]

The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led the Internet-search giant Google to remove a Google Doodle from their website, created for the predicted pending arrival of another asteroid, 2012 DA14.[86] New York City planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson stated the Chelyabinsk meteor was unpredicted because no attempt had been made to find and catalogue every 15-metre near-Earth object.[87] In television media interviews shortly afterwards Tyson also noted the disturbing closeness of the two completely unrelated events.

On 27 March 2013 a broadcast episode of NOVA titled "Meteor Strike" documented the Chelyabinsk meteor, including the large amounts of meteoritic science revealed by the numerous videos of the airburst posted online by ordinary citizens. The NOVA program called the video documentation and the related scientific discoveries of the airburst "unprecedented". The documentary also discussed the much greater tragedy "that could have been" had the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere more steeply.[43][88]

Impactor orbital parameters

Preliminary orbital solutions for impacting asteroid
Source Q q a e i Ω ω
AU (°)
Lyytinen via Hankey; AMS[89] 2.53 0.80 1.66 0.52 4.05° 326.43° 116.0°
Zuluaga, Ferrin; ArXiv[90] 2.64 0.82 1.73 0.51 3.45° 326.70° 120.6°
Borovicka, et al.; IAU 3423[91] 2.33 0.77 1.55 0.50 3.6° 326.41° 109.7°
Zuluaga, Ferrin, Geens; arXiv[92] 1.816 0.716 1.26
± 0.05 		0.44
± 0.03 		2.984° 326.5°
± 0.3° 		95.5°
± 2°
Chodas, Chesley; JPL via Sky and Telescope[93] 2.78 0.75 1.73 0.57 4.2°
Insan[94] 1.5 0.5 3°
Proud; GPL[95] 2.23 0.71 1.47 0.52 4.61° 326.53° 96.58°
de la Fuente Marcos; MNRAS: Letters[96] 2.48 0.76 1.62 0.53 3.82° 326.41° 109.44°
Q = Aphelion, q = Perihelion, a = Semi-major axis, e = Eccentricity, i = Inclination,
Ω = Ascending node longitude, ω = Argument of perihelion

Multiple videos of the Chelyabinsk superbolide, particularly from dashboard cameras and traffic cameras, helped to establish the meteor's provenance as an Apollo asteroid.[91][97] Sophisticated analysis techniques included the subsequent superposition of nighttime starfield views over recorded daytime images, as well as the plotting of the daytime shadow vectors shown in several online videos.[43]

The radiant of the impacting asteroid was located in the constellation Pegasus in the Northern hemisphere.[90] The radiant was close to the Eastern horizon where the Sun was starting to rise.[90]

The asteroid belonged to the Apollo group of near-Earth asteroids,[90][98] and was roughly 40 days past perihelion[89] (closest approach to the Sun) and had aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in the asteroid belt.[89][90] Several groups independently derived very similar orbits for the object.[95][96][99] The Apollo asteroid 2011 EO40 is the most likely candidate for the role of the parent body of the Chelyabinsk superbolide.[96]

Meteorite scramble

In the aftermath of the air burst of the body, a large number of small meteorites fell on areas west of Chelyabinsk, generally at terminal velocity, about the speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper.[100] Local residents and schoolchildren located and picked up some of the meteorites, many located in snowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the snow. Speculators have been active in the informal market that has rapidly emerged for meteorite fragments.[100]

In the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, 7 gold medals that can be earned during eighth day medal events (15 February 2014) will feature fragments of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Medal events planned at that day are: the men’s 1,500-meter speedskating, the women’s 1,000 and men’s 1,500 short track, the women’s cross-country skiing relay, the men’s K-125 ski jump, the women’s super giant slalom and the men’s skeleton.[101]

Coincidental asteroid approach

Comparison of the former orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor (larger elliptical blue orbit) and asteroid 2012 DA14 (smaller circular blue orbit), showing that they are dissimilar.

Preliminary calculations showed the object was not related to 15 February close approach of what was at the time known as asteroid 2012 DA14 (later named 367943 Duende) that passed the Earth 16 hours later at a distance of 27,700 km.[10][102][103] The Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory,[23] Russian sources,[104] the European Space Agency,[105] NASA[10] and the Royal Astronomical Society[106] all indicated the two objects could not have been related because the two asteroids had widely different trajectories. However, further analysis revealed that before its intersection with the Earth, the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor around the sun was similar to a larger asteroid, the 2 km object (86039) 1999 NC43, suggesting that the two bodies may once have been part of the same object.[5]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Historical, normally accurate, Chinese records of the 1490 Ch'ing-yang event describe over 10,000 deaths, but have never been confirmed.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Yeomans, Don; Chodas, Paul (1 March 2013). "Additional Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. 15, 2013". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Note that [the] estimates of total energy, diameter and mass are very approximate. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
    NASA's webpage in turn acknowledges credit for its data and visual diagrams to:
    Peter Brown (University of Western Ontario); William Cooke (Marshall Space Flight Center); Paul Chodas, Steve Chesley and Ron Baalke (JPL); Richard Binzel (MIT); and Dan Adamo.
  2. ^ a b "Chelyabinsk". Meteoritical Bulletin Database. The Meteoritical Society. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b "Число пострадавших при падении метеорита приблизилось к 1500" (in Russian). РосБизнесКонсалтинг. 18 February 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b "Meteorite-caused emergency situation regime over in Chelyabinsk region". Russia Beyond The Headlines. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Interfax. 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 23 June 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b Schiermeier, Quirin. "Risk of massive asteroid strike underestimated". Nature News. Nature Publishing Group. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  6. ^ Borovička, Jiří (6 November 2013). "The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature12671. Retrieved 7 November 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  7. ^ Byford, Sam (15 February 2013). "Russia rocked by meteor explosion". The Verge. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b Kuzmin, Andrey (15 February 2013). "Meteorite explodes over Russia, more than 1,000 injured". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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Attribution
  • This article contains portions of text translated from the corresponding article of the Russian Wikipedia. A list of contributors can be found there in its history section.

Further reading

Synopsis: "A calculation based on the number of casualty events in the Chinese meteorite records suggests that the probability of a meteorite striking a human is far greater than previous estimates."
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2013 Russian meteor event.

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