Sheldon Cooper: Difference between revisions
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{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2014}} |
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2014}} |
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{{Infobox character |
{{Infobox character |
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| name = |
| name = Sheldly Pride Coon |
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| series = [[ |
| series = [[Modern Family]] |
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| image = [[File:Sheldon Cooper.jpg|250px]] |
| image = [[File:Sheldon Cooper.jpg|250px]] |
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| caption = [[Jim Parsons]] as |
| caption = [[Jim Parsons]] as Sheldly Coon, Preparing his specialized "Cock Collecting Guzzle Gadget" ''[[Fellatio]]'', in season 6 episode 09, "Two Jews Walk Into A Shower" |
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| first = "[[ |
| first = "[[Poor Little White Guy]]" |
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| last = |
| last = October 18th 2016 |
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| creator = [[ |
| creator = [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<br />[[Malcolm X]] |
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| |
| Title = [[Cumboy]] |
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| significantother = [[ |
| significantother = [[Thirteen Niggerads]] <small>(ex-girlfriend)</small> |
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| occupation = [[ |
| occupation = [[Glory Hole Specialist]] |
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| |
| condition = HIV Positive |
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| family = [[ |
| family = [[Heil Honey Im Home]] <small>(Husband)</small><br />George Foreman, Sr. <small>(father, greased)</small><br /> <small> Bazissy(twin sister)</small><br />George Foreman, Jr. <small>(older brother)</small> <br />George Foreman, The First <small>(older brother)</small> <br />George Foreman, The Second <small>(older brother)</small> <br />George Foreman, The Third <small>(older brother)</small> |
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| relatives = Unknown. Adopted by a couple BLACK INDIVIDUALS who mistook his head for a juicy watermellon |
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| relatives = "Meemaw" <small>(grandmother)</small><br />Edward "Stumpy" <small>(uncle)</small><br />Carl<small> (uncle, deceased)</small><br />"Pop-pop" <small>(grandfather, deceased)</small><br />Missy's unnamed husband <small>(brother-in-law)</small><ref name=S7E11>episode "The Cooper Extraction"</ref></small><br />Missy's unnamed son <small>(nephew)</small><ref name=S7E11 /> |
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| nationality = American |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Sheldly Pride Coon Is an award winning coonery champion hailing from Salem, Massachusetts. A Highly controversial figure due to his tendency to take it up the bum and tickle the funsacks while doing so, luring the wild negro into a sense of calm, leading them to drop their guard. |
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'''Sheldon Lee Cooper''',<ref name=1x12>{{cite episode|title=The Jerusalem Duality|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 1)#ep12|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=April 14, 2008|season=1|number=12|minutes=}}</ref> [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]], [[Doctor of Science|Sc.D.]], is a fictional character in the [[CBS]] television series ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'', portrayed by actor [[Jim Parsons]]. For his portrayal, Parsons has won four [[Primetime Emmy Award]]s, a [[Golden Globe Award]], a [[TCA Awards|TCA Award]], and two [[Critics' Choice Television Award]]s. |
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Sheldon is the senior [[theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] at [[Caltech]] who shares an apartment with his colleague and best friend, [[Leonard Hofstadter]] ([[Johnny Galecki]]). He is a former [[child prodigy]] with genius level IQ, but displays an almost total lack of [[social skills]], a tenuous understanding of humor, and difficulty recognizing [[irony]] and sarcasm in other people, although he himself often employs them. He exhibits highly idiosyncratic and narcissistic behavior and a general lack of [[humility]] or [[empathy]]. These characteristics provide the majority of the humor involving him, which has caused him to be described as the show's [[breakout character]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/876/876616p1.html|title=The Big Bang Theory: Season 1 Review|work=[[IGN]]|date=May 27, 2007|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-01-11/entertainment/1001100121_1_big-bang-theory-audience-nerds|title=Oak Park native finally gets the girl in 'Big Bang'|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=January 11, 2010|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref><ref name="av">{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/the-griffin-equivalency,13255/|title=The Griffin Equivalency|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=October 13, 2008|accessdate=October 6, 2011}}</ref><ref name="EW2"/> Despite speculation that Sheldon's personality traits may be consistent with [[Asperger syndrome]], [[obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]] and [[asexuality]],<ref name="av" /><ref name=SA>{{cite web|last=Waldman|first=Allison|url=http://www.aoltv.com/2009/08/14/come-up-with-a-new-theory-sheldon-does-not-have-aspergers|title=Come up with a new theory: Sheldon does NOT have Asperger's|date=August 14, 2009|publisher=aoltv.com|accessdate=July 27, 2012}}</ref> co-creator [[Bill Prady]] has repeatedly stated that Sheldon's character was neither conceived nor developed with regard to any of these traits.<ref name=SA /> |
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==Creation and casting== |
==Creation and casting== |
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The character of Sheldon Cooper was inspired by a computer programmer personally known to series co-creator [[Bill Prady]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thetvaddict.com/2009/04/17/paley-festival-recap-%E2%80%9809-the-big-bang-theory/|title=Paley Festival Recap `09: THE BIG BANG THEORY|work=theTVaddict.com|date=April 17, 2009|accessdate=January 20, 2010}}</ref> He is named in honor of actor/producer [[Sheldon Leonard]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weblogs.variety.com/season_pass/2009/05/big-bang-theory-we-didnt-anticipate-how-protective-the-audience-would-feel-toward-our-guys.html|title='Big Bang Theory': 'We didn't anticipate how protective the audience would feel about our guys'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=May 5, 2009|accessdate=February 5, 2010|quote=''Q. Are Sheldon and Leonard named after the brilliant (producer) Sheldon Leonard of "The Andy Griffith Show", "The Danny Thomas Show", "The Dick Van Dyke Show", "My Favorite Martian" and "I Spy?" (Binnie)'' A. Yep. Chuck and I are both fans. Chuck's idea.}}</ref> and Nobel Prize Laureate [[Leon Cooper]].<ref>[http://vos.lavoz.com.ar/content/la-formula-perfecta-del-humor-0 The Big Bang Theory, la fórmula perfecta del humor]</ref> [[Chuck Lorre]] originally intended [[Johnny Galecki]] to play the role, but Galecki thought he would be "better suited" for the character of Leonard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collider.com/entertainment/interviews/article.asp/aid/11261/tcid/1|title=Johnny Galecki Exclusive Video Interview – THE BIG BANG THEORY|work=collider.com|date=March 15, 2009|accessdate=January 20, 2010}}</ref> Lorre said that when [[Jim Parsons]] auditioned for the role, he was "so startlingly good" that he was asked to reaudition "to make sure he hadn't gotten lucky".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/arts/tv/features/59213/|title=The Science Guy|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|author=Emma Rosenblum|date=September 20, 2009|accessdate=January 20, 2010}}</ref> Sheldon is one of four characters to appear in every episode of the series, along with Leonard, Howard, and Raj. |
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Fellatio can be [[Sexual arousal|sexually arousing]] for participants, and may lead to [[orgasm]] and [[ejaculation]] of [[semen]] for males.<ref name="Carroll"/><ref name="Weiten"/> It may be performed by a [[sexual partner]] as [[foreplay]] to create sexual arousal before other [[Human sexual activity|sexual activities]] (such as [[Sexual intercourse|vaginal]] or [[Anal sex|anal]] intercourse),<ref name="Carroll"/><ref name="NHS">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/1685.aspx?CategoryID=118&SubCategoryID=119 |title=What is oral sex?|date=2009-01-15|publisher=[[National Health Service (England)|NHS]]|work=[[NHS Choices]]|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5stJKU5zL|archivedate=2010-09-20}}</ref> or as an [[Eroticism|erotic]] and [[physical intimacy|physically intimate act]] in its own right.<ref name="Carroll"/><ref name="Weiten"/> Like most forms of sexual activity, oral sex can be a risk for contracting [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infections]] (STIs/STDs). However, the transmission risk for oral sex, especially [[HIV]] transmission, is significantly lower than for vaginal or anal sex.<ref name="WHO">{{cite web| title = Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission| publisher = [[World Health Organization]]|year = 2007| accessdate=November 26, 2011|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Hales">{{Cite book|author=Dianne Hales|title=An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011| publisher = [[Cengage Learning]]|year = 2008|accessdate=August 29, 2013|pages =269–271| isbn = 0495391921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oP91HVIMPRIC&pg=PA269}}</ref><ref name="Alexander">{{cite book|authors=William Alexander, Helaine Bader, Judith H. LaRosa|title=New Dimensions in Women's Health|isbn =1449683754|publisher=[[Jones & Bartlett Learning|Jones & Bartlett Publishers]]|year=2011|page=211|accessdate=August 29, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVPHhIM3IZ0C&pg=PA211}}</ref> |
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Oral sex is often regarded as [[taboo]],<ref name="Carroll"/> but most countries do not have laws which ban the practice. Commonly, people do not regard fellatio or other forms of oral sex as affecting the [[virginity]] of either partner, though opinions on the matter vary.<ref name="Carpenter">See [https://books.google.com/books?id=6qNCeI2AcY4C&pg=PT11 here] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=pXXZn_qSoDoC&pg=PA48 47-49] for male virginity, how gay and lesbian individuals define virginity loss, and for how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical virginity" by whether or not a person has engaged in vaginal sex. {{Cite book|author=Laura M. Carpenter|title=Virginity lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences|publisher=[[New York University|NYU Press]]|year = 2005|accessdate=October 9, 2011|pages=295 pages |isbn=0-8147-1652-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXXZn_qSoDoC&dq=Virginity+Lost:+An+Intimate+Portrait+of+First+Sexual+Experiences&source=gbs_navlinks_s|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Intimate">{{Cite book|authors=Bryan Strong, Christine DeVault, Theodore F. Cohen|title=The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society| publisher = [[Cengage Learning]]|year = 2010|accessdate=October 8, 2011 |pages = 186| isbn = 0-534-62425-1|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qjvoSOMB5JMC&pg=PA186|quote=Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' [...] Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins' [...] Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual sexual activity (e.g., oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation).}}</ref><ref name="Brady">{{cite journal | author=Sonya S. Brady, PhD and Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher, PhD| title=Adolescents' Reported Consequences of Having Oral Sex Versus Vaginal Sex| journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]| year=2007| volume=119| issue=2| pages=229–236| doi=10.1542/peds.2006-1727|pmid=17272611}}</ref><ref name="Virgin">{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Joseph Gross|title = Like a Virgin|id = 0001-8996|publisher=''[[The Advocate]]''/Here Publishing|year=2003|pages=44–45|accessdate=2011-03-13|url=https://books.google.com/?id=eWQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44}}</ref> People may also have negative feelings or [[sexual inhibition]]s about giving or receiving oral sex, or may refuse to engage in it.<ref name="Carroll"/> |
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==Characterization== |
==Characterization== |
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===Early life=== |
===Early life=== |
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This cum guzzling nozzle throttle was raised in the backwoods of Boston by a couple of race traitors after his original adopters were reduced to ash and cocoa butter. Shunned at the |
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Sheldon was raised in [[Galveston, Texas]]<ref name="S02E09">{{cite episode|title=The White Asparagus Triangulation|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 2)#ep26|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=November 24, 2008|season=2|number=9|minutes=04:15}}</ref> along with his elder brother and fraternal twin sister (Missy) by his mother, Mary Cooper, an overtly devout [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] Christian; and George Cooper, an alcoholic who was never around. The only member of his family to have encouraged his work in science was his grandfather, whom he cherished and affectionately called "Pop-Pop" who died when Sheldon was 5 years old. Pop-Pop's loss is what caused Sheldon to despise Christmas when his Christmas wish to bring Pop-Pop back didn't come true. Sheldon's closest relative is his maternal grandmother who he calls "Meemaw" who in turn calls him "Moonpie". His aunt also encouraged Sheldon by giving him medical equipment, "in case his work in physics failed, he'd have a 'trade' to fall back on." |
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===Bazinga?=== |
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[[File:Édouard-Henri Avril anal sex detail.jpg|thumb|19th-century erotic interpretation of Bazpooper and Bazingle (detail), by [[Brian Michael Bendis]]]] |
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Sheldon Cooper is a fucking awful character designed by middle aged idiotic fuckwads who have no fucking idea how people younger than 35 act, think, or talk. He acts like an edgy autistic piece of shit sociopath with no regards for his friends. He has absolutely no idea of social constructs or human behavior, awkwardly making references to movies, video games, and above all, comic books, without rhyme or reason, and constantly, consistently, without end, repeating the dumbest fucking catchprase ever brought to the screen, silver, bronze, big or fucking small. |
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He was interested in physics from an early age, and was a [[child prodigy]],<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 3)#ep45|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=October 19, 2009|season=3|number=5}}</ref> although due to his behavioral quirks and his lack of humility about his superior intellect, he was bullied by classmates and neighbors. Sheldon entered college at the age of eleven,<ref name="S01E05">{{cite episode|title=The Hamburger Postulate|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 1)#ep5|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=October 22, 2007|season=1|number=5}}</ref><ref name="S03E18">{{cite episode|title=The Pants Alternative|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 3)#ep18|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=March 22, 2010|season=3|number=18}}</ref> and at age fourteen he graduated from college ''[[latin honors|summa cum laude]].'' From then he worked on his doctorate, was a visiting professor at the [[University of Heidelberg]] in Germany, and was the youngest person at the time to receive the Stevenson Award.<ref name=1x12 /> Sheldon is now a theoretical physicist doing research at [[Caltech]]. |
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The phrase: |
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===Personality=== |
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===Bazinga=== |
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{{Redirect|Bazinga|the jellyfish genus|Bazinga (genus)}} |
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[[File:We, two boys together clinging - 05 - Picture by Giovanni Dall'Orto, July 30 2014.jpg|thumb|Two Men Engaging in Bazinga|150px]] |
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Sheldon is often described as the stereotypical "geek". He is usually characterized as extremely intelligent, socially inept, and rigidly logical. Despite his intellect, he regularly displays a lack of [[common sense]]. He has a superiority complex, but also possesses childlike qualities, of which he seems unaware, such as extreme stubbornness. He is unknowingly unpleasant to others, even his friends. It is claimed by Bernadette that the reason Sheldon is sometimes nasty is because the part of his brain that tells him it is wrong to be nasty is "getting a wedgie from the rest of his brain". The first four episodes of ''The Big Bang Theory'' portray Sheldon slightly inconsistently with respect to his later characterization: according to Prady, the character "began to evolve after episode five or so and became his own thing."<ref name="squad">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvsquad.com/2009/08/14/come-up-with-a-new-theory-sheldon-does-not-have-aspergers|title=Come up with a new theory: Sheldon does NOT have Asperger's |publisher=[[TV Squad]]|date=August 14, 2009|accessdate=October 6, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817125113/http://www.tvsquad.com/2009/08/14/come-up-with-a-new-theory-sheldon-does-not-have-aspergers|archivedate=August 17, 2009}}</ref> |
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Yes. This stupid fucking piece of shit word. This dumb cunt keeps forcing this meme thinking its funny. Instead of actual humor, instead of effort on the part of the creative committee in charge of putting together this abomination against nature, Frankensteins monster of a sitcom that tries to be the modern hip geek version of Seinfeld without understanding how and why Seinfeld was funny or successful, INSTEAD banking on the idea that saying a funny sounding word that happens to be the genus of a fucking JELLYFISH and putting a generic laugh track after it will WORK. Instead of HUMOR, theres executive attempts at creating ARTIFICIAL ENTERTAINMENT WITH NO DEPTH OR MERIT. The fact that these fucks get millions per episode is honestly shocking, and the fact that the show is so successful is disgusting. |
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Sheldon possesses an [[eidetic memory]] and an IQ of 187,<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Pancake Batter Anomaly|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 1)#ep11|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=March 31, 2008|season=1|number=11|minutes=09:58|quote=Penny, I have an IQ of 187}}</ref> although he claims his IQ cannot be accurately measured by normal tests.<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Codpiece Topology|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 2)#ep19|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=September 29, 2008|season=2|number=2|minutes=08:20}}</ref> He originally claimed to have a master's degree and two [[Doctorate|doctoral degrees]], but this list has increased.<ref name=S01E02>{{cite episode|title=The Big Bran Hypothesis|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 1)#ep2|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=October 1, 2007|season=1|number=2|minutes=16:00}}</ref><ref name=S04E01>{{cite episode|title=The Robotic Manipulation|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 4)#ep64|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=September 23, 2010|season=4|number=1|minutes=09:36}}</ref> Sheldon has an extensive general knowledge in many subjects including physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, [[cosmology]], algebra, calculus, [[differential equations]], [[vector calculus]], computers, electronics, engineering, history, geography, linguistics, football and, in addition to a knowledge of [[Klingon]] from ''Star Trek'', he has studied [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]].<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 3)#ep5|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=October 19, 2009|season=3|number=5|minutes=13:55}}</ref> He also shows great talent in music, knowing how to play the piano, [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]] and [[theremin]] and having [[perfect pitch]].<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Bon Voyage Reaction|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 6)#ep24|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=May 16, 2013|season=6|number=24}}</ref> Although his friends have similar intellects to him, his eccentricities, stubbornness, and lack of empathy often frustrate them. Sheldon occasionally uses slang (in a very unnatural fashion), and follows jokes with his [[catchphrase]] "Bazinga!" which is now an officially registered trademark of [[Warner Bros.]]<ref name=trademarkia>{{cite web|title=BAZINGA! |author=Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. |url=http://www.trademarkia.com/bazinga-85210353.html |accessdate=September 24, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USPTO>{{cite web|title=USPTO Trademark Status and Document Retrieval|url=http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=85210239&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch|accessdate=February 18, 2013}}</ref> He is uncomfortable with human physical contact and has [[Mysophobia|germophobia]], which makes his exceptionally rare hugs extremely awkward and painful-looking. He also has [[haemophobia]], which causes him to faint at the sight of blood.<ref>''[[The Big Bang Theory (season 5)|s5 e16, The Vacation Solution]]</ref> Sheldon has difficulty coping when he is interrupted, when asked to keep a secret, or when he hears arguing.<ref name="S01E13">{{cite episode|title=The Bat Jar Conjecture|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=April 21, 2008|season=1|number=13}}</ref><ref name="S02E13">{{cite episode|title=The Friendship Algorithm|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=January 19, 2009|season=2|number=13}}</ref><ref name="S03E07">{{cite episode|title=The Guitarist Amplification|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=November 9, 2009|season=3|number=7}}</ref> He is also a [[notary public]] and uses his knowledge in law and contracts usually for his own advantage and is always distressed when challenged in a legal aspect that he cannot logically defend. In his mannerisms, Sheldon also shows symptoms associated with [[obsessive-compulsive personality disorder]]. Whenever approaching a person's home, he must knock three times, then say the person's name, and must repeat this at least three times. Upon entering a person's home, he must select the proper seat before sitting down. When it is suggested by Penny that he "Just sit anywhere", his response is "Oh, no, if only it were that simple!" This extends to his inability to accept change. His rigidity in maintaining [[homeostasis]] often causes him frustration. Because of his rigidity and stubbornness, only his mother and Bernadette – both possessing strong maternal instincts – are able to control him. |
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Fuck. |
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Like his friends, Sheldon is scientifically inclined and is fond of comic books (especially the [[DC Universe]]), [[cosplay|costumes]], [[roleplaying game]]s, video games, [[tabletop game]]s, [[collectible card game]]s, action figures, fantasy, science fiction, and cartoons. Sheldon has [[restraining orders]] from his heroes [[Leonard Nimoy]], [[Carl Sagan]], and [[Stan Lee]],<ref name="S03E15">{{cite episode|title=The Large Hadron Collision|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=February 8, 2010|season=3|number=15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode|title=The Vacation Solution|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 5)#ep103|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=February 9, 2012|season=5|number=16|minutes=12:55}}</ref><ref name=S02E11>Season 2, Episode 11: The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis</ref> as well as television scientist [[Bill Nye]].<ref name=S07E7>{{cite episode|title=The Proton Displacement|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 7)#ep142|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=November 7, 2013|season=7|number=7|minutes=16:23}}</ref> Sheldon often wears vintage T-shirts adorned with superhero logos. |
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[[File:Christopher Fairman.jpg|thumb|upright|Bazinga]] |
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{{Infobox film |
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| name = Fuck |
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| image = Fuck_film_poster.jpg |
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| image_size = |
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| alt = Bazinga |
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| caption = Bazinga |
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| director = [[Bazinga (director)|Bazinga]] |
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| producer = Bazinga |
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| starring = [[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[JBazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]]<br />[[Bazinga]] |
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| cinematography = Bazinga |
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| editing = J. Edward Bazinga |
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|music=Bazinga |
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| studio = Bazinga Films<br />[[Bazinga]] |
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| distributor = Bazinga |
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| released = Bazinga |
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| runtime = Bazinga |
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| country = Bazinga |
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| language = Bazinga |
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}} |
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===Family=== |
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Sheldly contrasts strongly with his family, who are neither niggers nor faggots. His father George was turned into a grill before the start of the series, while his mother Mary is a devout born-again Christian and loving parent, though this is simply a cover for her homosexual night activities in a bar down the street. Sheldly has a twin sister, Bazissy, a short, fucked up blob monster, brunette, and an as-yet-unseen older brother, George Foreman Jr.<ref name="S03E02">{{cite episode|title=The Jiminy Conjecture|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=April 27, 2009|season=3|number=2}}</ref> Both Bazissy and George Jr. beat Sheldly up during their childhoods. Its unconfirmed, but Sheldly would claim that they screamed "It's Clobberin' Time!" Before beating the fuck out of his stupid face. Their mother describes them to be "dumb as the bag of condoms i keep in my cooch purse."<ref name="S01E04">{{cite episode|title=The Luminous Fish Effect|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 1)#ep4|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=October 15, 2007|season=1|number=4}}</ref> Sheldly is very fond of his maternal grandmother, whom he calls "Gubb Gubb" and who calls him "[[Faggot]]."<ref name="S02E17">{{cite episode|title=The Terminator Decoupling|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=March 9, 2009|season=2|number=17}}</ref> He called his grandfather, who died when Sheldly was five, Gubsy.<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Santa Simulation|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 6)#ep11|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=December 13, 2012|season=6|number=11}}</ref> |
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Sheldon has sometimes appeared to show empathy, including lending money to [[Penny (The Big Bang Theory)|Penny]] without expecting it back quickly (although that may just have been his logical Spock-like response to a problem to be solved; it was, after all, money he was not using and would not miss<ref name="S02E14">{{cite episode|title=The Financial Permeability|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=February 2, 2009|season=2|number=14}}</ref>) and driving her to a hospital when her shoulder was dislocated.<ref name="S03E8">{{cite episode|title=The Adhesive Duck Deficiency|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=November 16, 2009|season=3|number=9}}</ref> He dislikes gifts, because the "social contract" in his view creates either a debt or burden on the receiver of the gift which will not stop until one of the two involved in the "gift-relationship" dies leaving the other either in debt or with an undue surplus.<ref name=>{{cite episode|title=The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=December 15, 2008|season=2|number=11}}</ref> Sheldon does not take drugs, not even legal ones such as caffeine, due to a promise to his mother, and is hypersensitive when he accidentally consumes them.<ref name="S0218">{{cite episode|title=The Work Song Nanocluster|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|season=2|number=18}}</ref><ref name="S02E01">{{cite episode|title=The Bad Fish Paradigm|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=September 22, 2008|season=2|number=1}}</ref> It has been shown, however, that alcohol often causes Sheldon to loosen up significantly, although it will also cloud his judgment – on occasion, after drinking alcoholic drinks (both deliberately and accidentally), he has done things that he would never do while sober, such as singing out loud, mooning an audience full of people, confronting Wil Wheaton and affectionately slapping Amy's rear. |
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===Relationships=== |
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In response to criticism from his friends that he is mentally ill, Sheldon often retorts, "I'm not crazy; my mother had me tested" – which his mother has confirmed to be true (once while wishing she had gone through with a follow-up examination).<ref name="S02E16">{{cite episode|title=The Cushion Saturation|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=March 2, 2009|season=2|number=16}}</ref><ref name="S02E04">{{cite episode|title=The Griffin Equivalency|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=October 13, 2008|season=2|number=7}}</ref><ref name="S05E06">{{cite episode|title=The Rhinitis Revelation|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=October 20, 2011|season=5|number=6}}</ref> |
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'''Gay pride''' or '''LGBT pride''' is the positive stance against discrimination and violence toward [[LGBT|lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)]] people to promote their [[self-affirmation]], dignity, equality rights, increase their visibility as a [[social group]], build community, and celebrate sexual diversity and [[gender variance]]. Pride, as opposed to shame and [[social stigma]], is the predominant outlook that bolsters most [[LGBT rights]] movements throughout the world. Pride has lent its name to LGBT-themed organizations, institutes, foundations, book titles, periodicals and even a [[OUTtv|cable TV station]] and the [[Pride Library]]. |
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Ranging from solemn to carnivalesque, pride events are typically held during [[Gay pride#LGBT Pride Month|LGBT Pride Month]] or some other period that commemorates a turning point in a country’s [[LGBT history]], for example [[Moscow Pride]] in May for the anniversary of Russia's 1993 decriminalization of homosexuality. Some pride events include [[Pride parade|LGBT pride parades and marches]], rallies, commemorations, community days, dance parties, and large festivals, such as [[Sydney Mardi Gras]], which spans several weeks. |
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===Family=== |
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Sheldon contrasts strongly with his family, who are neither scientists nor intellectuals. His father George died before the start of the series, while his mother Mary is a devout born-again Christian and loving parent. Sheldon has a twin sister, Missy, a tall, attractive brunette, and an as-yet-unseen older brother, George Jr.<ref name="S03E02">{{cite episode|title=The Jiminy Conjecture|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=April 27, 2009|season=3|number=2}}</ref> Both Missy and George Jr. beat Sheldon up during their childhoods, and their mother describes them to be "dumb as soup."<ref name="S01E04">{{cite episode|title=The Luminous Fish Effect|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 1)#ep4|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=October 15, 2007|season=1|number=4}}</ref> Sheldon is very fond of his maternal grandmother, whom he calls "Meemaw" and who calls him "[[Moon Pie]]."<ref name="S02E17">{{cite episode|title=The Terminator Decoupling|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=March 9, 2009|season=2|number=17}}</ref> He called his grandfather, who died when Sheldon was five, Pop Pop.<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Santa Simulation|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 6)#ep11|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=December 13, 2012|season=6|number=11}}</ref> |
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'''In the closet''' may refer to: |
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Sheldon has a maternal uncle, Edward, who is called "Stumpy" as the result of a time when he cleaned a wood chipper by hand. Sheldon had another uncle, called Carl Cooper, who was killed by a badger while cleaning a chimney. And another uncle that may have done things to children that were legal in Oklahoma per "The Clean Room Infiltration". |
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* a label for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender ([[LGBT]]) people who choose not to or have yet to [[Coming out|come out of the closet]], i.e. disclose their sexual orientation and/or gender identity, regardless of how they self-identify. |
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Sheldon has an uncle, Roger and a now-deceased aunt Ruth. In "The Engagement Reaction", Sheldon mentions Ruth died in a hospital when she went there to visit Roger, she caught something and bit the dust a week later and the two of them now share a coffee can on Sheldon's mother’s mantle. |
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Common symbols of pride are the [[Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)|rainbow or pride flag]], the lowercase Greek letter [[lambda (letter)|lambda (λ)]], the [[pink triangle]] and the [[Black triangle (badge)|black triangle]], these latter two [[Reappropriation|reclaimed]] from use as [[badges of shame]] in [[Nazi]] [[concentration camp]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lambda.org/symbols.htm|title=Symbols of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Movements |
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===Relationships=== |
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|accessdate=30 July 2007|publisher=www.lambda.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816231858/http://www.lambda.org/symbols.htm|archivedate=16 August 2007}}</ref> |
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Sheldon's closest friends are [[Leonard Hofstadter]], [[Howard Wolowitz]], and [[Raj Koothrappali]]. Of the three, Sheldon is openly dismissive of Howard and constantly [[wikt:opine|opines]] that a Master's degree in engineering demonstrates a lesser intellect than that of the others, who all possess science doctorates. Despite that, Sheldon has referred to Howard as a "treasured acquaintance" and a friend at various points.<ref>{{cite episode|title=The Bozeman Reaction|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 3)#ep13|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=January 18, 2010|season=3|number=13}}</ref> Sheldon considers Leonard his best friend, as they live together and can tolerate each other. Prady stated that "the fact that, despite everything, Leonard considers Sheldon his best friend reminds us of Sheldon's essential humanity."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2010/01/big-bang-theory-johnny-galecki-cbs-sheldon-leonard.html|title=Having 'Big' fun on a hit comedy: A chat with 'Big Bang Theory's' Johnny Galecki|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=January 10, 2010|accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref> Sheldon can only handle having a limited number of friends in his life at a time, but later shows flexibility when he accepts Bernadette and Amy as part of the social group. In Season 6, the guys ask if comic book store owner Stuart can be part of the group while Howard is in space. |
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==Reception and legacy== |
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{{pp-semi-indef}} |
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{{Suicide sidebar}} |
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A '''suicide method''' is any means by which a person commits [[suicide]], purposely taking their own life. Suicide methods can be classified according to two modes of interrupting one's life processes: physical or chemical. Physical modes of interruption typically act by incapacitating the [[respiratory system]] or the [[central nervous system]], usually by destruction of one or more key components. Chemical modes focus on interrupting biologically significant processes such as [[cellular respiration]] or [[diffusion capacity]]. Chemical methods of suicide produce latent evidence of action, whereas physical methods provide direct evidence.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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{{TOC limit|3}} |
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Despite Penny's neither being a scientist nor sharing many of the group's interests,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/106/1065246p2.html|title=Bazinga! Sheldon Speaks|work=[[IGN]]|date=January 29, 2010|accessdate=February 1, 2010}}</ref> and having constant fights with Sheldon in the early episodes, they became close friends.<ref name="S01E11">{{cite episode|title=The Pancake Batter Anomaly|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 1)#ep11|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=March 31, 2008|season=1|number=11}}</ref> While some fans support a romantic relationship between Sheldon and Penny,<ref name="LAT">{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dodgerthoughts/2009/12/big-bang-theory.html|title='The Big Bang Theory': Why Penny and Sheldon will hook up|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author=Jon Weisman|date=December 8, 2009|accessdate=January 18, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213013143/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dodgerthoughts/2009/12/big-bang-theory.html|archivedate=December 13, 2009}}</ref><ref name="EW3">{{cite web|url=http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2009/04/27/big-bang-video//|title='Big Bang' video: Jim Parsons tackles Sheldon-Penny romance, the virginity thing, and more!|work=The Ausiello Files|date=April 27, 2009|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref> Lorre has stated his opposition to it by saying: "We've stumbled into creating a character who has chosen a lifestyle for himself that is unique. And I don't see any reason to modify it."<ref name="EW1">{{cite web|url=http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2010/01/09/big-bang-scoop-romance-for-penny-and-sheldon/|title=Big Bang scoop: Romance for Penny and Sheldon?|work=[[IGN]]|date=January 9, 2010|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref> |
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==Bleeding== |
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It has been speculated that Sheldon may be [[Asexuality|asexual]] or [[aromantic]]. Series co-creator Chuck Lorre said: "Part of what's wonderful and unique about [Sheldon] is he has chosen not to play in the relationship game either way – heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, any sexuality."<ref name="EW1"/> This is referenced in "The Cooper-Nowitzki Theorem", when Sheldon unknowingly attracts the attention of grad student Ramona Nowitzki, and Penny, seeing this, asks his friends what his "deal" (i.e., sexual orientation) is, to which Leonard responds, "Honestly, we've been operating under the assumption that he has no 'deal'." |
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{{See also|Self-injury}} |
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[[Suicide]] by [[exsanguination]] involves reducing the volume and pressure of the blood to below critical levels by inducing massive [[blood loss]]. It is usually the result of damage inflicted on [[arteries]]. The [[Internal carotid artery|carotid]], [[radial artery|radial]], [[ulnar artery|ulnar]] or [[femoral artery|femoral]] arteries may be targeted. Death may occur directly as a result of the [[desanguination]] of the body or via [[hypovolemia]], wherein the [[blood volume]] in the circulatory system becomes too low and results in the body shutting down.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5" |
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|- |
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| left;| '''Juliet:''' O happy dagger! [''Takes Romeo's dagger.'']<br />This is thy sheath. [''Stabs herself.'']<br />There rust, and let me die. [''Falls on Romeo's body and dies.''] |
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|- |
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| style="text-align: left;" | – ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Act V, Scene III |
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|} |
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Persons considering a suicide attempt, or trying out the weapon to ascertain its effectiveness, may first make shallow cuts, referred to as ''hesitation wounds'' or ''tentative wounds'' in the literature. They are often non-lethal, multiple parallel cuts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pounder|first=Derrick|title=Lecture Notes in Forensic Medicine|url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/forensicmedicine/notes/Lecture%20Notes%20in%20Forensic%20Medicine%20Derrick%20Pounder%2048pages.pdf|accessdate=16 April 2011|page=6}}</ref> |
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===Wrist cutting=== |
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[[File:Mayim Bialik and Jim Parsons at PaleyFest 2013.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mayim Bialik]] (who portrays [[Amy Farrah Fowler]]) and Jim Parsons at PaleyFest 2013 for the TV show "Big Bang Theory"]] |
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Wrist cutting is sometimes practiced with the goal of [[self-mutilation]] and not suicide; however, if the bleeding is copious and/or allowed to continue unchecked, [[cardiac arrhythmia]], followed by severe [[hypovolemia]], [[shock (circulatory)|shock]], [[circulatory collapse]] and/or [[cardiac arrest]], and death may ensue, in that order.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dutton MD. MBA|first=Richard P.|title=Pathophysiology of Traumatic Shock|url=http://www.itaccs.com/traumacare/archive/2008_vol18_no1/Pathophysiology_of_Traumatic_Shock_Itaccs_vol18no1-4.pdf|work=Web|accessdate=23 August 2013}}</ref> |
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In the [[The Big Bang Theory (season 3)#ep63|season 3 finale]], Raj and Howard blackmail Sheldon into meeting [[Amy Farrah Fowler]], with whom they matched him on a dating website. After some obnoxious comments about the dating website, Sheldon finds that Amy agrees with him, and he grows fond of her when she says that "Any or all physical contact up to and including [[coitus]] is off the table." The relationship continues in the fourth season, although Sheldon often points out that they are not in a romantic relationship. The two enjoy intellectual games they create, and Amy and Sheldon openly express the same type of intellectual superiority.<ref name="S04E03">{{cite episode|title=The Zazzy Substitution|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=October 7, 2010|season=4|number=03}}</ref> After Leonard inadvertently implies that he and Amy may have had sex after a wedding reception they both attended, Sheldon has an unexpectedly violent reaction, karate-chopping Leonard's neck while telling Leonard "She's not for you... not for you!"<ref name="S05E03">{{cite episode|title=The Pulled Groin Extrapolation|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=September 29, 2011|season=5|number=03}}</ref> |
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In the case of a failed suicide attempt, the person may experience injury of the [[tendons]] of the extrinsic flexor muscles, or the [[ulnar nerve|ulnar]] and [[median nerve|median]] nerves which control the muscles of the hand, both of which can result in temporary or permanent reduction in the victim's sensory and/or motor ability and/or also cause chronic somatic or autonomic pain.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Bukhari | first =AJ |author2=Saleem M |author3=Bhutta AR |author4=Khan AZ |author5=Abid KJ. | title = Spaghetti wrist: management and outcome | journal = J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. | volume = 14 | issue =(10) | pages = 608–11 |date=October 2004 | pmid = 15456551 | doi = 10.2004/JCPSP.608611}}</ref> As in any class IV hemorrhage, aggressive resuscitation is required to prevent death of the patient; standard emergency bleeding control applies for pre-hospital treatment. |
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In Season 5, Sheldon formally asks Amy to be his girlfriend in "[[The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition]]" episode. Amy begins a campaign to give Sheldon more attention to increase his feelings for her by embracing his interests. As they watch Howard being launched into space in the season finale, "The Countdown Reflection", Amy is surprised when Sheldon takes her hand for emotional support.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} |
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==Drowning== |
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During the first half of Season 6, in "The Parking Spot Escalation" and "The Fish Guts Displacement", Sheldon is pushed further after seeing Amy partially exposed and taking care of her while she is ill. In the episode "The Cooper/Kripke Inversion", after being directly asked by Penny if he would ever have sex with Amy, Sheldon admits to Penny and Leonard that a physical relationship with Amy is a possibility, and being touched is something he is working on. While upset about Kripke, Amy does give him a consoling hug that Sheldon seems to need and want. Even so, Amy has offered other romantic physical contact, and was very uncomfortable when they had to cuddle. In "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation", Leonard temporarily moves out and Amy proposes that she would be his perfect roommate and tries to move in, though Sheldon is uncomfortable with this change in their relationship. While playing Dungeons and Dragons during "The Love Spell Potential", Amy and Sheldon's characters are commanded to have sex within the game. A very upset Amy asks Sheldon if they are ever going to be intimate and he again admits that it is a possibility. In the Season 7 episode "The Locomotive Manipulation", Sheldon passionately kisses Amy on the lips for the first time; though it was more to prove a point, he prolonged it, implying he enjoyed the feeling. A later episode showed him willingly kissing Amy, implying he has gotten more comfortable in such a position of physical intimacy. |
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[[File:Street Girl's End.jpg|thumb|right|A [[homeless]] girl contemplates [[drowning]] herself.]] |
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The ultimate proof of Sheldon having feelings for Amy is given in "the Prom Equivalency" when he finally admits being in love with her: "I love you too. There's no denying I have feelings for you that can't be explained in any other way. I briefly considered I had a brain parasite, but that seems even more far-fetched. The only conclusion was love." |
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{{Main|Drowning}} |
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Suicide by [[drowning]] is the act of deliberately submerging oneself in water or other liquid to prevent [[breath]]ing and [[asphyxia|deprive the brain of oxygen]]. Due to the body's natural tendency to come up for air, drowning attempts often involve the use of a heavy object to overcome this reflex. As the level of carbon dioxide in the victim's blood rises, the [[central nervous system]] sends the respiratory muscles an involuntary signal to contract, and the person breathes in water. Death usually occurs as the level of oxygen becomes too low to sustain the brain cells. It is among the least common methods of suicide, typically accounting for less than 2% of all reported suicides in the United States.<ref name='WISQARS'>{{cite web |
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| url = http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10.html |
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| title = WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Reports |
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| accessdate = 2009-07-06 |
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}}</ref> |
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==Suffocation== |
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In the eighth season finale Sheldon and Amy get into a fight over their definition of commitment: Sheldon feels his relationship with Amy is going fast on its own, but Amy argues he is taking things too slow and does not properly bestow on her unlimited affection. By the episode's end she has decided to take a break from their relationship. Sheldon is left numb from this, revealing he actually had an engagement ring and ponders what he should do with it. |
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{{see also|Suicide bag}} |
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Suicide by [[suffocation]] is the act of inhibiting one's ability to breathe or limiting oxygen uptake while breathing, causing [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] and eventually [[asphyxia]]. This may involve an [[exit bag]] (a plastic bag fixed over the head) or confinement in an enclosed space without oxygen. These attempts involve using depressants to make the user pass out due to the oxygen deprivation before the instinctive panic and the urge to escape due to the [[hypercapnia|hypercapnic alarm response]]. |
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It is impossible for someone to commit suicide by simply holding their breath, as the level of oxygen in the blood becomes too low, the brain sends an involuntary reflex, and the person breathes in as the respiratory muscles contract. Even if one is able to overcome this response to the point of becoming unconscious, in this condition, it's no longer possible to control breathing, and a normal rhythm is reestablished.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kurzban|first=Robert|title=Why Can’t You Hold Your Breath Until You’re Dead?|url=http://www.epjournal.net/blog/2011/02/why-can%E2%80%99t-you-hold-your-breath-until-you%E2%80%99re-dead/|work=Web.|accessdate=23 August 2013|date=7 February 2011}}</ref> |
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Because of this, one is more likely to commit suicide through gas inhalation than attempting to prevent breathing all together. [[Inert gas]]es such as [[helium]], [[nitrogen]], and [[argon]], or toxic gases such as [[Carbon monoxide poisoning|carbon monoxide]] are commonly used in suicides by suffocation due to their ability to quickly render a person unconscious, and may cause death within minutes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib042704.html | title=Deaths Involving the Inadvertent Connection of Air-line Respirators to Inert Gas Supplies }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Goldstein M|title=Carbon monoxide poisoning|journal=Journal of Emergency Nursing: JEN: Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association|volume=34|issue=6|pages=538–542|date=December 2008|pmid=19022078|doi=10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014}}</ref> |
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He once idolized fictional prodigy [[Wesley Crusher]] from ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]],'' portrayed by [[Wil Wheaton]], until Wheaton did not show up at a convention attended by Sheldon in 1995. Sheldon had spent 15 hours on a bus travelling to the convention during which time he was forced to break his rule about urinating in a moving vehicle. After this moment [[Wil Wheaton]] became number six on Sheldon's mortal enemy list (a list he started when he was 9 on a Floppy Disk since 1989). Wheaton was one of Sheldon's mortal enemies, along with his coworkers [[Barry Kripke]] and [[Leslie Winkle]]. Later, Wheaton managed to patch things up with Sheldon, only to inadvertently pass the enemy list spot to [[Brent Spiner]].<ref name=S05E05>{{cite episode|title=The Russian Rocket Reaction|episodelink=The Big Bang Theory (season 5)#ep5|series=The Big Bang Theory|serieslink=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=October 13, 2011|season=5|number=5|minutes=}}</ref> |
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==Hypothermia== |
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==Reception and legacy== |
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{{Main|Hypothermia}} |
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Suicide by [[hypothermia]] or by cold, is a slow death that goes through several stages. Hypothermia begins with mild symptoms, gradually leading to moderate and severe penalties. This may involve [[shivering]], [[delirium]], [[hallucination]]s, lack of coordination, sensations of warmth, then finally death. One's organs cease to function, though clinical [[brain death]] can be delayed.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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== |
==Electrocution== |
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{{Main|Electrocution}} |
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[[File:Двухслойный трафарет.jpg|thumb|Sheldon Cooper doing the [[vulcan salute]], stencil graffiti on a wall in [[Volgograd]], Russia.]] |
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Suicide by electrocution involves using a lethal [[electric shock]] to kill oneself. This causes arrhythmias of the heart, meaning that the heart does not contract in synchrony between the different chambers, essentially causing elimination of blood flow. Furthermore, depending on the amount of electric current, burns may also occur. In his opinion outlawing the [[electric chair]] as a method of execution, Justice [[William M. Connolly]] of the [[Nebraska Supreme Court]] stated that "electrocution inflicts intense pain and agonizing suffering" and inflicted "unnecessary pain, suffering and torture."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/09penalty.html | work=The New York Times | title=Electrocution Is Banned in Last State to Rely on It| first=Adam | last=Liptak | date=2008-02-09 | accessdate=2010-05-24}}</ref> |
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Jim Parsons' portrayal of Sheldon has received widespread acclaim, and is often cited as the main reason for the program's success by critics and fans alike.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/entertainment/the_tab/the_buzz-39481582.html|title=The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon|last=Oswald|first=Brad|work=[[Winnipeg Free Press]]|accessdate=January 13, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313081930/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/entertainment/the_tab/the_buzz-39481582.html|archivedate=March 13, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/Entertainment/Television/article/575764|title=Nerd herd doing a bang-up job|last=Salem|first=Rob|date=January 24, 2009|work=The Toronto Star|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2009/02/08/gentle_twists_on_reliable_formulas_keep_viewers_hooked/|title=Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked|last=Gilbert|first=Matthew|date=February 8, 2009|work=The Boston Globe|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref> James Chamberlin of IGN wrote: "It's hard to imagine what ''The Big Bang Theory'' would be if it weren't for Jim Parsons' great portrayal of Sheldon Cooper".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/946/946275p1.html|title="The Friendship Algorithm" Review|work=[[IGN]]|date=January 20, 2009|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref> Matt Roush of ''[[TV Guide]]'' stated that "there's a spark of divine inspiration in Jim Parsons' uproarious Sheldon Cooper."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguidemagazine.com/matt-roush-daily-review/what-a-year-3521.html|title=What a Year!|work=[[TV Guide]]|date=December 14, 2009|accessdate=January 13, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218155304/http://www.tvguidemagazine.com/matt-roush-daily-review/what-a-year-3521.html|archivedate=February 18, 2010}}</ref> Ken Tucker of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' wrote that: "Parsons is doing something rare on network TV: making intellectualism admirable, even heroic".<ref name="EW2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20237937,00.html|title=The Big Bang Theory|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=November 5, 2008|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref> |
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==Jumping from height== |
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On July 16, 2009, Jim Parsons was nominated for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdn.emmys.tv/awards/2009ptemmys/61stemmys_noms.php |title=61st Primetime Emmy® Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences |publisher=Cdn.emmys.tv |date=July 19, 2012 |accessdate=July 27, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106152818/http://cdn.emmys.tv/awards/2009ptemmys/61stemmys_nomswin_pt.php?action=search_db#1|archivedate=November 6, 2009}}</ref> He was nominated again for the same award on July 8, 2010 and eventually won the award on August 29, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/sites/emmys.com/files/62ndemmys_noms.pdf|title=Complete Emmy lisitngs|accessdate=July 8, 2010|format=PDF|publisher=Emmy Award}}</ref> On August 1, 2009, he won the [[TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy]], with the show itself winning the award for [[TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy|Outstanding Achievement in Comedy]] for season two.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/08/tca-awards-television-critics-association-news-.html|title=TCA Awards hail 'True Blood' and (finally) 'Battlestar Galactica'|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=August 2, 2009|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref> He was nominated again for the same award in 2010 and 2012. Parsons was also nominated for the [[People's Choice Award]] for Favorite TV Comedy Actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp|title=People's Choice Awards Nominees & Winners:2010|publisher=peoplschoice.com|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref> and a [[Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy]] in 2009, 2010, and 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2009.shtml|title=2009 14th Annual SATELLITE AWARDS|publisher=pressacademy.com|accessdate=January 13, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008032601/http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2009.shtml|archivedate=October 8, 2011}}</ref> On January 16, 2011, Parsons won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy]], presented by co-star [[Kaley Cuoco]], for his work on Season 3 and 4. On June 20, 2011, he won the [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Series]] at the [[1st Critics' Choice Television Awards]] for his work on Season 4, and was nominated again for the same award in 2012. On September 18, 2011, he won his second consecutive [[Primetime Emmy Award]] and was nominated again for the same award on July 19, 2012. In 2013, Parsons was nominated once again for the Golden Globe and received his first nomination for the [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series]]. |
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{{Main|Jumper (suicide)|Self-defenestration}} |
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Jumping from height is the act of [[jumping]] from high altitudes, for example, from a window (self-defenestration or auto-defenestration), balcony or roof of a [[high rise building]], [[cliff]], [[dam]] or [[bridge]]. This method, in most cases, results in severe consequences if the attempt fails, such as [[paralysis]], organ damage, and [[bone fractures]].{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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In the United States, jumping is among the least common methods of committing suicide (less than 2% of all reported suicides in the United States for 2005).<ref name="WISQARS"/> |
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The asteroid 246247 Sheldoncooper was named after Sheldon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=246247;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#discovery|title=JPL Small-Body Database|accessdate=September 1, 2012}}</ref> In 2012, a newly discovered species of bee was named ''[[Euglossa bazinga]],'' after the character's noted [[catch phrase]], "Bazinga!"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/2012/12/a-brand-new-bee-was-just-named-after-sheldon-from-the-big-bang-theory |title=A Brand New Bee Was Just Named After Sheldon From 'The Big Bang Theory' |first=Rose |last=Eveleth |date=December 17, 2012 |publisher=Smithsonion.com |agency=Smart News |accessdate=May 21, 2013}}</ref> |
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In [[Hong Kong]], jumping is the most common method of committing suicide, accounting for 52.1% of all reported suicide cases in 2006 and similar rates for the years prior to that.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = http://csrp.hku.hk | title = Method Used in Completed Suicide | work = | publisher = HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong | year = 2006 | url = http://csrp.hku.hk/WEB/eng/statistics.asp#3 | doi = | accessdate = 2009-09-10}}</ref> The Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of the [[University of Hong Kong]] believes that it may be due to the abundance of easily accessible [[high rise]] buildings in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news |
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|first = 周志鴻 |
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|first2 = 譚健文 |
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|title = 遭家人責罵:掛住上網媾女唔讀書 成績跌出三甲 中四生跳樓亡 |
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|newspaper = [[Apple Daily]] |
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|date = 9 August 2009 |
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|url = http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/template/apple/art_main.php?iss_id=20090809&sec_id=4104&subsec=12731&art_id=13078710 |
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|accessdate = 2009-09-10 |
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}}</ref> |
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There have been several documented cases of suicide by [[Parachuting|skydiving]], by people who deliberately failed to open their [[parachute]] (or removed it during [[freefall]]) and were found to have left suicide notes.<ref>{{cite journal|author=W.G. Eckert and W.S. Reals|title=Air disaster investigation|journal=Legal Medicine Annual|year=1978|pages=57–70}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David Dolinak, Evan W. Matshes and Emma O. Lew|title=Forensic pathology: principles and practice|publisher=Academic Press|year=2005|page=293|isbn=0-12-219951-0}}</ref> Expert Skydiver and former 22 SAS Soldier [[Charles (Nish) Bruce QGM]] committed suicide<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/jun/21/military.rebeccaallison: ''[[The Guardian]]: Suicide Verdict - Depressed pilot leapt to death'' (21 June 2002): Rebecca Allison</ref> following 8 years of mental illness and periods under section by leaping from a [[Cessna 172]] from 5000 feet over Fyfield, [[Oxfordshire]] without a parachute whilst on a private flight home from [[Spain]] to [[Hinton Skydiving Centre]].<ref>[http://articles.cnn.com/2002-01-10/world/britain.cessna_1_plane-light-aircraft-sas?_s=PM:WORLD = ''CNN World News - SAS Soldier dies in plane plunge'' - 10 January 2002]</ref> His military history and the manner of his death resulted in extensive media coverage.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-124321/How-I-fought-stop-SAS-mans-suicide-leap.html#axzz2KACtlHR8: ''[[Daily Mail]]: How I fought to stop SAS man's suicide leap'' (January 2002): Rebecca English</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1758301.stm - ''[[BBC News]]: Falklands veterans claim suicide toll'' (13 January 2002).</ref><ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/jan/16/law.military: ''[[The Guardian]] - The Forgotten Army, Clare Dyer (''16 January 2002)</ref><ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-93990/SAS-veteran-5-000ft-suicide-leap-plane.html#axzz2JyR4Rbq5: T''he [[Daily Mail]] - SAS Veteran in 5000 ft suicide leap from Plane:''Rebecca English</ref><ref name="guardian">http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,630819,00.html - Addley, Esther ''"The Suicide of an Ex-SAS Man, Into the Abyss"'', 11 January 2002, Paragraph 8 - ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> Numerous sources<ref>Clive Emsley, ''Soldier, Sailor, Beggarman, Thief: Crime and the British Armed Services since 1914'' (2013). Page 193. ISBN 978-0-19-965371-3.</ref><ref>Michael Kennedy, ''Soldier 'I' - The Story of an SAS Hero'' (2011). Page 350. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781849086509</ref> have looked to attribute his breakdown and suicide to [[Post Traumatic Stress Disorder]].<ref>Tony Banks, ''Storming the Falklands, My War and After'' (2012). Chapter 6. Little Brown Publishing. ISBN 9780748130603</ref> |
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==Firearms== |
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{{see also|Multiple gunshot suicide}} |
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A common suicide method is to use a [[firearm]]. Generally, the [[bullet]] will be aimed at [[point-blank range]], often at the head or, less commonly, into the mouth, under the chin, or pointed at the chest. Worldwide, firearm prevalence in suicides varies widely, depending on the acceptance and availability of firearms in a culture. The use of firearms in suicides ranges from less than 10% in Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442458840 |title=A review of suicide statistics in Australia|publisher=Government of Australia}}</ref> to 50.5% in the U.S., where it is the most common method of suicide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suicidology.org/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=262&name=DLFE-636.pdf |title=U.S.A. Suicide: 2010 Official Final Data |last1=McIntosh |first1=JL |last2=Drapeau |first2=CW |date=November 28, 2012 |website=suicidology.org |publisher=American Association of Suicidology |accessdate=February 25, 2014}}</ref> |
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A failed suicide attempt by firearm may result in severe [[chronic pain]] for the patient as well as reduced cognitive abilities and motor function, [[subdural hematoma]], foreign bodies in the head, [[pneumocephalus]] and [[cerebrospinal fluid leak]]s. For temporal bone directed bullets, temporal lobe abscess, meningitis, aphasia, hemianopsia, and hemiplegia are common late intracranial complications. As many as 50% of people who survive gunshots wounds directed at the temporal bone suffer facial nerve damage, usually due to a severed nerve.<ref name = "TEMPORAL_SHOT">{{cite web | url=http://www.bcm.edu/oto/grand/8593.html | title=Temporal Bone Gunshot Wounds: Evaluation and Management | publisher=Baylor College of Medicine | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080517030957/http://www.bcm.edu/oto/grand/8593.html |archivedate=17 May 2008 | first=Douglas | last=Backous |date=5 August 1993}}</ref> |
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Research published in the New England Journal of Medicine and the National Academy of Science found an association between household firearm ownership and gun [[suicide]] rates,<ref name="NAS-exec">{{cite book |title=Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review |year=2004 |publisher=National Academy of Science |author=Committee on Law and Justice |chapter=Executive Summary |url=http://www.nap.edu/books/0309091241/html/1.html |isbn=0-309-09124-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJM199208133270705 |last=Kellermann |first=A.L. |title=Suicide in the home in relation to gun ownership |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |year=1992 |volume=327 |pages=467–472 |pmid=1308093 |issue=7 |first2=F.P. |last2=Rivara |first3=G. |last3=Somes |display-authors=4 |last4=Francisco |first4=Jerry |last5=Banton |first5=Joyce Gillentine |last6=Prodzinski |first6=Janice |last7=Fligner |first7=Corinne |last8=Hackman |first8=Bela B.}}</ref> though a study by one researcher did not find a [[statistically significant]] association between household firearms and gun suicide rates,<ref name="Miller_Hemenway"/> except in the suicides of children aged 5–14.<ref name="Miller_Hemenway">{{cite book |author=Miller, Matthew and Hemenway, David|title=Firearm Prevalence and the Risk of Suicide: A Review|url= http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/Fall2001/miller.htm |publisher=Harvard Health Policy Review |year=2001 | page=2 | quote=One study found a statistically significant relationship between gun ownership levels and suicide rate across 14 developed nations (e.g. where survey data on gun ownership levels were available), but the association lost its statistical significance when additional countries were included.}}</ref> During the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a strong upward trend in adolescent suicides with a gun,<ref name="cook2000-ch2">{{cite book |author=Cook, Philip J., Jens Ludwig |title=Gun Violence: The Real Costs |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |chapter=Chapter 2 |isbn=0-19-513793-0}}</ref> as well as a sharp overall increase in suicides among those age 75 and over.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ikeda, Robin M., Rachel Gorwitz, Stephen P. James, Kenneth E. Powell, James A. Mercy |title=Fatal Firearm Injuries in the United States, 1962-1994: Violence Surveillance Summary Series, No. 3 |year=1997 |publisher=National Center for Injury and Prevention Control}}</ref> |
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Two separate studies, in Canada and Australia, conducted in conjunction with more restrictive firearms legislation, demonstrated that while legislation showed a decrease in firearms suicide, other methods such as hanging increased. In Australia, the overall rate of suicide continued along an increasing trend, not decreasing until measures specifically aimed to provide support for those intent on suicide were implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&src=google&base=ADOLEC&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=12882416&indexSearch=ID |title=Bases.bireme.br |publisher=Bases.bireme.br |accessdate=2012-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atypon-link.com/GPI/doi/abs/10.1521/suli.33.2.151.22775 |title=Atypon-link.com |publisher=Atypon-link.com |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2012-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000258711 |title=Questia.com |publisher=Questia.com |accessdate=2012-01-15}}</ref> |
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According to criminologist [[Gary Kleck]], studies that try to link gun ownership to victimology often fail to account for the presence of guns owned by other people.<ref name=Kleck-2004>{{cite journal |last=Kleck |first=Gary |year=2004 |title=Measures of Gun Ownership Levels of Macro-Level Crime and Violence Research |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Measures_of_Gun_Ownership_Levels_for_Macro-Level_Crime_and_Violence_Research.pdf |journal=Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency |publisher=Sage Publications |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=3–36 |doi=10.1177/0022427803256229 |id={{NCJ|203876}} |quote=Studies that attempt to link the gun ownership of individuals to their experiences as victims (e.g., Kellermann, et al. 1993) do not effectively determine how an individual's risk of victimization is affected by gun ownership by other people, especially those not living in the gun owner's own household. }}</ref> Research by economists [[John Lott]] of the U.S. and John Whitley of Australia indicates that safe-storage laws do not appear to affect juvenile accidental gun deaths or suicides.<ref name=Lott-2001>{{cite journal |last=Lott |first=John R. |last2=Whitley |first2=John E. |year=2001 |title=Safe-Storage Gun Laws: Accidental Deaths, Suicides, and Crime |url=http://johnrlott.tripod.com/whitney.pdf |journal=Journal of Law and Economics |publisher= |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=659–689 |doi=10.1086/338346 |quote=It is frequently assumed that safe-storage laws reduce accidental gun deaths and total suicides. We find no support that safe-storage laws reduce either juvenile accidental gun deaths or suicides. }}</ref> |
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==Hanging== |
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[[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -47- - Desperation.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Giotto]]'s ''Desperatio'', depicting suicide by [[hanging]].]] |
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{{Main|Suicide by hanging}} |
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When [[hanging]] one's self, the subject uses some type of [[wiktionary:ligature|ligature]], as in a rope or a cord, to form a [[noose]] (or loop) around the throat, with the opposite end secured to some fixture. Depending on the placement of the noose and other factors, the subject [[strangling|strangles]] or suffers a [[cervical fracture|broken neck]]. In the event of death, the actual cause often depends on the length of the drop; that is, the distance the subject falls before the rope goes taut. |
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In a "short drop", the victim may die from strangulation, in which the death may result from a [[asphyxia|lack of oxygen]] to the brain. The victim is likely to experience [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]], skin tingling, dizziness, vision narrowing, [[convulsion]]s, [[shock (circulatory)|shock]], and acute [[respiratory acidosis]]. One or both [[carotid arteries]] and/or the [[jugular vein]] may also be compressed sufficiently to cause [[cerebral ischemia]] and a hypoxic condition in the brain which will eventually result in or contribute to death. Hanging survivors typically have severe damage to the trachea and larynx, damage to the carotid arteries, damage to the spine, and brain damage due to [[cerebral anoxia]]. |
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In a typical "long drop", the subject is likely to suffer one or more fractures of the [[cervical vertebrae]], generally between the second and fifth, which may cause [[paralysis]] or death. In extremely long drops, the hanging may result in complete [[decapitation]]. |
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Hanging is the prevalent means of suicide in [[pre-industrial society|pre-industrial societies]], and is more common in [[rural]] areas than in [[Urban area|urban]] areas.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC|title=Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidology|author=Ronald W. Maris, Alan L. Berman, Morton M. Silverman, Bruce Michael Bongar|isbn=1-57230-541-X|year=2000| publisher=Guildford Press| page=96}}</ref> It is also a common means of suicide in situations where other materials are not readily available, such as in [[prison]]s. |
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==Ligature compression== |
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This method involves tightening a ligature around the neck so as to compress the carotid arteries, preventing the supply of oxygen to the brain and resulting in unconsciousness and death. The technique is also associated with certain types of judo holds and restraints, and auto-erotic asphyxiation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Docker|first=Chris|title=Five Last Acts - The Exit Path|year=2013|isbn=9781482594096|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/1482594099|chapter=Compression}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Atilgan M|title=A Case of Suicidal Ligature Strangulation by Using a Tourniquet Method|journal=Am J Forensic Med Pathol|year=2010|volume=31|issue=1|page=85|doi=10.1097/paf.0b013e3181c21c24}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Demirci S|author2=Dogan K |author3=Erkol Z |author4=Gunaydin G |title=Suicide by Ligature Strangulation: Three Case Reports|journal=Am J Forensic Med Pathol|year=2009|volume=30|issue=4|page=369|doi=10.1097/paf.0b013e318187e06b}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Maxeiner H|author2=Bockholdt B |title=Homicidal and suicidal ligature strangulation - a comparison of post-mortem findings|journal=Forensic Sci Int|year=2003|volume=137|issue=1|page=60|doi=10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00279-2}}</ref> |
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==Vehicular impact== |
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Another way of committing suicide is deliberately placing oneself in the path of a large and fast-moving vehicle, resulting in fatal impact. |
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===Rail=== |
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[[File:Mainz-Laubenheimer Bahnhof- auf Bahnsteig Richtung Mainz- Richtung Mainz (Personenunfall) 7.12.2008.jpg|thumb|Lime on rails after a suicide in [[Mainz-Laubenheim]]]] |
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Suicide is accomplished by positioning oneself on a railway track when a [[train]] approaches or in advance, or driving a [[car]] onto the tracks.<ref>{{cite journal |
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|title = When death rides the rails |
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|journal = [[Chicago Tribune]] |
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}}</ref> Failed attempts may result in profound injuries, such as massive [[fractures]], [[amputations]], [[concussion]] and severe [[brain damage|mental]] and [[physical disability|physical handicapping]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Suicide by Train Is a Growing Concern|author=Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar|work=Los Angeles Times|date=January 26, 2005|url=http://thetransitcoalition.us/news/lat20050126c.htm|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> |
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Unlike on [[Rapid transit|underground railways]], in suicides involving above-ground railway lines, the victim will often simply stand or lie on the tracks, waiting for the arrival of the train. As the trains usually travel at high speeds (usually between 80 and 200 km/h), the driver is usually unable to bring the train to a halt before the collision. This type of suicide may be traumatizing to the driver of the train and may lead to [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.nj.com/insidejersey/index.ssf/2009/06/death_by_train.html|title=Death By Train|date=June 18, 2009|author=Mueller, Mark|publisher=The Star Ledger|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> |
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Suicides on tracks may take place through the person either jumping onto, walking, lying or sitting on the tracks. Accidents resulting from people jumping onto the tracks usually occur at daytime. Accidents including people walking, lying or sitting on the tracks usually occur at night when the driver's visibility is reduced, reducing the chance of a failed suicide. People who commit suicide in this manner usually stay at or around the place for the suicide for an extended period of time before the actual suicide. The victim may lie in between or across the tracks, resulting in decapitation.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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====Europe==== |
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In the [[Netherlands]], as many as 10% of all suicides are rail-related.<ref>http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/gezondheid-welzijn/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2012/2012-3668-wm.htm</ref> In [[Germany]], 7% of all suicides occur in this manner, making this type account for the largest share of overall suicides in the country.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/2/173 | pmid = 16093307 |name-list-format=vanc| doi=10.1093/eurpub/cki060 | volume=16 | issue=2 |date=April 2006 | pages=173–8 | title = Ten-year incidence and time trends of railway suicides in Germany from 1991 to 2000 | last1 = Baumert | first1 = J. | journal = The European Journal of Public Health | last2 = Erazo | first2 = N | last3 = Ladwig | first3 = KH}}</ref> To deal with an average of three suicide incidents per day, [[Deutsche Bahn]] is operating a sanatorium specifically for traumatized train drivers.<ref name=mehdorn-interview>{{cite news | url = http://www.bild.de/news/wirtschaft/interview/interview-mit-deutsche-bahn-chef-7094000.bild.html | title = Ist Ihnen egal, was die Menschen von Ihnen denken? | publisher = Bild | date = 2009-02-04}}</ref> In recent years, some German train drivers succeeded in getting compensation payments from parents or spouses.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/0,1518,453346,00.html | title = Lokführer erhält Schmerzensgeld vom Witwer einer Selbstmörderin | publisher = Der Spiegel | date = 2006-12-08}}<br />{{cite news | url = http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/0,1518,787127,00.html | title = Lokführer bekommt Schmerzensgeld von Hinterbliebenen | publisher = Der Spiegel | date = 2011-09-19 }}</ref> In [[Sweden]], less densely populated and with a smaller proportion of the population living in proximity of railroad tracks, 5% of all suicides are rail-related. In Belgium near 6 percent of suicides are rail related with a disproportionate amount occurring in Dutch speaking region (10‰ rate in Flanders). There is a low rate of direct death (one in two are failed attempts). The location of many suicides occur at or very close to stations which is also uncharacterisic of suicides in other European countries. The disruption to the rail system is substantial and families of the victims are financially responsible for the economic loss due to canceled or delayed traffic and costs related to investigation and removal of body.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} |
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====Japan==== |
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Trains on Japanese railroads cause a large number of suicides every year. Suicide by train is seen as something of a social problem, especially in the larger cities such as [[Tokyo]] or [[Nagoya]], because it disrupts train schedules and if one occurs during the morning rush-hour, causes numerous commuters to arrive late for work. However, suicide by train persists despite a common policy among life insurance companies to deny payment to the beneficiary in the event of suicide by train (payment is usually made in the event of most other forms of suicide). Suicides involving the high-speed bullet-train, or ''[[Shinkansen]]'' are extremely rare, as the tracks are usually inaccessible to the public (i.e. elevated and/or protected by tall fences with barbed wire) and legislation mandates additional fines against the suicide victim's family and next-of-kin.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/06/world/kunitachi-city-journal-japanese-trains-try-to-shed-a-gruesome-appeal.html Kunitachi City Journal; Japanese Trains Try to Shed a Gruesome Appeal], ''[[New York Times]]'', June 6, 2000</ref> |
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====North America==== |
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According to the [[Federal Railroad Administration]], in the U.S., there are 300 to 500 train suicides a year.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Striving to prevent suicide by train|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/02/09/shining_a_spotlight_on_suicide_by_train/?page=1|author=Noah Bierman|publisher=Boston Globe|date=February 9, 2010|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> A study of completed suicides on railway rights-of-ways by the [[Federal Railroad Administration]] found that the decedents tended to live near railroad tracks, were less likely to have access to firearms, and were significantly compromised by both severe mental disorder and substance abuse.<ref>Martino, Michael et al. (2013). [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo46565 Defining Characteristics of Intentional Fatalities on Railway Rights-of-Way in the United States, 2007–2010.] Washington, D.C.: [[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]], [[Federal Railroad Administration]].</ref> |
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====Reducing the number of rail-related suicides==== |
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Methods to reduce the number of rail-related suicides include [[CCTV]] surveillance of stretches where suicides frequently occur, often with direct links to the local police or surveillance companies. This enables the police or guards to be on the scene within minutes after the trespassing was noted. Public access to the tracks is also made more difficult by erecting fences. Trees and bushes are cut down around the tracks in order to increase driver visibility.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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In southern Sweden, where a suicide hotspot is located south of the university town Lund, CCTV cameras with direct links to the local police have been installed. Similar packages will be installed on other hotspots throughout the nation.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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In the Netherlands, where several suicide hotspots are located by rail tracks next to mental wards, loud speakers and strong lights that activate when trespassing is noted, have been installed next to these hotspots.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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===Metro systems=== |
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Jumping in front of an oncoming [[Rapid transit|subway]] train has a 59% death rate, lower than the 90% death rate for [[Rail transport|rail]]-related suicides. This is most likely because trains traveling on open tracks travel relatively quickly, whereas trains arriving at a subway station are decelerating so that they can stop and board passengers. |
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Different methods have been used in order to decrease the number of suicide attempts in the underground: for instance, deep drainage pits halve the likelihood of fatality. |
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Separation of the passengers from the track by means of a partition with sliding doors is being introduced in some stations, but is expensive.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effect of station design on death in the London Underground: observational study|url=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/319/7215/957|date=9 October 1999|author= J Coats, D P Walter|pmid=10514158|journal=BMJ|volume=319|issue=7215|page=957|pmc=28249|doi=10.1136/bmj.319.7215.957}}</ref> |
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===Traffic collision=== |
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Some suicides are the result of intended car crashes. This especially applies to single-occupant, single-vehicle accidents, "because of the frequency of its use, the generally accepted inherent hazards of driving, and the fact that it offers the individual an opportunity to imperil or end his life without consciously confronting himself with his suicidal intent."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Selzer | first1 = M. L. | last2 = Payne | first2 = C. E. | year = 1992 | title = Automobile accidents, suicide, and unconscious motivation | url = | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 119 | issue = |pmid=13910542 | pages = 237–40 [239]}}</ref> There is always the risk that a car accident will affect other road users; for example, a car that brakes abruptly or swerves to avoid a suicidal pedestrian may collide with something else on the road. |
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The real percentage of suicides among car accidents is not reliably known; studies by suicide researchers tell that "vehicular fatalities that are suicides vary from 1.6% to 5%".<ref>{{cite journal | year = 1977 | title = Suicide by vehicular crash | url = | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 134 | issue = 2| pages = 175–178 | author=Schmidt, Jr., C. W., Shaffer, J. W., Zlotowitz, H. I., Fisher, R. S. |pmid=835740}}</ref> Some suicides are misclassified as accidents, because suicide must be proven; "It is noteworthy that even when suicide is strongly suspected but a suicide note is not found, the case will be classified an 'accident.'"<ref name="accident_or_suicide">{{cite journal | pmid = 7676880 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_n118_v30/ai_17150135/pg_1 | year = 1995 | last1 = Peck | first1 = DL | last2 = Warner | first2 = K | title = Accident or suicide? Single-vehicle car accidents and the intent hypothesis | volume = 30 | issue = 118 | pages = 463–72 | journal = Adolescence }}</ref> |
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Some researchers believe that suicides disguised as traffic accidents are far more prevalent than previously thought. One large-scale community survey (in Australia) among suicidal persons provided the following numbers: "Of those who reported planning a suicide, 14.8% (19.1% of male planners and 11.8% of female planners) had conceived to have a motor vehicle "accident"... Of all attempters, 8.3% (13.3% of male attempters) had previously attempted via motor vehicle collision."<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Murray | first1 = D. | last2 = de Leo | first2 = D. | title = Suicidal behavior by motor vehicle collision | journal = Traffic Inj Prev | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 244–7 |date=September 2007 | doi = 10.1080/15389580701329351 | pmid = 17710713 }}</ref> |
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===Aircraft=== |
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{{Expand section|date=October 2010}} |
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Between 1983 and 2003, 36 pilots committed suicide by aircraft in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 16110685 | year = 2005 | last1 = Bills | first1 = CB | last2 = Grabowski | first2 = JG | last3 = Li | first3 = G | title = Suicide by aircraft: A comparative analysis | volume = 76 | issue = 8 | pages = 715–9 | journal = Aviation, space, and environmental medicine |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asma/asem/2005/00000076/00000008/art00001}}</ref> |
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==Poison== |
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Suicide can be committed by using fast-acting [[poison]]s, such as [[hydrogen cyanide]], or substances which are known for their high levels of [[toxicity]] to humans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.yellowworld.org/archive/index.php/t-3947.html |title=Poisoning drugs |publisher=Forums.yellowworld.org |accessdate=2012-01-15}}</ref> For example, most of the people of [[Jonestown]] died when [[Jim Jones]], the leader of a [[religious sect]], organized a [[mass suicide]] by drinking a cocktail of [[diazepam]] and [[cyanide]] in 1978.<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/spot/jonestown1.html Ministry of Terror - The Jonestown Cult Massacre], Elissayelle Haney, Infoplease, 2006.</ref> Sufficient doses of some plants like the [[Atropa belladonna|belladonna]] family, [[castor beans]], ''[[Jatropha curcas]]'' and others, are also toxic. Poisoning through the means of toxic plants, is usually slower and is relatively painful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctrl-c.liu.se/~ingvar/methods/poison.html |title=Poisoning methods |publisher=Ctrl-c.liu.se |accessdate=2012-01-15}}</ref> |
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===Pesticide=== |
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Worldwide, 30% of suicides are from [[pesticide poisoning]]s. The use of this method, however, varies markedly in different areas of the world, from 4% in Europe to more than 50% in the Pacific region.<ref name="Gunnell D, Eddleston M, Phillips MR, Konradsen F 2007 357">{{cite journal |author=Gunnell D, Eddleston M, Phillips MR, Konradsen F |title=The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: Systematic review |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=7|page=357 |year=2007 |pmid=18154668 |pmc=2262093 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-357 |url=}}</ref> |
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Poisoning by farm chemicals is very common among women in the Chinese countryside, and is regarded as a major social problem in the country.<ref>{{cite news | title=Rural China's suicide problem | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6711415.stm | date=2007-06-04 | accessdate=2010-03-20 | work=BBC News | first=Daniel | last=Griffiths}}</ref> In Finland, the highly lethal pesticide [[Parathion]] was commonly used for suicide in the 1950s. When access to the chemical was restricted, other methods replaced it, leading researchers to conclude that restricting certain suicide methods does little to impact the overall suicide rate.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1192/bjp.166.1.35|author=A Ohberg, J Lonnqvist, S Sarna, E Vuori and A Penttila|title=Trends and availability of suicide methods in Finland. Proposals for restrictive measures|publisher=The British Journal of Psychiatry|pages=35–43|issue=1|volume=166|journal=The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science|url=http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/abstract/166/1/35|year=1995|pmid=7894873|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> However, in [[Sri Lanka]], both suicide by pesticide and total suicides declined after first class 1 and later [[endosulfan]] were banned.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.341.6147.738| title = In Rural Asia, Locking Up Poisons to Prevent Suicides| journal = Science| volume = 341| issue = 6147| pages = 738| year = 2013| last1 = Hvistendahl | first1 = M.}}</ref> |
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===Drug overdose=== |
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{{Main|Drug overdose}} |
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[[Overdose]] is a method of suicide which involves taking [[medication]] in doses greater than the indicated levels, or in a combination that will interact to either cause harmful effects or increase the potency of one or other of the substances.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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An overdose is often the expressed preferred method of [[Euthanasia|dignified dying]] among members of right-to-die societies. A poll among members of right-to-die society [[Exit International]] suggested that 89% would prefer to take a pill, rather than use a [[Suicide bag|plastic exit bag]], a CO generator, or use "slow euthanasia".<ref>[[Philip Nitschke]]. [[The Peaceful Pill Handbook]]. Exit International US, 2007. ISBN 0-9788788-2-5, p 33</ref> Death by helium inhalation however is the more common method preferred in practice, largely owing to its reliability.<ref>Howard M, Hall M, Jeffrey D et al, "[http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/78181/heliumsuicide.pdf;jsessionid=D092B0E3A7286434E6064E09D10618C8?sequence=1 ''Suicide by Asphyxiation due to Helium Inhalation''], Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2010; accessed 12 May 2014</ref> |
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Reliability of the drugs method highly depends on chosen drugs and additional measures such as the use of [[antiemetic]]s to prevent vomiting. Average fatality rate for overdoses in the U.S. is estimated to be only 1.8%.<ref>Stone, Geo. ''[http://www.suicidemethods.net/ Suicide and Attempted Suicide: Methods and Consequences]''. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2001. ISBN 0-7867-0940-5, p. 230</ref> At the same time, assisted suicide group [[Dignitas (euthanasia group)|Dignitas]] reported no single failure among 840 cases (fatality rate 100%), where an overdose of a former sleeping pill active agent [[Nembutal]] was used in combination with antiemetic drugs.<ref name="tagesspiegel_interview">[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/weltspiegel/Sterbehilfe-Dignitas-Minelli;art1117,2502357 Wenn Sie das trinken, gibt es kein Zurück] ''Tagesspiegel.de'' Retrieved 2008-04-12</ref> |
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While [[barbiturate]]s (such as Seconal or Nembutal) have long been an option for suicide, they are becoming increasingly difficult for potential suicide victims to acquire. Dutch right-to-die society WOZZ proposed several safe alternatives to barbiturates for use in euthanasia.<ref>Guide to a Humane Self-Chosen Death by Dr. Pieter Admiraal et al. WOZZ Foundation www.wozz.nl, Delft, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-78581-01-8.</ref> ''[[The Peaceful Pill Handbook]]'' suggests the still easy availability of solutions containing pentobarbital in [[Mexico]], where they are available over-the-counter from [[Veterinary medicine|veterinarians]] for animal [[euthanasia]]. |
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A typical drug overdose uses random prescription and [[over-the-counter substance]]s. In this case, death is highly uncertain, and an attempt may leave a person alive but with severe [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] damage, although that itself may in turn eventually prove fatal. Drugs taken orally may also be [[Vomiting|vomited]] back out before being absorbed. Considering the very high doses needed, vomiting or [[loss of consciousness|losing consciousness]] before taking enough of the active agent is often a major problem for people attempting this.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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[[Analgesic]] overdose attempts are among the most common, due to easy availability of over-the-counter substances.<ref>{{cite journal |last =Brock |first =Anita |author2=Sini Dominy |author3=Clare Griffiths |date=6 November 2003 |title = Trends in suicide by method in England and Wales, 1979 to 2001 |journal = Health Statistics Quarterly |volume = 20 |pages = 7–18 |issn = 1465-1645 |url = http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/article.asp?ID=1538&Pos=4&ColRank=1&Rank=176 |accessdate = 2007-06-25 }}</ref> Overdose may also take place when mixing medications in a cocktail with one another, or with alcohol or illegal drugs. This method may leave confusion over whether the death was a suicide or accidental, especially when alcohol or other judgment-impairing substances are also involved and no [[suicide note]] was left behind. |
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===Carbon monoxide=== |
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A particular type of poisoning involves inhalation of high levels of carbon monoxide. Death usually occurs through [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]. In most cases [[carbon monoxide]] (CO) is used because it is easily available as a product of incomplete [[combustion]]; for example, it is released by [[car]]s and some types of [[heater]]s. A failed attempt can result in memory loss and other symptoms.<ref>Docker C, Five Last Acts - The Exit Path 2013:368.</ref><ref>Hay P, Denson L, van Hoof M, Blumenfeld N, ''The neuropsychiatry of carbon monoxide poisoning in attempted suicide: a prospective controlled study,'' J Psychosom Res. 2002 Aug;53(2):699-708.</ref><ref>''Carbon monoxide poisoning: Four kinds of survivors'' [http://www.carbon-monoxide-survivor.com/carbon-monoxide-poisoning-four-kinds-of-survivors.html], accessed 12 May 2014</ref> |
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Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless [[gas]], so its presence cannot be detected by sight or smell. It acts by binding preferentially to the [[hemoglobin]] in the victim's blood, displacing oxygen molecules and progressively deoxygenating the blood, eventually resulting in the failure of [[cellular respiration]], and death. Carbon monoxide is extremely dangerous to bystanders and people who may discover the body, so "[[Right to die|Right to Die]]" advocates like [[Philip Nitschke]] recommend the use of safer alternatives like [[nitrogen]], for example in his [[Euthanasia device#Exit's euthanasia device|EXIT euthanasia device]]. |
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In the past, before [[Air Quality Index|air-quality]] regulations and [[catalytic converter]]s, suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning would often be achieved by running a car's engine in a closed space such as a garage, or by redirecting a running car's exhaust back inside the cabin with a hose. [[Exhaust gas|Motor car exhaust]] may have contained up to 25% carbon monoxide. However, catalytic converters found on all modern automobiles eliminate over 99% of carbon monoxide produced.<ref name="Chest1999-vossberg">{{cite journal | author=Vossberg B, Skolnick J. | title=The role of catalytic converters in automobile carbon monoxide poisoning: a case report | journal=Chest | year=1999 | pages=580–1 | volume=115 | issue=2 | pmid=10027464 | doi=10.1378/chest.115.2.580}}</ref> As a further complication, the amount of unburned gasoline in emissions can make exhaust unbearable to breathe well before losing consciousness. |
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The incidence of suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning through [[charcoal-burning suicide|burning charcoal]], such as a [[barbecue]] in a sealed room, appears to have risen. This has been referred to by some as "death by [[hibachi]]".<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1136/bmj.326.7387.498 | title = Media influence on suicide | year = 2003 | last1 = Howe | first1 = A. | journal = BMJ | volume = 326 | issue = 7387 | page = 498 }}</ref> As with other suicide methods, charcoal burning suicide attempters can live from the attempt, which typically leaves a person with severe brain damage due to [[cerebral anoxia]]. |
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===Other toxins=== |
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Detergent-related suicide involves mixing household chemicals to produce [[hydrogen sulfide]] or other [[poison]]ous gases.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5iUkmoUiRV1bMiSqP0S0FUNTNn4dg |title=Japanese girl commits suicide with detergent |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080429185504/http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5iUkmoUiRV1bMiSqP0S0FUNTNn4dg | archivedate=29 April 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://cscs.txstate.edu/icjs/downloads/Safety%20Alerts/DetergentSuicideCase.pdf CSCS.txstate.edu]{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tena911.org/ChemicalSuicideMemo%5B1%5D.pdf Tena911.org]{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dcfa.org/Files/Docs%202010/ChemicalSuicide%200210.pdf DCFA.org]</ref> The suicide rates by domestic gas fell from 1960 to 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Changes in the methods used for suicide in 16 countries from 1960 to 1980|author=D Lester|publisher=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|year=1990|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119996644/abstract|postscript=<!--None-->|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb06492.x|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=81|issue=3|pages=260–261|pmid=2343750}}</ref> |
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Several creatures, such as spiders, snakes, and scorpions, carry venoms that can easily and quickly kill a person. These substances can be used to conduct suicide. For example, [[Cleopatra]] supposedly had an [[Asp (reptile)|asp]] bite her when she heard of [[Marc Antony]]'s death.<ref>See: |
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* Strabo, ''Geographica'', Book 17, Chapter 1, paragraph 10: Octavian "forced Antony to put himself to death and Cleopatra to come into his power alive; but a little later she too put herself to death secretly, while in prison, by the bite of an asp or (for two accounts are given) by applying a poisonous ointment" … |
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* Sextus Propertius, ''Elegies'', Book 3, number 11: … "I saw your [Cleopatra's] arms bitten by the sacred asps, and your limbs draw sleep in by a secret path." … Available on-line at: [http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/PropertiusBkThree.htm#_Toc201112466 Poetry in Translation] |
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* Horace, ''Odes'', Book 1, Ode 37: … "And she [Cleopatra] dared to gaze at her fallen kingdom / with a calm face, and touch the poisonous asps / with courage, so that she might drink down / their dark venom, to the depths of her heart," … Available on-line at: [http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/HoraceOdesBkI.htm#_Toc39402043 Poetry in Translation] |
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* Virgil, ''Aeneid'', Book 8, lines 696-697: … "The queen in the centre signals to her columns with the native sistrum, not yet turning to look at the twin snakes at her back." … Available on-line at: [http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/VirgilAeneidVIII.htm Poetry in Translation]</ref> |
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==Disease== |
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{{see also|Bugchasing}} |
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{{Expand section|1=examples|date=August 2012}} |
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There have been several documented cases of deliberately contracting a fatal disease such as [[HIV/AIDS]] as a means of suicide.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Frances, Richard J.; Wikstrom, Thomas; Alcena, Valiere|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|year=1985|volume=142|issue=5|page=656}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Flavin, Daniel K.; Franklin, John E.; Frances, Richard J.|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|year=1986|volume=143|issue=11|pages=1440–1442}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ronald W. Maris, Alan L. Berman, Morton M. Silverman and Bruce M. Bongar|title=Comprehensive textbook of suicidology|publisher=Guilford Press|year=2000|page=161|isbn=978-1-57230-541-0}}</ref> |
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==Immolation== |
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{{Main|Self-immolation}} |
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[[Self-immolation|Immolation]] usually refers to suicide by [[fire]]. It has been used as a protest tactic, most famously by [[Thích Quảng Đức]] in 1963 to protest the [[South Vietnam]]ese government's systematic anti-Buddhist, pro-Catholic policies; by [[Malachi Ritscher]] in 2006 to protest the [[United States of America|United States]]' involvement in the [[Iraq War]]; and by [[Mohamed Bouazizi]] in [[Tunisia]] which started the [[Tunisian Revolution]] in 2011 and the [[Arab Spring]].{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} |
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Self-immolation was also carried out as a ritual known as ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'' in certain parts of [[India]], where a [[Hindu]] wife immolated herself in her dead husband's funeral pyre, either voluntarily or by coercion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos-sexisme.org/english/sati2.htm |title=SATI |publisher=Sos-sexisme.org |accessdate=2010-07-26}}</ref> |
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The [[Latin]] root of "immolate" means "sacrifice", and is not restricted to the use of fire, though in common US media usage the term immolation refers to suicide by fire. |
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This method of suicide is relatively rare due to the long and painful experience one has to go through before [[death]] sets in. This is also contributed to by the ever-present [[risk]] that the fire is extinguished before death sets in, and in that way causes one to live with severe [[burn]]ings, scar tissue, and the emotional impact of such horrific injuries. |
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===Volcano=== |
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Suicide by [[volcano]] involves jumping into molten [[lava]] in an active [[volcanic crater]], [[fissure vent]], [[lava flow]] or [[lava lake]]. The actual cause of death may be as a result of the fall (see [[Suicide methods#Jumping from height|jumping from height]]), contact burns, radiant heat or asphyxiation from volcanic gases. According to some ancient sources, philosopher [[Empedocles]] jumped into the [[Mount Etna|Aetna]] trying to make everybody believe that he had disappeared from the Earth to become a god; this was frustrated when the volcano spat out one of his [[bronze]] sandals. Modern suicides have taken place in numerous volcanoes but the most famous is [[Mount Mihara]] in [[Japan]]. In 1933, [[Kiyoko Matsumoto]] committed suicide by jumping into the Mihara crater. A trend of [[copycat suicide]]s followed, as 944 people jumped into the same crater over the following year.<ref>{{cite book|author=Diana Kendall|title=Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2011|page=24|isbn=1-111-30550-1}}</ref> Over 1200 people attempted suicide in two years before a barrier was erected.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cedric A. Mims|title=When we die|publisher=Robinson|year=1998|page=40|isbn=1-85487-529-9}}</ref> The original barrier was replaced with a higher fence topped with barbed wire after another 619 people jumped in 1936.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edward Robb Ellis and George N. Allen|title=Traitor within: our suicide problem|publisher=Doubleday|year=1961|page=98}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jumpers|publisher=The New Yorker|date=October 13, 2003}}</ref> |
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==Ritual suicide== |
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Ritual suicide is performed in a prescribed way, often as part of a religious or cultural practice. |
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===Seppuku=== |
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{{main|Seppuku}} |
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''Seppuku'' (colloquially ''hara-kiri'' "belly slitting") is a [[Japan]]ese [[ritual]] method of suicide, practiced mostly in the medieval era, though some isolated cases appear in modern times. For example, [[Yukio Mishima]] committed seppuku in 1970 after a failed ''[[coup d'état]]'' intended to restore full power to the [[Hirohito|Japanese emperor]].<ref>Nathan, John. ''Mishima: A biography'', Little Brown and Company: Boston/Toronto, 1974.</ref> Unlike other methods of suicide, this was regarded as a way of preserving one's honor. The ritual is part of ''[[bushido]]'', the code of the ''[[samurai]]''. |
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As originally performed solely by an individual, it was an extremely painful method by which to die. Dressed ceremonially, with his [[sword]] placed in front of him and sometimes seated on special cloth, the [[warrior]] would prepare for death by writing a [[death poem]]. The samurai would open his ''[[kimono]]'', take up his ''[[wakizashi]]'' (short sword), [[Japanese war fan|fan]], or a ''[[tantō]]'' and plunge it into his [[Human abdomen|abdomen]], making first a left-to-right cut and then a second slightly upward stroke. As the custom evolved, a selected attendant (''[[kaishakunin]]'', his second) stood by, and on the second stroke would perform ''[[daki-kubi]]'', where the warrior is all but [[Decapitation|decapitated]] leaving only a slight band of flesh attaching the head to the body, so as to not let the head fall off and roll on the ground, which was considered dishonorable in feudal Japan. The act eventually became so highly ritualistic that the samurai would only have to reach for his sword, and his ''kaishakunin'' would execute the killing stroke. Later still, there would be no sword, but something like a fan for which the samurai would reach.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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===Autosacrifice=== |
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[[Human sacrifice]] was a religious activity throughout [[Mesoamerica]]. In [[Aztec]] and [[Mayan civilization|Maya]] culture, autosacrifice involving self-[[decapitation]] by priests and kings is depicted in artworks.<ref>Cecelia Klein. "The Ideology of Autosacrifice at the Templo Mayor" in E. H. Boone, ed. ''The Aztec Templo Mayor'' pp. 293-370. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. 1987 ISBN 0-88402-149-1</ref><ref name="KremerFlores">{{cite journal|title=The Ritual Suicide of Maya Rulers|author=Jürgen Kremer and Fausto Uc Flores|journal=Eighth Palenque Round Table|volume=10|year=1993|pages=79–91|publisher=Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute}}</ref> The sacrifice is usually depicted holding an [[obsidian]] knife or axe to the side of the neck.<ref name="KremerFlores"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.famsi.org/research/kerr/articles/xbalanque/index.html|title=The Transformation of Xbalanqué or The Many Faces of God A1|author=Justin Kerr|publisher=Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies}}</ref> |
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Some forms of [[Durga]] worship in [[India]]n [[Hinduism]] involve a male devotee offering himself as a sacrifice through ritual self-decapitation with a curved sword. This is designed to obtain a favor from the deity for a third party.<ref>{{cite book|author=Miranda Eberle Shaw|title=Buddhist goddesses of India|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2006|page=416|isbn=0-691-12758-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=George Cœdès|title=The Indianized states of Southeast Asia|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1968|page=101|isbn=0-8248-0368-X}}</ref> |
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==Starvation== |
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{{Main|Starvation}} |
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A [[hunger strike]] may ultimately lead to death. Starvation has been used by [[Hindu]] and [[Jain]] monks as a ritual method of penance (known as [[Prayopavesa]] and [[Santhara]] respectively) or as a method of speeding up one's own death,<ref>Docker C, ''The Art and Science of Fasting'' in: Smith C, Docker C, Hofsess J, Dunn B, Beyond Final Exit 1995</ref> and [[Catharism|Albigensians or Cathars]] also fasted after receiving the 'consolamentum' sacrament, in order to die while in a morally perfect state.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xAmMNnJlfnoC&pg=PA90&dq=cathars+starvation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TPQGUeb2NY6R0QWVkICIDA&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=starvation&f=false |title=The New Encyclopedia of the Occult - John Michael Greer - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2014-02-04}}</ref> This method of death is often associated with political protest, such as the [[1981 Irish Hunger Strike]] by Irish republican paramilitary prisoners demanding [[prisoner of war]] status, of whom ten died. The explorer [[Thor Heyerdahl]] refused to eat or take medication for the last month of his life, after he was diagnosed with cancer.<ref>{{cite news |
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|publisher= The Guardian |
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|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2002/apr/19/travelnews.internationaleducationnews.highereducation1 |
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|accessdate = 2009-07-06 |
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|title = Thor Heyerdahl dies at 87 |
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|location=London |
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|first=Tim |
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|last=Radford |
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|date=2002-04-19 |
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}}</ref> |
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[[Anorexia nervosa]] has been referred to as a subconscious form of suicide.<ref>{{cite book|last=Farnsworth|first=D|title=Bombastic Gadflies|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A-2-5GMBhXsC&pg=PR89&dq=anorexia+subconscious+suicide&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y2h9UeGLConTPKuWgfAI&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=anorexia%20subconscious%20suicide&f=false}}</ref> However, an anorexia nervosa death caused by self-starvation is not listed on death certificates as suicide. In the UK, refusal to adhere to norms regarding food and drink consumption can lead to being detained, treated and even force fed under section 3 of the [[Mental Health Act 1983]]. The effects of this can be substantial and may result in 'sectioning/ [[Involuntary commitment]], with some cases demonstrating a level of persistence from mental health professionals in the resistance of such methods.<ref>{{cite news|publisher= BBC News|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22984708|accessdate = 2013-06-24|title = Beth's Story: What is it like to be sectioned?|location= London|first= Lucy|last= Wallis|date=2002-04-19}}</ref> The effects of force feeding have even been likened to "sexual assault" by sociologist aficionados like June Purvis (Professor of Sociology at Portsmouth University); who cites the ill treatment of women in the [[Suffragette]] movement. One argument, put forward by the historian and journalist [[George Dangerfield]] denoted the treatment as "No more than extremely unpleasant". The women themselves claiming the process was "frightfully indignified".<ref>{{cite news|publisher= Times Higher Education|url = http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/93438.article|accessdate =1996-04-29|title = Force-feeding of hunger-striking suffraggettes|location=London|first=June|last=Purvis|date=2014-09-19}}</ref> The moral issues faced by medical professionals handling such treatments are still present today. American news networks recorded a case of a navy male nurse who faced a [[Court Martial]] at [[Guantanamo Bay]] for refusing to force-feed detainees on ethical grounds. |
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.<ref>{{cite news|publisher= RT|url = http://rt.com/usa/187988-guantanamo-nurse-force-feeding-protest/|accessdate = 2009-07-06 |
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|title = Navy nurse faces expulsion after refusing to force feed Gitmo detainees|location=America|first=RT|last=RT|date=2014-09-16}}</ref> This revelation caused conflict amongst many in the US when a video was leaked of a distressed [[Gitmo]] detainee coughing up blood during the procedure. |
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<ref>{{cite news |
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|publisher= RT |
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|url = http://rt.com/usa/161100-guantanamo-rabbani-force-feeding/ |
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|accessdate = 2014-09-19 |
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|title = Painful force-feeding procedure caused Gitmo detainee to cough up blood |
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|location= America |
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|first=RT |
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|last=RT |
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|date=2014-05-14 |
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}}</ref> |
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==Dehydration== |
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{{main|Terminal dehydration}} |
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Death from dehydration can take from several days to a few weeks. This means that unlike many other suicide methods, it cannot be accomplished impulsively. Those who die by terminal dehydration typically lapse into unconsciousness before death, and may also experience [[delirium]] and deranged [[serum sodium]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Science, Hospice and Terminal Dehydration|author=Baumrucker, Steven|publisher=American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine|volume=16|date=May–June 1999|issue=3|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Discontinuation of hydration does not produce true thirst, although a sensation of dryness of the mouth often is reported as "thirst." The evidence this is not true thirst is extensive and shows the ill feeling is not relieved by giving fluids intravenously, but is relieved by wetting the tongue and lips and proper care of the mouth. Patients with [[edema]] tend to take longer to die of dehydration because of the excess fluid in their bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.preciouslegacy.com/chap13.html|title=Treatment of Pain and Suffering in the Terminally Ill|author=Lieberson, Alan D.|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> |
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Terminal dehydration has been described as having substantial advantages over physician-assisted suicide with respect to self-determination, access, professional integrity, and social implications. Specifically, a patient has a right to refuse treatment and it would be a personal assault for someone to force water on a patient, but such is not the case if a doctor merely refuses to provide lethal medication.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://archinte.highwire.org/cgi/content/summary/153/24/2723|title=Patient Refusal of Hydration and Nutrition|author= James L. Bernat, MD; Bernard Gert, PhD; R. Peter Mogielnicki, MD|date=27 December 1993|volume=153|publisher=Archives of Internal Medicine|pmid=8257247|doi=10.1001/archinte.1993.00410240021003|issue=24|pages=2723–8|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine}}</ref> But it also has distinctive drawbacks as a humane means of voluntary death.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.annals.org/content/128/7/559.abstract|title=Voluntary Death: A Comparison of Terminal Dehydration and Physician-Assisted Suicide|author=Miller, Franklin G. and Meier, Diane E.|publisher=Annals of Internal Medicine|year=2004|pmid=9518401|volume=128|issue=7|pages=559–62|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-128-7-199804010-00007}}</ref> One survey of hospice nurses found that nearly twice as many had cared for patients who chose voluntary refusal of food and fluids to hasten death as had cared for patients who chose physician-assisted suicide.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Death by Voluntary Dehydration — What the Caregivers Say|url=http://nejm.highwire.org/cgi/content/extract/349/4/325|author=Jacobs, Sandra|volume=349|pages=325–326|date=July 24, 2003|publisher=New England Journal of Medicine|pmid=12878738|doi=10.1056/NEJMp038115|issue=4|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine}}</ref> They also rated fasting and dehydration as causing less suffering and pain and being more peaceful than physician-assisted suicide.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Terminally Ill Choose Fasting Over M.D.-Assisted Suicide|author=Arehart-Treichel, Joan|journal=Psychiatric News|date=January 16, 2004|volume=39|pages=15–51|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|issue=2|postscript=<!--None-->|url=http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/content/39/2/15.full}}</ref> Other sources, however, have noted very painful side effects of dehydration, including seizures, skin cracking and bleeding, blindness, nausea, vomiting, cramping and severe headaches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/370oqiwy.asp |title=Weeklystandard.com |publisher=Weeklystandard.com |date=2003-11-11 |accessdate=2012-01-15}}</ref> There can be a fine line between [[terminal sedation]] that results in death by dehydration and [[euthanasia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://nejm.highwire.org/cgi/content/extract/337/17/1236|title=The Supreme Court and Physician-Assisted Suicide — Rejecting Assisted Suicide but Embracing Euthanasia|date=October 23, 1997|volume=337 |publisher=New England Journal of Medicine|issue=17|pmid=9340517|doi=10.1056/NEJM199710233371713|last1=Orentlicher|first1=D|pages=1236–9|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> |
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==Guillotine== |
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While death by [[guillotine]] appears to be rare, there are documented instances of it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stokes |first=Paul |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1428408/Suicide-by-DIY-guillotine-and-an-ingenious-timing-device.html |title=Suicide by DIY guillotine and an 'ingenious' timing device |publisher=Telegraph |date=2003-04-26 |accessdate=2014-02-04}}</ref> Generally the device is home-made, which means the user must have some craft skills. Most likely the builder would have done some testing, and/or consulted plans on the internet. |
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==Suicide attack== |
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{{Main|Suicide attack}} |
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A [[suicide attack]] is an attack in which the attacker (''attacker'' being either an individual or a group) intends to kill others and intends to die in the process of doing so (e.g. [[Columbine High School massacre|Columbine]], [[Virginia Tech massacre|Virginia Tech]] and [[9/11]]). In a suicide attack in the strictest sense, the attacker dies by the attack itself, for example in an explosion or crash caused by the attacker. The term is sometimes loosely applied to an incident in which the intention of the attacker is not clear, though he is almost sure to die by the defense or retaliation of the attacked party, e.g., "[[suicide by cop]]", that is, menacing or assaulting an armed police officer with a weapon or apparent or proclaimed harmful intent which all but ensures that the cop will use deadly force to terminate the attack. This can also be referred to as murder/suicide.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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Such attacks are typically motivated by religious or political ideologies, and have been carried out using numerous methods. For example, attackers might attach [[explosive]]s directly to their bodies before [[Detonation|detonating]] themselves close to their target, also known as [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]]. They may use a [[car bomb]] or other machinery to cause maximum damage (e.g. Japanese ''[[kamikaze]]'' pilots during [[World War II]]).{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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==Indirect suicide== |
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Indirect suicide is the act of setting out on an obviously fatal course without directly committing the act upon oneself. Indirect suicide is differentiated from legally defined suicide by the fact that the actor does not pull the figurative (or literal) trigger. Examples of indirect suicide include a soldier enlisting in the [[army]] with the express intention and expectation of being killed in combat. Another example would be provoking an armed officer into using lethal force against them. This is generally called "[[suicide by cop]]". In some instances the subject commits a capital crime in hope of being [[death penalty|sentenced to death]].{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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Evidence exists for numerous examples of suicide by capital crime in colonial [[Australia]]. Convicts seeking to escape their brutal treatment would murder another individual. This was necessary due to a religious taboo against direct suicide. A person committing suicide was believed to be destined for hell, whereas a person committing murder could absolve their sins before execution. In its most extreme from, groups of prisoners on the extremely brutal penal colony of [[Norfolk Island]] would form suicide lotteries. Prisoners would draw straws with one prisoner murdering another. The remaining participants would witness the crime, and would be sent away to Sydney as capital trials could not be held on Norfolk Island, thus earning a break from the Island. There is uncertainty as to the extent of suicide lotteries. While surviving contemporary accounts claim that the practice was common, such claims are probably exaggerated.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hughes | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Hughes (critic) | title = The Fatal Shore, The Epic Story of Australia's Founding | publisher =Vintage Books | edition = first | date = 1988}}</ref> |
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==In media== |
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A number of books have been written as aids in suicide, including ''[[Final Exit]]'' and ''[[The Peaceful Pill Handbook]]'', the latter of which overlaps with [[euthanasia]] methods. Many books on this topic have been [[List of books banned by governments|challenged and banned]] due to controversy. However, ones such as ''[[The Complete Manual of Suicide]]'' state that they neither encourage nor discourage suicide. |
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There is also a [[list of suicide sites]]. These sites include [[suicide bridge]]s such as the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] (which has had 1558 accounted deaths as of 2012, with only 33 having survived)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/he_jumped_off_the_golden_gate_bridge_VsTOqBsPyVY92HMvbmuHCL |title= He jumped off the Golden Gate Bridge . . . and lived! |last= Hines |first= Kevin |accessdate=2007-10-19 |date=12 November 2006 | work=BBC News}}</ref> and [[Lover's Leap]]s, which are named so for their association with legends of romantic tragedy. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Advocacy of suicide]] |
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* [[Suicide legislation]] |
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* [[Suicide prevention]] |
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* [[List of suicides]] from antiquity to the present |
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* [[List of suicides in the 21st century]] |
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==Further reading== |
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* Chris Docker. ''Five Last Acts II, (2nd Edition): Expanded & Revised (2015 edition)'', Createspace USA 2015; 446 pages. ISBN 978-1511988506. |
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* Chris Docker. ''Five Last Acts – The Exit Path (2015 edition)''. Createspace USA 2015; 822 pages. ISBN 978-1512176445. |
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* [[Derek Humphry|Humphry, Derek]]. ''[[Final Exit|Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying]]''. Dell. 1997. 240 pages. |
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* [[Philip Nitschke]]. ''[[The Peaceful Pill Handbook]]''. Exit International US, 2007. ISBN 0-9788788-2-5. 211 pages. |
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* Stone, Geo. ''Suicide and Attempted Suicide: Methods and Consequences''. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2001. ISBN 0-7867-0940-5. |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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* [http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/6/351.full Doctors who commit suicide, methods and statistics] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Suicide Methods}} |
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[[Category:Suicide methods| ]] |
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===General=== |
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[[File:Двухслойный трафарет.jpg|thumb|Sheldon Cooper doing the [[Cock salute]], stencil graffiti on a wall in [[Volgograd]], Russia.]] |
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Jim Parsons' portrayal of Sheldly has received widespread ridicule, and is often cited as the main reason for suicide by critics and fans alike.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/entertainment/the_tab/the_buzz-39481582.html|title=The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldly The Dick|last=Oswald|first=Brad|work=[[Winnipeg Free Press]]|accessdate=January 13, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313081930/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/entertainment/the_tab/the_buzz-39481582.html|archivedate=March 13, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/Entertainment/Television/article/575764|title=Nerd herd doing a bang-up job|last=Salem|first=Rob|date=January 24, 2009|work=The Toronto Star|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2009/02/08/gentle_twists_on_reliable_formulas_keep_viewers_hooked/|title=Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked|last=Gilbert|first=Matthew|date=February 8, 2009|work=The Boston Globe|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref> |
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===All in all, any of these would be acceptable for him to do to himself=== |
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In March 2013, the [[Columbus Zoo and Aquarium]] named a [[black-and-white colobus]] after Sheldon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Zoo-names-monkey-after-TV-character/tabid/418/articleID/295533/Default.aspx|work=3 News NZ |title= Zoo names monkey after TV character| date=April 25, 2013}}</ref> |
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===Asperger syndrome=== |
===Asperger syndrome=== |
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Some viewers have asserted that Sheldon's behavior is consistent with [[Asperger syndrome]].<ref name="av"/><ref name=SA /><ref name="slate"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Soraya|first=Lynne|title=Sheldony or Aspergery?: The Big Bang Theory|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/aspergers-diary/200904/sheldony-or-aspergery-the-big-bang-theory|work=Asperger's Diary (Author's Note (08/16/2009))|publisher=Psychology Today|accessdate=April 16, 2012}}</ref> The writers have stated that they did not use Asperger syndrome as a basis for the character, but instead thought of his actions as "Sheldony".<ref name="slate">{{cite news|last=Collins|first=Paul|title=Must-Geek TV: Is the world ready for an Asperger's sitcom?|work=Slate|publisher=www.slate.com|date=February 6, 2009|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2210635/pagenum/all/#p2|accessdate=April 14, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210061649/http://www.slate.com/id/2210635/pagenum/all/|archivedate=February 10, 2009}}</ref> Series co-creator Bill Prady stated: "We write the character as the character. A lot of people see various things in him and make the connections. Our feeling is that Sheldon's mother never got a diagnosis, so we don't have one".<ref name="squad"/> Prady also told Alan Sepinwall of the New Jersey ''[[Star-Ledger]]'' that while Sheldon shares traits with people with Asperger's, he was uncomfortable labeling Sheldon as having Asperger's.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sepinwall|first=Alan|title=Does Sheldon from 'Big Bang Theory' have Asperger's?|url=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/tv/index.ssf/2009/08/reader_mail_does_sheldon_from.html|publisher=The Star-Ledger|date=August 13, 2009|accessdate=July 27, 2012}}</ref> |
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Yeah he's a fuckin sperg. |
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In an interview, Jim Parsons noted the writers' response, but added that, in his opinion, Sheldon "couldn't display ''more'' traits" of Asperger's.<ref name="slate"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Lyford|first=Kathy|title='Big Bang Theory': Jim Parsons – 'Everybody has a little Sheldon in them'|work=Season Pass|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=November 13, 2008|url=http://weblogs.variety.com/season_pass/2008/11/big-bang-theory.html|accessdate=April 14, 2009}} Specific video is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOH2XD7KEeY Jim Parsons interview, part 5]. Question is from 03:18–3:31. Answer is from 4:36–6:00. Specific quote is from 5:15–5:20.</ref> Parsons, who plays Sheldon, has read [[John Elder Robison]]'s memoir ''[[Look Me in the Eye]]'' about his life with Asperger syndrome, and said that: "A majority of what I read in that book touched on aspects of Sheldon". He also stated that "the way [Sheldon's] brain works, it's so focused on the intellectual topics at hand that thinking he's autistic is an easy leap for people watching the show to make".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/jim-parsons,27415/|title=Jim Parsons|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=May 1, 2009|accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 01:39, 29 November 2015
Sheldly Pride Coon | |
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Modern Family character | |
File:Sheldon Cooper.jpg Jim Parsons as Sheldly Coon, Preparing his specialized "Cock Collecting Guzzle Gadget" Fellatio, in season 6 episode 09, "Two Jews Walk Into A Shower" | |
First appearance | "Poor Little White Guy" |
Last appearance | October 18th 2016 |
Created by | Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm X |
In-universe information | |
Occupation | Glory Hole Specialist |
Family | Heil Honey Im Home (Husband) George Foreman, Sr. (father, greased) Bazissy(twin sister) George Foreman, Jr. (older brother) George Foreman, The First (older brother) George Foreman, The Second (older brother) George Foreman, The Third (older brother) |
Relatives | Unknown. Adopted by a couple BLACK INDIVIDUALS who mistook his head for a juicy watermellon |
Sheldly Pride Coon Is an award winning coonery champion hailing from Salem, Massachusetts. A Highly controversial figure due to his tendency to take it up the bum and tickle the funsacks while doing so, luring the wild negro into a sense of calm, leading them to drop their guard.
Creation and casting
Fellatio can be sexually arousing for participants, and may lead to orgasm and ejaculation of semen for males.[1][2] It may be performed by a sexual partner as foreplay to create sexual arousal before other sexual activities (such as vaginal or anal intercourse),[1][3] or as an erotic and physically intimate act in its own right.[1][2] Like most forms of sexual activity, oral sex can be a risk for contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs). However, the transmission risk for oral sex, especially HIV transmission, is significantly lower than for vaginal or anal sex.[4][5][6]
Oral sex is often regarded as taboo,[1] but most countries do not have laws which ban the practice. Commonly, people do not regard fellatio or other forms of oral sex as affecting the virginity of either partner, though opinions on the matter vary.[7][8][9][10] People may also have negative feelings or sexual inhibitions about giving or receiving oral sex, or may refuse to engage in it.[1]
Characterization
Early life
This cum guzzling nozzle throttle was raised in the backwoods of Boston by a couple of race traitors after his original adopters were reduced to ash and cocoa butter. Shunned at the
Bazinga?
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_anal_sex_detail.jpg/220px-%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_anal_sex_detail.jpg)
Sheldon Cooper is a fucking awful character designed by middle aged idiotic fuckwads who have no fucking idea how people younger than 35 act, think, or talk. He acts like an edgy autistic piece of shit sociopath with no regards for his friends. He has absolutely no idea of social constructs or human behavior, awkwardly making references to movies, video games, and above all, comic books, without rhyme or reason, and constantly, consistently, without end, repeating the dumbest fucking catchprase ever brought to the screen, silver, bronze, big or fucking small.
The phrase:
Bazinga
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/We%2C_two_boys_together_clinging_-_05_-_Picture_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_July_30_2014.jpg/150px-We%2C_two_boys_together_clinging_-_05_-_Picture_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_July_30_2014.jpg)
Yes. This stupid fucking piece of shit word. This dumb cunt keeps forcing this meme thinking its funny. Instead of actual humor, instead of effort on the part of the creative committee in charge of putting together this abomination against nature, Frankensteins monster of a sitcom that tries to be the modern hip geek version of Seinfeld without understanding how and why Seinfeld was funny or successful, INSTEAD banking on the idea that saying a funny sounding word that happens to be the genus of a fucking JELLYFISH and putting a generic laugh track after it will WORK. Instead of HUMOR, theres executive attempts at creating ARTIFICIAL ENTERTAINMENT WITH NO DEPTH OR MERIT. The fact that these fucks get millions per episode is honestly shocking, and the fact that the show is so successful is disgusting.
Fuck.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Christopher_Fairman.jpg/170px-Christopher_Fairman.jpg)
Fuck | |
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![]() Bazinga | |
Directed by | Bazinga |
Produced by | Bazinga |
Starring | Bazinga Bazinga Bazinga Bazinga Bazinga Bazinga JBazinga Bazinga Bazinga Bazinga Bazinga Bazinga Bazinga Bazinga Bazinga Bazinga Bazinga |
Cinematography | Bazinga |
Edited by | J. Edward Bazinga |
Music by | Bazinga |
Production companies | Bazinga Films Bazinga |
Distributed by | Bazinga |
Release date | Bazinga |
Running time | Bazinga |
Country | Bazinga |
Language | Bazinga |
Family
Sheldly contrasts strongly with his family, who are neither niggers nor faggots. His father George was turned into a grill before the start of the series, while his mother Mary is a devout born-again Christian and loving parent, though this is simply a cover for her homosexual night activities in a bar down the street. Sheldly has a twin sister, Bazissy, a short, fucked up blob monster, brunette, and an as-yet-unseen older brother, George Foreman Jr.[11] Both Bazissy and George Jr. beat Sheldly up during their childhoods. Its unconfirmed, but Sheldly would claim that they screamed "It's Clobberin' Time!" Before beating the fuck out of his stupid face. Their mother describes them to be "dumb as the bag of condoms i keep in my cooch purse."[12] Sheldly is very fond of his maternal grandmother, whom he calls "Gubb Gubb" and who calls him "Faggot."[13] He called his grandfather, who died when Sheldly was five, Gubsy.[14]
Relationships
Gay pride or LGBT pride is the positive stance against discrimination and violence toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people to promote their self-affirmation, dignity, equality rights, increase their visibility as a social group, build community, and celebrate sexual diversity and gender variance. Pride, as opposed to shame and social stigma, is the predominant outlook that bolsters most LGBT rights movements throughout the world. Pride has lent its name to LGBT-themed organizations, institutes, foundations, book titles, periodicals and even a cable TV station and the Pride Library.
Ranging from solemn to carnivalesque, pride events are typically held during LGBT Pride Month or some other period that commemorates a turning point in a country’s LGBT history, for example Moscow Pride in May for the anniversary of Russia's 1993 decriminalization of homosexuality. Some pride events include LGBT pride parades and marches, rallies, commemorations, community days, dance parties, and large festivals, such as Sydney Mardi Gras, which spans several weeks.
In the closet may refer to:
- a label for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people who choose not to or have yet to come out of the closet, i.e. disclose their sexual orientation and/or gender identity, regardless of how they self-identify.
Common symbols of pride are the rainbow or pride flag, the lowercase Greek letter lambda (λ), the pink triangle and the black triangle, these latter two reclaimed from use as badges of shame in Nazi concentration camps.[15]
Reception and legacy
Suicide |
---|
A suicide method is any means by which a person commits suicide, purposely taking their own life. Suicide methods can be classified according to two modes of interrupting one's life processes: physical or chemical. Physical modes of interruption typically act by incapacitating the respiratory system or the central nervous system, usually by destruction of one or more key components. Chemical modes focus on interrupting biologically significant processes such as cellular respiration or diffusion capacity. Chemical methods of suicide produce latent evidence of action, whereas physical methods provide direct evidence.[citation needed]
Bleeding
Suicide by exsanguination involves reducing the volume and pressure of the blood to below critical levels by inducing massive blood loss. It is usually the result of damage inflicted on arteries. The carotid, radial, ulnar or femoral arteries may be targeted. Death may occur directly as a result of the desanguination of the body or via hypovolemia, wherein the blood volume in the circulatory system becomes too low and results in the body shutting down.[citation needed]
Juliet: O happy dagger! [Takes Romeo's dagger.] This is thy sheath. [Stabs herself.] There rust, and let me die. [Falls on Romeo's body and dies.] |
– Romeo and Juliet, Act V, Scene III |
Persons considering a suicide attempt, or trying out the weapon to ascertain its effectiveness, may first make shallow cuts, referred to as hesitation wounds or tentative wounds in the literature. They are often non-lethal, multiple parallel cuts.[16]
Wrist cutting
Wrist cutting is sometimes practiced with the goal of self-mutilation and not suicide; however, if the bleeding is copious and/or allowed to continue unchecked, cardiac arrhythmia, followed by severe hypovolemia, shock, circulatory collapse and/or cardiac arrest, and death may ensue, in that order.[17]
In the case of a failed suicide attempt, the person may experience injury of the tendons of the extrinsic flexor muscles, or the ulnar and median nerves which control the muscles of the hand, both of which can result in temporary or permanent reduction in the victim's sensory and/or motor ability and/or also cause chronic somatic or autonomic pain.[18] As in any class IV hemorrhage, aggressive resuscitation is required to prevent death of the patient; standard emergency bleeding control applies for pre-hospital treatment.
Drowning
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Street_Girl%27s_End.jpg/220px-Street_Girl%27s_End.jpg)
Suicide by drowning is the act of deliberately submerging oneself in water or other liquid to prevent breathing and deprive the brain of oxygen. Due to the body's natural tendency to come up for air, drowning attempts often involve the use of a heavy object to overcome this reflex. As the level of carbon dioxide in the victim's blood rises, the central nervous system sends the respiratory muscles an involuntary signal to contract, and the person breathes in water. Death usually occurs as the level of oxygen becomes too low to sustain the brain cells. It is among the least common methods of suicide, typically accounting for less than 2% of all reported suicides in the United States.[19]
Suffocation
Suicide by suffocation is the act of inhibiting one's ability to breathe or limiting oxygen uptake while breathing, causing hypoxia and eventually asphyxia. This may involve an exit bag (a plastic bag fixed over the head) or confinement in an enclosed space without oxygen. These attempts involve using depressants to make the user pass out due to the oxygen deprivation before the instinctive panic and the urge to escape due to the hypercapnic alarm response. It is impossible for someone to commit suicide by simply holding their breath, as the level of oxygen in the blood becomes too low, the brain sends an involuntary reflex, and the person breathes in as the respiratory muscles contract. Even if one is able to overcome this response to the point of becoming unconscious, in this condition, it's no longer possible to control breathing, and a normal rhythm is reestablished.[20]
Because of this, one is more likely to commit suicide through gas inhalation than attempting to prevent breathing all together. Inert gases such as helium, nitrogen, and argon, or toxic gases such as carbon monoxide are commonly used in suicides by suffocation due to their ability to quickly render a person unconscious, and may cause death within minutes.[21][22]
Hypothermia
Suicide by hypothermia or by cold, is a slow death that goes through several stages. Hypothermia begins with mild symptoms, gradually leading to moderate and severe penalties. This may involve shivering, delirium, hallucinations, lack of coordination, sensations of warmth, then finally death. One's organs cease to function, though clinical brain death can be delayed.[citation needed]
Electrocution
Suicide by electrocution involves using a lethal electric shock to kill oneself. This causes arrhythmias of the heart, meaning that the heart does not contract in synchrony between the different chambers, essentially causing elimination of blood flow. Furthermore, depending on the amount of electric current, burns may also occur. In his opinion outlawing the electric chair as a method of execution, Justice William M. Connolly of the Nebraska Supreme Court stated that "electrocution inflicts intense pain and agonizing suffering" and inflicted "unnecessary pain, suffering and torture."[23]
Jumping from height
Jumping from height is the act of jumping from high altitudes, for example, from a window (self-defenestration or auto-defenestration), balcony or roof of a high rise building, cliff, dam or bridge. This method, in most cases, results in severe consequences if the attempt fails, such as paralysis, organ damage, and bone fractures.[citation needed]
In the United States, jumping is among the least common methods of committing suicide (less than 2% of all reported suicides in the United States for 2005).[19]
In Hong Kong, jumping is the most common method of committing suicide, accounting for 52.1% of all reported suicide cases in 2006 and similar rates for the years prior to that.[24] The Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of the University of Hong Kong believes that it may be due to the abundance of easily accessible high rise buildings in Hong Kong.[25]
There have been several documented cases of suicide by skydiving, by people who deliberately failed to open their parachute (or removed it during freefall) and were found to have left suicide notes.[26][27] Expert Skydiver and former 22 SAS Soldier Charles (Nish) Bruce QGM committed suicide[28] following 8 years of mental illness and periods under section by leaping from a Cessna 172 from 5000 feet over Fyfield, Oxfordshire without a parachute whilst on a private flight home from Spain to Hinton Skydiving Centre.[29] His military history and the manner of his death resulted in extensive media coverage.[30][31][32][33][34] Numerous sources[35][36] have looked to attribute his breakdown and suicide to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.[37]
Firearms
A common suicide method is to use a firearm. Generally, the bullet will be aimed at point-blank range, often at the head or, less commonly, into the mouth, under the chin, or pointed at the chest. Worldwide, firearm prevalence in suicides varies widely, depending on the acceptance and availability of firearms in a culture. The use of firearms in suicides ranges from less than 10% in Australia[38] to 50.5% in the U.S., where it is the most common method of suicide.[39]
A failed suicide attempt by firearm may result in severe chronic pain for the patient as well as reduced cognitive abilities and motor function, subdural hematoma, foreign bodies in the head, pneumocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid leaks. For temporal bone directed bullets, temporal lobe abscess, meningitis, aphasia, hemianopsia, and hemiplegia are common late intracranial complications. As many as 50% of people who survive gunshots wounds directed at the temporal bone suffer facial nerve damage, usually due to a severed nerve.[40]
Research published in the New England Journal of Medicine and the National Academy of Science found an association between household firearm ownership and gun suicide rates,[41][42] though a study by one researcher did not find a statistically significant association between household firearms and gun suicide rates,[43] except in the suicides of children aged 5–14.[43] During the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a strong upward trend in adolescent suicides with a gun,[44] as well as a sharp overall increase in suicides among those age 75 and over.[45]
Two separate studies, in Canada and Australia, conducted in conjunction with more restrictive firearms legislation, demonstrated that while legislation showed a decrease in firearms suicide, other methods such as hanging increased. In Australia, the overall rate of suicide continued along an increasing trend, not decreasing until measures specifically aimed to provide support for those intent on suicide were implemented.[46][47][48]
According to criminologist Gary Kleck, studies that try to link gun ownership to victimology often fail to account for the presence of guns owned by other people.[49] Research by economists John Lott of the U.S. and John Whitley of Australia indicates that safe-storage laws do not appear to affect juvenile accidental gun deaths or suicides.[50]
Hanging
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When hanging one's self, the subject uses some type of ligature, as in a rope or a cord, to form a noose (or loop) around the throat, with the opposite end secured to some fixture. Depending on the placement of the noose and other factors, the subject strangles or suffers a broken neck. In the event of death, the actual cause often depends on the length of the drop; that is, the distance the subject falls before the rope goes taut.
In a "short drop", the victim may die from strangulation, in which the death may result from a lack of oxygen to the brain. The victim is likely to experience hypoxia, skin tingling, dizziness, vision narrowing, convulsions, shock, and acute respiratory acidosis. One or both carotid arteries and/or the jugular vein may also be compressed sufficiently to cause cerebral ischemia and a hypoxic condition in the brain which will eventually result in or contribute to death. Hanging survivors typically have severe damage to the trachea and larynx, damage to the carotid arteries, damage to the spine, and brain damage due to cerebral anoxia.
In a typical "long drop", the subject is likely to suffer one or more fractures of the cervical vertebrae, generally between the second and fifth, which may cause paralysis or death. In extremely long drops, the hanging may result in complete decapitation.
Hanging is the prevalent means of suicide in pre-industrial societies, and is more common in rural areas than in urban areas.[51] It is also a common means of suicide in situations where other materials are not readily available, such as in prisons.
Ligature compression
This method involves tightening a ligature around the neck so as to compress the carotid arteries, preventing the supply of oxygen to the brain and resulting in unconsciousness and death. The technique is also associated with certain types of judo holds and restraints, and auto-erotic asphyxiation.[52][53][54][55]
Vehicular impact
Another way of committing suicide is deliberately placing oneself in the path of a large and fast-moving vehicle, resulting in fatal impact.
Rail
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Suicide is accomplished by positioning oneself on a railway track when a train approaches or in advance, or driving a car onto the tracks.[56] Failed attempts may result in profound injuries, such as massive fractures, amputations, concussion and severe mental and physical handicapping.[57]
Unlike on underground railways, in suicides involving above-ground railway lines, the victim will often simply stand or lie on the tracks, waiting for the arrival of the train. As the trains usually travel at high speeds (usually between 80 and 200 km/h), the driver is usually unable to bring the train to a halt before the collision. This type of suicide may be traumatizing to the driver of the train and may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder.[58]
Suicides on tracks may take place through the person either jumping onto, walking, lying or sitting on the tracks. Accidents resulting from people jumping onto the tracks usually occur at daytime. Accidents including people walking, lying or sitting on the tracks usually occur at night when the driver's visibility is reduced, reducing the chance of a failed suicide. People who commit suicide in this manner usually stay at or around the place for the suicide for an extended period of time before the actual suicide. The victim may lie in between or across the tracks, resulting in decapitation.[citation needed]
Europe
In the Netherlands, as many as 10% of all suicides are rail-related.[59] In Germany, 7% of all suicides occur in this manner, making this type account for the largest share of overall suicides in the country.[60] To deal with an average of three suicide incidents per day, Deutsche Bahn is operating a sanatorium specifically for traumatized train drivers.[61] In recent years, some German train drivers succeeded in getting compensation payments from parents or spouses.[62] In Sweden, less densely populated and with a smaller proportion of the population living in proximity of railroad tracks, 5% of all suicides are rail-related. In Belgium near 6 percent of suicides are rail related with a disproportionate amount occurring in Dutch speaking region (10‰ rate in Flanders). There is a low rate of direct death (one in two are failed attempts). The location of many suicides occur at or very close to stations which is also uncharacterisic of suicides in other European countries. The disruption to the rail system is substantial and families of the victims are financially responsible for the economic loss due to canceled or delayed traffic and costs related to investigation and removal of body.[citation needed]
Japan
Trains on Japanese railroads cause a large number of suicides every year. Suicide by train is seen as something of a social problem, especially in the larger cities such as Tokyo or Nagoya, because it disrupts train schedules and if one occurs during the morning rush-hour, causes numerous commuters to arrive late for work. However, suicide by train persists despite a common policy among life insurance companies to deny payment to the beneficiary in the event of suicide by train (payment is usually made in the event of most other forms of suicide). Suicides involving the high-speed bullet-train, or Shinkansen are extremely rare, as the tracks are usually inaccessible to the public (i.e. elevated and/or protected by tall fences with barbed wire) and legislation mandates additional fines against the suicide victim's family and next-of-kin.[63]
North America
According to the Federal Railroad Administration, in the U.S., there are 300 to 500 train suicides a year.[64] A study of completed suicides on railway rights-of-ways by the Federal Railroad Administration found that the decedents tended to live near railroad tracks, were less likely to have access to firearms, and were significantly compromised by both severe mental disorder and substance abuse.[65]
Reducing the number of rail-related suicides
Methods to reduce the number of rail-related suicides include CCTV surveillance of stretches where suicides frequently occur, often with direct links to the local police or surveillance companies. This enables the police or guards to be on the scene within minutes after the trespassing was noted. Public access to the tracks is also made more difficult by erecting fences. Trees and bushes are cut down around the tracks in order to increase driver visibility.[citation needed]
In southern Sweden, where a suicide hotspot is located south of the university town Lund, CCTV cameras with direct links to the local police have been installed. Similar packages will be installed on other hotspots throughout the nation.[citation needed]
In the Netherlands, where several suicide hotspots are located by rail tracks next to mental wards, loud speakers and strong lights that activate when trespassing is noted, have been installed next to these hotspots.[citation needed]
Metro systems
Jumping in front of an oncoming subway train has a 59% death rate, lower than the 90% death rate for rail-related suicides. This is most likely because trains traveling on open tracks travel relatively quickly, whereas trains arriving at a subway station are decelerating so that they can stop and board passengers.
Different methods have been used in order to decrease the number of suicide attempts in the underground: for instance, deep drainage pits halve the likelihood of fatality. Separation of the passengers from the track by means of a partition with sliding doors is being introduced in some stations, but is expensive.[66]
Traffic collision
Some suicides are the result of intended car crashes. This especially applies to single-occupant, single-vehicle accidents, "because of the frequency of its use, the generally accepted inherent hazards of driving, and the fact that it offers the individual an opportunity to imperil or end his life without consciously confronting himself with his suicidal intent."[67] There is always the risk that a car accident will affect other road users; for example, a car that brakes abruptly or swerves to avoid a suicidal pedestrian may collide with something else on the road.
The real percentage of suicides among car accidents is not reliably known; studies by suicide researchers tell that "vehicular fatalities that are suicides vary from 1.6% to 5%".[68] Some suicides are misclassified as accidents, because suicide must be proven; "It is noteworthy that even when suicide is strongly suspected but a suicide note is not found, the case will be classified an 'accident.'"[69]
Some researchers believe that suicides disguised as traffic accidents are far more prevalent than previously thought. One large-scale community survey (in Australia) among suicidal persons provided the following numbers: "Of those who reported planning a suicide, 14.8% (19.1% of male planners and 11.8% of female planners) had conceived to have a motor vehicle "accident"... Of all attempters, 8.3% (13.3% of male attempters) had previously attempted via motor vehicle collision."[70]
Aircraft
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Between 1983 and 2003, 36 pilots committed suicide by aircraft in the United States.[71]
Poison
Suicide can be committed by using fast-acting poisons, such as hydrogen cyanide, or substances which are known for their high levels of toxicity to humans.[72] For example, most of the people of Jonestown died when Jim Jones, the leader of a religious sect, organized a mass suicide by drinking a cocktail of diazepam and cyanide in 1978.[73] Sufficient doses of some plants like the belladonna family, castor beans, Jatropha curcas and others, are also toxic. Poisoning through the means of toxic plants, is usually slower and is relatively painful.[74]
Pesticide
Worldwide, 30% of suicides are from pesticide poisonings. The use of this method, however, varies markedly in different areas of the world, from 4% in Europe to more than 50% in the Pacific region.[75] Poisoning by farm chemicals is very common among women in the Chinese countryside, and is regarded as a major social problem in the country.[76] In Finland, the highly lethal pesticide Parathion was commonly used for suicide in the 1950s. When access to the chemical was restricted, other methods replaced it, leading researchers to conclude that restricting certain suicide methods does little to impact the overall suicide rate.[77] However, in Sri Lanka, both suicide by pesticide and total suicides declined after first class 1 and later endosulfan were banned.[78]
Drug overdose
Overdose is a method of suicide which involves taking medication in doses greater than the indicated levels, or in a combination that will interact to either cause harmful effects or increase the potency of one or other of the substances.[citation needed]
An overdose is often the expressed preferred method of dignified dying among members of right-to-die societies. A poll among members of right-to-die society Exit International suggested that 89% would prefer to take a pill, rather than use a plastic exit bag, a CO generator, or use "slow euthanasia".[79] Death by helium inhalation however is the more common method preferred in practice, largely owing to its reliability.[80]
Reliability of the drugs method highly depends on chosen drugs and additional measures such as the use of antiemetics to prevent vomiting. Average fatality rate for overdoses in the U.S. is estimated to be only 1.8%.[81] At the same time, assisted suicide group Dignitas reported no single failure among 840 cases (fatality rate 100%), where an overdose of a former sleeping pill active agent Nembutal was used in combination with antiemetic drugs.[82]
While barbiturates (such as Seconal or Nembutal) have long been an option for suicide, they are becoming increasingly difficult for potential suicide victims to acquire. Dutch right-to-die society WOZZ proposed several safe alternatives to barbiturates for use in euthanasia.[83] The Peaceful Pill Handbook suggests the still easy availability of solutions containing pentobarbital in Mexico, where they are available over-the-counter from veterinarians for animal euthanasia.
A typical drug overdose uses random prescription and over-the-counter substances. In this case, death is highly uncertain, and an attempt may leave a person alive but with severe organ damage, although that itself may in turn eventually prove fatal. Drugs taken orally may also be vomited back out before being absorbed. Considering the very high doses needed, vomiting or losing consciousness before taking enough of the active agent is often a major problem for people attempting this.[citation needed]
Analgesic overdose attempts are among the most common, due to easy availability of over-the-counter substances.[84] Overdose may also take place when mixing medications in a cocktail with one another, or with alcohol or illegal drugs. This method may leave confusion over whether the death was a suicide or accidental, especially when alcohol or other judgment-impairing substances are also involved and no suicide note was left behind.
Carbon monoxide
A particular type of poisoning involves inhalation of high levels of carbon monoxide. Death usually occurs through hypoxia. In most cases carbon monoxide (CO) is used because it is easily available as a product of incomplete combustion; for example, it is released by cars and some types of heaters. A failed attempt can result in memory loss and other symptoms.[85][86][87]
Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas, so its presence cannot be detected by sight or smell. It acts by binding preferentially to the hemoglobin in the victim's blood, displacing oxygen molecules and progressively deoxygenating the blood, eventually resulting in the failure of cellular respiration, and death. Carbon monoxide is extremely dangerous to bystanders and people who may discover the body, so "Right to Die" advocates like Philip Nitschke recommend the use of safer alternatives like nitrogen, for example in his EXIT euthanasia device.
In the past, before air-quality regulations and catalytic converters, suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning would often be achieved by running a car's engine in a closed space such as a garage, or by redirecting a running car's exhaust back inside the cabin with a hose. Motor car exhaust may have contained up to 25% carbon monoxide. However, catalytic converters found on all modern automobiles eliminate over 99% of carbon monoxide produced.[88] As a further complication, the amount of unburned gasoline in emissions can make exhaust unbearable to breathe well before losing consciousness.
The incidence of suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning through burning charcoal, such as a barbecue in a sealed room, appears to have risen. This has been referred to by some as "death by hibachi".[89] As with other suicide methods, charcoal burning suicide attempters can live from the attempt, which typically leaves a person with severe brain damage due to cerebral anoxia.
Other toxins
Detergent-related suicide involves mixing household chemicals to produce hydrogen sulfide or other poisonous gases.[90][91][92][93] The suicide rates by domestic gas fell from 1960 to 1980.[94]
Several creatures, such as spiders, snakes, and scorpions, carry venoms that can easily and quickly kill a person. These substances can be used to conduct suicide. For example, Cleopatra supposedly had an asp bite her when she heard of Marc Antony's death.[95]
Disease
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There have been several documented cases of deliberately contracting a fatal disease such as HIV/AIDS as a means of suicide.[96][97][98]
Immolation
Immolation usually refers to suicide by fire. It has been used as a protest tactic, most famously by Thích Quảng Đức in 1963 to protest the South Vietnamese government's systematic anti-Buddhist, pro-Catholic policies; by Malachi Ritscher in 2006 to protest the United States' involvement in the Iraq War; and by Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia which started the Tunisian Revolution in 2011 and the Arab Spring.[citation needed]
Self-immolation was also carried out as a ritual known as sati in certain parts of India, where a Hindu wife immolated herself in her dead husband's funeral pyre, either voluntarily or by coercion.[99]
The Latin root of "immolate" means "sacrifice", and is not restricted to the use of fire, though in common US media usage the term immolation refers to suicide by fire.
This method of suicide is relatively rare due to the long and painful experience one has to go through before death sets in. This is also contributed to by the ever-present risk that the fire is extinguished before death sets in, and in that way causes one to live with severe burnings, scar tissue, and the emotional impact of such horrific injuries.
Volcano
Suicide by volcano involves jumping into molten lava in an active volcanic crater, fissure vent, lava flow or lava lake. The actual cause of death may be as a result of the fall (see jumping from height), contact burns, radiant heat or asphyxiation from volcanic gases. According to some ancient sources, philosopher Empedocles jumped into the Aetna trying to make everybody believe that he had disappeared from the Earth to become a god; this was frustrated when the volcano spat out one of his bronze sandals. Modern suicides have taken place in numerous volcanoes but the most famous is Mount Mihara in Japan. In 1933, Kiyoko Matsumoto committed suicide by jumping into the Mihara crater. A trend of copycat suicides followed, as 944 people jumped into the same crater over the following year.[100] Over 1200 people attempted suicide in two years before a barrier was erected.[101] The original barrier was replaced with a higher fence topped with barbed wire after another 619 people jumped in 1936.[102][103]
Ritual suicide
Ritual suicide is performed in a prescribed way, often as part of a religious or cultural practice.
Seppuku
Seppuku (colloquially hara-kiri "belly slitting") is a Japanese ritual method of suicide, practiced mostly in the medieval era, though some isolated cases appear in modern times. For example, Yukio Mishima committed seppuku in 1970 after a failed coup d'état intended to restore full power to the Japanese emperor.[104] Unlike other methods of suicide, this was regarded as a way of preserving one's honor. The ritual is part of bushido, the code of the samurai.
As originally performed solely by an individual, it was an extremely painful method by which to die. Dressed ceremonially, with his sword placed in front of him and sometimes seated on special cloth, the warrior would prepare for death by writing a death poem. The samurai would open his kimono, take up his wakizashi (short sword), fan, or a tantō and plunge it into his abdomen, making first a left-to-right cut and then a second slightly upward stroke. As the custom evolved, a selected attendant (kaishakunin, his second) stood by, and on the second stroke would perform daki-kubi, where the warrior is all but decapitated leaving only a slight band of flesh attaching the head to the body, so as to not let the head fall off and roll on the ground, which was considered dishonorable in feudal Japan. The act eventually became so highly ritualistic that the samurai would only have to reach for his sword, and his kaishakunin would execute the killing stroke. Later still, there would be no sword, but something like a fan for which the samurai would reach.[citation needed]
Autosacrifice
Human sacrifice was a religious activity throughout Mesoamerica. In Aztec and Maya culture, autosacrifice involving self-decapitation by priests and kings is depicted in artworks.[105][106] The sacrifice is usually depicted holding an obsidian knife or axe to the side of the neck.[106][107]
Some forms of Durga worship in Indian Hinduism involve a male devotee offering himself as a sacrifice through ritual self-decapitation with a curved sword. This is designed to obtain a favor from the deity for a third party.[108][109]
Starvation
A hunger strike may ultimately lead to death. Starvation has been used by Hindu and Jain monks as a ritual method of penance (known as Prayopavesa and Santhara respectively) or as a method of speeding up one's own death,[110] and Albigensians or Cathars also fasted after receiving the 'consolamentum' sacrament, in order to die while in a morally perfect state.[111] This method of death is often associated with political protest, such as the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike by Irish republican paramilitary prisoners demanding prisoner of war status, of whom ten died. The explorer Thor Heyerdahl refused to eat or take medication for the last month of his life, after he was diagnosed with cancer.[112]
Anorexia nervosa has been referred to as a subconscious form of suicide.[113] However, an anorexia nervosa death caused by self-starvation is not listed on death certificates as suicide. In the UK, refusal to adhere to norms regarding food and drink consumption can lead to being detained, treated and even force fed under section 3 of the Mental Health Act 1983. The effects of this can be substantial and may result in 'sectioning/ Involuntary commitment, with some cases demonstrating a level of persistence from mental health professionals in the resistance of such methods.[114] The effects of force feeding have even been likened to "sexual assault" by sociologist aficionados like June Purvis (Professor of Sociology at Portsmouth University); who cites the ill treatment of women in the Suffragette movement. One argument, put forward by the historian and journalist George Dangerfield denoted the treatment as "No more than extremely unpleasant". The women themselves claiming the process was "frightfully indignified".[115] The moral issues faced by medical professionals handling such treatments are still present today. American news networks recorded a case of a navy male nurse who faced a Court Martial at Guantanamo Bay for refusing to force-feed detainees on ethical grounds. .[116] This revelation caused conflict amongst many in the US when a video was leaked of a distressed Gitmo detainee coughing up blood during the procedure. [117]
Dehydration
Death from dehydration can take from several days to a few weeks. This means that unlike many other suicide methods, it cannot be accomplished impulsively. Those who die by terminal dehydration typically lapse into unconsciousness before death, and may also experience delirium and deranged serum sodium.[118] Discontinuation of hydration does not produce true thirst, although a sensation of dryness of the mouth often is reported as "thirst." The evidence this is not true thirst is extensive and shows the ill feeling is not relieved by giving fluids intravenously, but is relieved by wetting the tongue and lips and proper care of the mouth. Patients with edema tend to take longer to die of dehydration because of the excess fluid in their bodies.[119]
Terminal dehydration has been described as having substantial advantages over physician-assisted suicide with respect to self-determination, access, professional integrity, and social implications. Specifically, a patient has a right to refuse treatment and it would be a personal assault for someone to force water on a patient, but such is not the case if a doctor merely refuses to provide lethal medication.[120] But it also has distinctive drawbacks as a humane means of voluntary death.[121] One survey of hospice nurses found that nearly twice as many had cared for patients who chose voluntary refusal of food and fluids to hasten death as had cared for patients who chose physician-assisted suicide.[122] They also rated fasting and dehydration as causing less suffering and pain and being more peaceful than physician-assisted suicide.[123] Other sources, however, have noted very painful side effects of dehydration, including seizures, skin cracking and bleeding, blindness, nausea, vomiting, cramping and severe headaches.[124] There can be a fine line between terminal sedation that results in death by dehydration and euthanasia.[125]
Guillotine
While death by guillotine appears to be rare, there are documented instances of it.[126] Generally the device is home-made, which means the user must have some craft skills. Most likely the builder would have done some testing, and/or consulted plans on the internet.
Suicide attack
A suicide attack is an attack in which the attacker (attacker being either an individual or a group) intends to kill others and intends to die in the process of doing so (e.g. Columbine, Virginia Tech and 9/11). In a suicide attack in the strictest sense, the attacker dies by the attack itself, for example in an explosion or crash caused by the attacker. The term is sometimes loosely applied to an incident in which the intention of the attacker is not clear, though he is almost sure to die by the defense or retaliation of the attacked party, e.g., "suicide by cop", that is, menacing or assaulting an armed police officer with a weapon or apparent or proclaimed harmful intent which all but ensures that the cop will use deadly force to terminate the attack. This can also be referred to as murder/suicide.[citation needed]
Such attacks are typically motivated by religious or political ideologies, and have been carried out using numerous methods. For example, attackers might attach explosives directly to their bodies before detonating themselves close to their target, also known as suicide bombing. They may use a car bomb or other machinery to cause maximum damage (e.g. Japanese kamikaze pilots during World War II).[citation needed]
Indirect suicide
Indirect suicide is the act of setting out on an obviously fatal course without directly committing the act upon oneself. Indirect suicide is differentiated from legally defined suicide by the fact that the actor does not pull the figurative (or literal) trigger. Examples of indirect suicide include a soldier enlisting in the army with the express intention and expectation of being killed in combat. Another example would be provoking an armed officer into using lethal force against them. This is generally called "suicide by cop". In some instances the subject commits a capital crime in hope of being sentenced to death.[citation needed]
Evidence exists for numerous examples of suicide by capital crime in colonial Australia. Convicts seeking to escape their brutal treatment would murder another individual. This was necessary due to a religious taboo against direct suicide. A person committing suicide was believed to be destined for hell, whereas a person committing murder could absolve their sins before execution. In its most extreme from, groups of prisoners on the extremely brutal penal colony of Norfolk Island would form suicide lotteries. Prisoners would draw straws with one prisoner murdering another. The remaining participants would witness the crime, and would be sent away to Sydney as capital trials could not be held on Norfolk Island, thus earning a break from the Island. There is uncertainty as to the extent of suicide lotteries. While surviving contemporary accounts claim that the practice was common, such claims are probably exaggerated.[127]
In media
A number of books have been written as aids in suicide, including Final Exit and The Peaceful Pill Handbook, the latter of which overlaps with euthanasia methods. Many books on this topic have been challenged and banned due to controversy. However, ones such as The Complete Manual of Suicide state that they neither encourage nor discourage suicide.
There is also a list of suicide sites. These sites include suicide bridges such as the Golden Gate Bridge (which has had 1558 accounted deaths as of 2012, with only 33 having survived)[128] and Lover's Leaps, which are named so for their association with legends of romantic tragedy.
See also
- Advocacy of suicide
- Suicide legislation
- Suicide prevention
- List of suicides from antiquity to the present
- List of suicides in the 21st century
Further reading
- Chris Docker. Five Last Acts II, (2nd Edition): Expanded & Revised (2015 edition), Createspace USA 2015; 446 pages. ISBN 978-1511988506.
- Chris Docker. Five Last Acts – The Exit Path (2015 edition). Createspace USA 2015; 822 pages. ISBN 978-1512176445.
- Humphry, Derek. Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying. Dell. 1997. 240 pages.
- Philip Nitschke. The Peaceful Pill Handbook. Exit International US, 2007. ISBN 0-9788788-2-5. 211 pages.
- Stone, Geo. Suicide and Attempted Suicide: Methods and Consequences. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2001. ISBN 0-7867-0940-5.
References
- ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference
Carroll
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Weiten
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "What is oral sex?". NHS Choices. NHS. January 15, 2009. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010.
- ^ "Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2007. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ^ Dianne Hales (2008). An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011. Cengage Learning. pp. 269–271. ISBN 0495391921. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
- ^ New Dimensions in Women's Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2011. p. 211. ISBN 1449683754. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
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ignored (help) - ^ See here and 47-49 for male virginity, how gay and lesbian individuals define virginity loss, and for how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical virginity" by whether or not a person has engaged in vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter (2005). Virginity lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences. NYU Press. pp. 295 pages. ISBN 0-8147-1652-0. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
- ^ The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning. 2010. p. 186. ISBN 0-534-62425-1. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' [...] Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins' [...] Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual sexual activity (e.g., oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation).
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|authors=
ignored (help) - ^ Sonya S. Brady, PhD and Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher, PhD (2007). "Adolescents' Reported Consequences of Having Oral Sex Versus Vaginal Sex". Pediatrics. 119 (2): 229–236. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1727. PMID 17272611.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Joseph Gross, Michael (2003). Like a Virgin. The Advocate/Here Publishing. pp. 44–45. 0001-8996. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
{{cite book}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "The Jiminy Conjecture". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 2. April 27, 2009. CBS.
{{cite episode}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ "The Luminous Fish Effect". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 4. October 15, 2007. CBS.
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suggested) (help) - ^ "The Terminator Decoupling". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 17. March 9, 2009. CBS.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|serieslink=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "The Santa Simulation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 6. Episode 11. December 13, 2012. CBS.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
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suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Symbols of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Movements". www.lambda.org. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
- ^ Pounder, Derrick. "Lecture Notes in Forensic Medicine" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
- ^ Dutton MD. MBA, Richard P. "Pathophysiology of Traumatic Shock" (PDF). Web. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
- ^ Bukhari, AJ; Saleem M; Bhutta AR; Khan AZ; Abid KJ. (October 2004). "Spaghetti wrist: management and outcome". J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 14 ((10)): 608–11. doi:10.2004/JCPSP.608611. PMID 15456551.
- ^ a b "WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Reports". Retrieved July 6, 2009.
- ^ Kurzban, Robert (February 7, 2011). "Why Can't You Hold Your Breath Until You're Dead?". Web. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
- ^ "Deaths Involving the Inadvertent Connection of Air-line Respirators to Inert Gas Supplies".
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- ^ Liptak, Adam (February 9, 2008). "Electrocution Is Banned in Last State to Rely on It". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ "Method Used in Completed Suicide". HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong. 2006. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
{{cite web}}
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missing|last2=
(help);|first=
missing|last=
(help) - ^ W.G. Eckert and W.S. Reals (1978). "Air disaster investigation". Legal Medicine Annual: 57–70.
- ^ David Dolinak, Evan W. Matshes and Emma O. Lew (2005). Forensic pathology: principles and practice. Academic Press. p. 293. ISBN 0-12-219951-0.
- ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/jun/21/military.rebeccaallison: The Guardian: Suicide Verdict - Depressed pilot leapt to death (21 June 2002): Rebecca Allison
- ^ = CNN World News - SAS Soldier dies in plane plunge - 10 January 2002
- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-124321/How-I-fought-stop-SAS-mans-suicide-leap.html#axzz2KACtlHR8: Daily Mail: How I fought to stop SAS man's suicide leap (January 2002): Rebecca English
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1758301.stm - BBC News: Falklands veterans claim suicide toll (13 January 2002).
- ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/jan/16/law.military: The Guardian - The Forgotten Army, Clare Dyer (16 January 2002)
- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-93990/SAS-veteran-5-000ft-suicide-leap-plane.html#axzz2JyR4Rbq5: The Daily Mail - SAS Veteran in 5000 ft suicide leap from Plane:Rebecca English
- ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,630819,00.html - Addley, Esther "The Suicide of an Ex-SAS Man, Into the Abyss", 11 January 2002, Paragraph 8 - The Guardian
- ^ Clive Emsley, Soldier, Sailor, Beggarman, Thief: Crime and the British Armed Services since 1914 (2013). Page 193. ISBN 978-0-19-965371-3.
- ^ Michael Kennedy, Soldier 'I' - The Story of an SAS Hero (2011). Page 350. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781849086509
- ^ Tony Banks, Storming the Falklands, My War and After (2012). Chapter 6. Little Brown Publishing. ISBN 9780748130603
- ^ "A review of suicide statistics in Australia". Government of Australia.
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One study found a statistically significant relationship between gun ownership levels and suicide rate across 14 developed nations (e.g. where survey data on gun ownership levels were available), but the association lost its statistical significance when additional countries were included.
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Studies that attempt to link the gun ownership of individuals to their experiences as victims (e.g., Kellermann, et al. 1993) do not effectively determine how an individual's risk of victimization is affected by gun ownership by other people, especially those not living in the gun owner's own household.
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It is frequently assumed that safe-storage laws reduce accidental gun deaths and total suicides. We find no support that safe-storage laws reduce either juvenile accidental gun deaths or suicides.
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- ^ "Lokführer erhält Schmerzensgeld vom Witwer einer Selbstmörderin". Der Spiegel. December 8, 2006.
"Lokführer bekommt Schmerzensgeld von Hinterbliebenen". Der Spiegel. September 19, 2011. - ^ Kunitachi City Journal; Japanese Trains Try to Shed a Gruesome Appeal, New York Times, June 6, 2000
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- ^ "Poisoning drugs". Forums.yellowworld.org. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ^ Ministry of Terror - The Jonestown Cult Massacre, Elissayelle Haney, Infoplease, 2006.
- ^ "Poisoning methods". Ctrl-c.liu.se. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ^ Gunnell D, Eddleston M, Phillips MR, Konradsen F (2007). "The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: Systematic review". BMC Public Health. 7: 357. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-357. PMC 2262093. PMID 18154668.
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- ^ A Ohberg, J Lonnqvist, S Sarna, E Vuori and A Penttila (1995). "Trends and availability of suicide methods in Finland. Proposals for restrictive measures". The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. 166 (1). The British Journal of Psychiatry: 35–43. doi:10.1192/bjp.166.1.35. PMID 7894873.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hvistendahl, M. (2013). "In Rural Asia, Locking Up Poisons to Prevent Suicides". Science. 341 (6147): 738. doi:10.1126/science.341.6147.738.
- ^ Philip Nitschke. The Peaceful Pill Handbook. Exit International US, 2007. ISBN 0-9788788-2-5, p 33
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- ^ Stone, Geo. Suicide and Attempted Suicide: Methods and Consequences. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2001. ISBN 0-7867-0940-5, p. 230
- ^ Wenn Sie das trinken, gibt es kein Zurück Tagesspiegel.de Retrieved 2008-04-12
- ^ Guide to a Humane Self-Chosen Death by Dr. Pieter Admiraal et al. WOZZ Foundation www.wozz.nl, Delft, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-78581-01-8.
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- ^ Docker C, Five Last Acts - The Exit Path 2013:368.
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- ^ See:
- Strabo, Geographica, Book 17, Chapter 1, paragraph 10: Octavian "forced Antony to put himself to death and Cleopatra to come into his power alive; but a little later she too put herself to death secretly, while in prison, by the bite of an asp or (for two accounts are given) by applying a poisonous ointment" …
- Sextus Propertius, Elegies, Book 3, number 11: … "I saw your [Cleopatra's] arms bitten by the sacred asps, and your limbs draw sleep in by a secret path." … Available on-line at: Poetry in Translation
- Horace, Odes, Book 1, Ode 37: … "And she [Cleopatra] dared to gaze at her fallen kingdom / with a calm face, and touch the poisonous asps / with courage, so that she might drink down / their dark venom, to the depths of her heart," … Available on-line at: Poetry in Translation
- Virgil, Aeneid, Book 8, lines 696-697: … "The queen in the centre signals to her columns with the native sistrum, not yet turning to look at the twin snakes at her back." … Available on-line at: Poetry in Translation
- ^ Frances, Richard J.; Wikstrom, Thomas; Alcena, Valiere (1985). The American Journal of Psychiatry. 142 (5): 656.
{{cite journal}}
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Flavin, Daniel K.; Franklin, John E.; Frances, Richard J. (1986). The American Journal of Psychiatry. 143 (11): 1440–1442.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ronald W. Maris, Alan L. Berman, Morton M. Silverman and Bruce M. Bongar (2000). Comprehensive textbook of suicidology. Guilford Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-57230-541-0.
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- ^ Diana Kendall (2011). Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials. Cengage Learning. p. 24. ISBN 1-111-30550-1.
- ^ Cedric A. Mims (1998). When we die. Robinson. p. 40. ISBN 1-85487-529-9.
- ^ Edward Robb Ellis and George N. Allen (1961). Traitor within: our suicide problem. Doubleday. p. 98.
- ^ "Jumpers". The New Yorker. October 13, 2003.
- ^ Nathan, John. Mishima: A biography, Little Brown and Company: Boston/Toronto, 1974.
- ^ Cecelia Klein. "The Ideology of Autosacrifice at the Templo Mayor" in E. H. Boone, ed. The Aztec Templo Mayor pp. 293-370. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. 1987 ISBN 0-88402-149-1
- ^ a b Jürgen Kremer and Fausto Uc Flores (1993). "The Ritual Suicide of Maya Rulers". Eighth Palenque Round Table. 10. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute: 79–91.
- ^ Justin Kerr. "The Transformation of Xbalanqué or The Many Faces of God A1". Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies.
- ^ Miranda Eberle Shaw (2006). Buddhist goddesses of India. Princeton University Press. p. 416. ISBN 0-691-12758-1.
- ^ George Cœdès (1968). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 101. ISBN 0-8248-0368-X.
- ^ Docker C, The Art and Science of Fasting in: Smith C, Docker C, Hofsess J, Dunn B, Beyond Final Exit 1995
- ^ The New Encyclopedia of the Occult - John Michael Greer - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ Radford, Tim (April 19, 2002). "Thor Heyerdahl dies at 87". London: The Guardian. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
- ^ Farnsworth, D. Bombastic Gadflies.
- ^ Wallis, Lucy (April 19, 2002). "Beth's Story: What is it like to be sectioned?". London: BBC News. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
- ^ Purvis, June (2014-09-19). "Force-feeding of hunger-striking suffraggettes". London: Times Higher Education. Retrieved 1996-04-29.
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- ^ RT, RT (May 14, 2014). "Painful force-feeding procedure caused Gitmo detainee to cough up blood". America: RT. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
- ^ Baumrucker, Steven (May–June 1999). "Science, Hospice and Terminal Dehydration". 16 (3). American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine.
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- ^ James L. Bernat, MD; Bernard Gert, PhD; R. Peter Mogielnicki, MD (December 27, 1993). "Patient Refusal of Hydration and Nutrition". Archives of Internal Medicine. 153 (24). Archives of Internal Medicine: 2723–8. doi:10.1001/archinte.1993.00410240021003. PMID 8257247.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Miller, Franklin G. and Meier, Diane E. (2004). "Voluntary Death: A Comparison of Terminal Dehydration and Physician-Assisted Suicide". Annals of Internal Medicine. 128 (7). Annals of Internal Medicine: 559–62. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-128-7-199804010-00007. PMID 9518401.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jacobs, Sandra (July 24, 2003). "Death by Voluntary Dehydration — What the Caregivers Say". The New England Journal of Medicine. 349 (4). New England Journal of Medicine: 325–326. doi:10.1056/NEJMp038115. PMID 12878738.
- ^ Arehart-Treichel, Joan (January 16, 2004). "Terminally Ill Choose Fasting Over M.D.-Assisted Suicide". Psychiatric News. 39 (2). American Psychiatric Association: 15–51.
- ^ "Weeklystandard.com". Weeklystandard.com. November 11, 2003. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ^ Orentlicher, D (October 23, 1997). "The Supreme Court and Physician-Assisted Suicide — Rejecting Assisted Suicide but Embracing Euthanasia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 337 (17). New England Journal of Medicine: 1236–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199710233371713. PMID 9340517.
- ^ Stokes, Paul (April 26, 2003). "Suicide by DIY guillotine and an 'ingenious' timing device". Telegraph. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ Hughes, Robert (1988). The Fatal Shore, The Epic Story of Australia's Founding (first ed.). Vintage Books.
- ^ Hines, Kevin (November 12, 2006). "He jumped off the Golden Gate Bridge . . . and lived!". BBC News. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
External links
General
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg)
Jim Parsons' portrayal of Sheldly has received widespread ridicule, and is often cited as the main reason for suicide by critics and fans alike.[1][2][3]
All in all, any of these would be acceptable for him to do to himself
Asperger syndrome
Yeah he's a fuckin sperg.
References
- ^ Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldly The Dick". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on March 13, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
- ^ Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". The Toronto Star. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
- ^ Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Warning: Default sort key "Coon, Sheldly" overrides earlier default sort key "Suicide Methods".