Paratyphoid fever: Difference between revisions

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The paratyphoid fever bears similarities with [[typhoid fever]], and the two are referred to by the common name '''enteric fever'''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Effa EE, Lassi ZS, Critchley JA, ''et al.'' |title=Fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever) |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=10 |pages=CD004530 |year=2011 |pmid=21975746 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004530.pub4}}</ref> The course of paratyphoid is more benign.
The paratyphoid fever bears similarities with [[typhoid fever]], and the two are referred to by the common name '''enteric fever'''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Effa EE, Lassi ZS, Critchley JA, ''et al.'' |title=Fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever) |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=10 |pages=CD004530 |year=2011 |pmid=21975746 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004530.pub4}}</ref> The course of paratyphoid is more benign.

In 2013 paratyphoid fever resulted in about 54,000 deaths down from 63,000 deaths in 1990.<ref name=GBD204>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442}}</ref>


==Paratyphoid A==
==Paratyphoid A==

Revision as of 08:50, 3 February 2015

Paratyphoid fever
SpecialtyInfectious diseases Edit this on Wikidata
This about the disease paratyphoid fever. See typhus for an unrelated disease with a similar name. Typhoid fever is a related disease but is caused by a different bacterium.

Paratyphoid fever is an enteric illness caused by one of the following three serotypes of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica: S. Paratyphi A, S. Paratyphi B and S. Paratyphi C. Like S. Typhi they are transmitted by means of contaminated water or food.[1]

The paratyphoid fever bears similarities with typhoid fever, and the two are referred to by the common name enteric fever.[2] The course of paratyphoid is more benign.

In 2013 paratyphoid fever resulted in about 54,000 deaths down from 63,000 deaths in 1990.[3]

Paratyphoid A

Distribution

Factors outside the household, such as unclean food from street vendors and flooding, help distribute the disease from person to person.[4] Because of poverty and poor hygiene and sanitary conditions, the disease is more common in less-industrialized countries, principally owing to the problem of unsafe drinking water, inadequate sewage disposal, and flooding.[5] Occasionally causing epidemics, paratyphoid fever is found in large parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America. Many of those infected get the disease in Asian countries. About 16 million cases occur a year, which result in about 25,000 deaths worldwide.[6]

Salmonella Typhi can specifically only attack humans, so the infection nearly always comes from contact with another human, either an ill person or a healthy carrier of the bacterium. The bacterium is passed on with water and foods and can withstand both drying and refrigeration, although keeping food refrigerated minimizes the production of the bacterium significantly.

Causes

Paratyphoid fever is caused by any of three strains of Salmonella paratyphoid: S. Paratyphi A; S. schottmuelleri (also called S. Paratyphi B); or S. hirschfeldii (also called S. Paratyphi C).[7] It starts when the bacterium S. Paratyphi A, B, or C is passed from another person due to bad hygiene such as not washing one's hands after using the restroom. Eventually, the bacterium passes down to the bowel, then penetrates the intestinal mucosa (lining) to the underlying tissue.

If the immune system is unable to stop the infection here, the bacterium will multiply and then spread to the bloodstream, after which the first signs of disease are observed in the form of fever. The bacterium penetrates further to the bone marrow, liver, and bile ducts, from which bacteria are excreted into the bowel contents. In the second phase of the disease, the bacterium penetrates the immune tissue of the small intestine, and the initial symptoms of small-bowel movements begin.

Symptoms

Paratyphoid fever resembles typhoid fever, but presents with a more abrupt onset, milder symptoms, and a shorter course. Infection is characterized by a sustained fever, headache, abdominal pain, malaise, anorexia, a nonproductive cough (in early stage of illness), a relative bradycardia (slow heart rate), and hepatosplenomegaly (an enlargement of the liver and spleen). About 30% of Caucasians develop rosy spots on the central body. In adults, constipation is more common than diarrhea.

Only 20% to 40% of people initially have abdominal pain. Nonspecific symptoms such as chills, diaphoresis (perspiration), headache, anorexia, cough, weakness, sore throat, dizziness, and muscle pains are frequently present before the onset of fever. Some very rare symptoms are psychosis (mental disorder), confusion, and seizures.

Prognosis

Those diagnosed with Type A of the bacterial strain rarely die from it save in rare cases of severe intestinal complications. With proper testing and diagnosis, the mortality rate falls to less than 1%. Antibiotics such as azithromycin are particularly effective in treating the bacteria.[8]

Carriers

Humans and, occasionally, domestic animals are the carriers of paratyphoid fever. Members of the same family can be transient or permanent carriers. In most parts of the world, short-term fecal carriers are more common than urinary carriers. The chronic urinary carrier state occurs in those who have schistosomiasis (parasitic blood fluke).

It is possible to continue to shed Salmonella Paratyphi for up to one year and, during this phase, a person is considered to be a carrier. The chronic carrier state may follow acute illness, mild or even subclinical infections. Chronic carriers are most often women who were infected in their middle age.

Control

Exclusion

Exclusion from work and social activities should be considered for symptomatic, and asymptomatic, people who are food handlers, healthcare/daycare staff who are involved in patient care and/or child care, children attending unsanitary daycare centers, and older children who are unable to implement good standards of personal hygiene. The exclusion applies until two consecutive stool specimens are taken from the infected patient and are reported negative.

Treatments

Control requires treatment of antibiotics and vaccines prescribed by a doctor. Major control treatments for paratyphoid fever include ciprofloxacin for ten days, ceftriaone/cefotaxime for 14 days, or aziththromycin.

Paratyphoid B

Paratyphoid B is more frequent in Europe. It can present as a typhoid-like illness, as a severe gastroenteritis or with features of both. Herpes labialis, rare in true typhoid fever, is frequently seen in paratyphoid B. Diagnosis is with isolation of the agent in blood or stool and demonstration of antibodies antiBH in the Widal test. The disease responds well to chloramphenicol or co-trimoxazole.

Paratyphoid C

Paratyphoid C is a rare infection, generally seen in the Far East. It presents as a septicaemia with metastatic abscesses. Cholecystitis is possible in the course of the disease. Antibodies to paratyphoid C are not usually tested and the diagnosis is made with blood cultures. Chloramphenicol therapy is generally effective.

Prevention

Providing basic sanitation and safe drinking water and food is the key for controlling the disease. In developed countries, enteric fever rates decreased in the past when treatment of municipal water was introduced, human faces were excluded from food production, and pasteurization of dairy products began.[1] In addition, children and adults should be carefully educated about personal hygiene. This would include careful handwashing after defecation and sexual contact, before preparing or eating food, and especially the sanitary disposal of feces. Food handlers should be educated in personal hygiene prior to handling food or utensils and equipment. Infected individuals should be advised to avoid food preparation. Sexually active people should be educated about the risks of sexual practices that permit fecal-oral contact.[4]

Those who travel to countries with poor sanitation should receive a live attenuated typhoid vaccine—Ty21a (Vivotif), which, in addition to the protection against typhoid fever, and may provide some protection against paratyphoid fever caused by the S. enterica serotypes A and B.[1] In particular, a reanalysis of data from a trial conducted in Chile showed the Ty21a vaccine was 49% effective (95% CI: 8–73%) in preventing paratyphoid fever caused by the serotype B.[9] Evidence from a study of international travelers in Israel also indicates the vaccine may prevent a fraction of infections by the serotype A, although no trial confirms this.[10] This cross-protection by a typhoid vaccine is most likely due to O antigens shared between different S. enterica serotypes.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b c Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1086/649541, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1086/649541 instead.
  2. ^ Effa EE, Lassi ZS, Critchley JA; et al. (2011). "Fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever)". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (10): CD004530. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004530.pub4. PMID 21975746. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S (2005). "Typhoid and paratyphoid fever". Lancet. 366 (9487): 749–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67181-4. PMID 16125594.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "Water-related Diseases." Communicable Diseases 2001. World Health Organization. 31 Oct 2008 <http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/typhoid/en/>.
  6. ^ Rubin, Raphael., David S. Strayer., Emanuel Rubin., Jay M. McDonald. Rubin's Pathology. 5th ed. 2007
  7. ^ Frey, J. Rebecca. Paratyphoid Fever 1999. Encyclopedia of Medicine. 28 Oct 2008 <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2601/is_/ai_2601001024>
  8. ^ "Medical Conditions and Medical Information: ADAM Medical Library of Health Condi". Healthatoz.com. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
  9. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1086/518141, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1086/518141 instead.
  10. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00273.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00273.x instead.

Further reading

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