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'''Upshot–Knothole Harry''' (UK#9) was a [[Nuclear weapons testing|nuclear weapons test]] conducted by the United States as part of [[Operation Upshot–Knothole]]. It took place at the recorded time of 04:05 (05:05 hrs <ref name="jAGuar">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=m2SMxWppPR4C&q=Upshot-Knothole+Harry |
'''Upshot–Knothole Harry''' (UK#9) was a [[Nuclear weapons testing|nuclear weapons test]] conducted by the United States as part of [[Operation Upshot–Knothole]]. It took place at the recorded time of 04:05 (05:05 hrs <ref name="jAGuar">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=m2SMxWppPR4C&q=Upshot-Knothole+Harry&ved=0ahUKEwiwutabkLTJAhVL7hoKHSXMCRAQ6AEIPjAG|author=|title=Shots ENCORE to CLIMAX: the final four tests of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE series, 8 May - 4 June 1953|publisher=published by United States. Defense Nuclear Agency, JRB Associates 1982, 230 pages, |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>) hours, on the May the 19th, 1953 in [[Yucca Flat]], in the [[Nevada National Security Site|Nevada Test Site]]. The sponsor of the test was the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|National Laboratory of the United States of America located at Los Alamos]].<ref name="DOE/NV-209"/><ref name="Richard L. Miller"/><ref>http://www.lanl.gov/</ref> |
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==Device== |
==Device== |
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The test device, codenamed ''Hamlet'', was detonated atop a 300-foot tower,<ref name="NWA"/> the device produced a yield of 32 kilotonnes.<ref name="ctbto.org">{{cite book |url=https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/19-may-1953-dirty-harry/|author=Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (& United States military)|title=article|publisher=published by [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization ]] |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref> The device had a diameter of 56 [[inches]] and a length of 66 inches. Its weight was 4 [[tonne]]s.<ref name="Richard L. Miller">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EC03ta0ErHAC&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175 |
The test device, codenamed ''Hamlet'', was detonated atop a 300-foot tower,<ref name="NWA"/> the device produced a yield of 32 kilotonnes.<ref name="ctbto.org">{{cite book |url=https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/19-may-1953-dirty-harry/|author=Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (& United States military)|title=article|publisher=published by [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization ]] |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref> The device had a diameter of 56 [[inches]] and a length of 66 inches. Its weight was 4 [[tonne]]s.<ref name="Richard L. Miller">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EC03ta0ErHAC&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175|author=R.L. Miller|title=The Us Atlas of Nuclear Fallout 1951-1970 Vol. I Abridged General Reader Edition|publisher=published by Two-Sixty Press, 1st of June 2002, 734 pages, {{ISBN|1881043134}} |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref> |
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The device was designed by [[Ted Taylor (physicist)|Theodore (Ted) Taylor]] at the Los Alamos National Laboratory of the United States of America, and is distinguished from all others because it was the most efficient [[Nuclear weapon design|pure fission]] design with a yield below 100 kt ever tested.<ref name="NWA"/> The design utilized a new hollow core concept.<ref>[http://www.naav.com/assets/NAAV_April-07_Newsletter.pdf Newsletter] published and written by the (United States of America) National Association of Atomic Veterans, Inc. (ed. R.J.Ritter) Retrieved 2015-11-28 (c.f. [[Atomic veteran]])</ref> The concept was termed as "radical implosion system" aiming towards reducing the amount of fissionable materials present in the weapon's core while generating moderately high yield.<ref name="swordsoarIII">{{cite book |authorlink=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=III |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |accessdate=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|201}} |
The device was designed by [[Ted Taylor (physicist)|Theodore (Ted) Taylor]] at the Los Alamos National Laboratory of the United States of America, and is distinguished from all others because it was the most efficient [[Nuclear weapon design|pure fission]] design with a yield below 100 kt ever tested.<ref name="NWA"/> The design utilized a new hollow core concept.<ref>[http://www.naav.com/assets/NAAV_April-07_Newsletter.pdf Newsletter] published and written by the (United States of America) National Association of Atomic Veterans, Inc. (ed. R.J.Ritter) Retrieved 2015-11-28 (c.f. [[Atomic veteran]])</ref> The concept was termed as "radical implosion system" aiming towards reducing the amount of fissionable materials present in the weapon's core while generating moderately high yield.<ref name="swordsoarIII">{{cite book |authorlink=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=III |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |accessdate=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|201}} |
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Of the Upshot–Knothole tests, the so-called Harry test deposited the 3rd highest amount of [[Caesium-137]], [[Isotopes of niobium|Niobium-95]], [[Strontium-90]], [[Isotopes of zirconium|Zirconium-95]], the fourth highest deposit for [[Isotopes of niobium|Niobium-95m]], [[Isotopes of praseodymium|Praseodymium-144]], fifth for [[Isotopes of uranium|Uranium-240]], [[Isotopes of ruthenium|Ruthenium-106]], sixth for [[Iodine-131]], [[Isotopes of tellurium|Tellurium-127m]], eighth for deposition of [[Cobalt-60]], tenth for deposition of [[Isotopes of europium#Europium-155|Europium-155]], thirteenth for [[Strontium-89]], [[Yttrium-90]], and sixteenth for [[Isotopes of beryllium|Beryllium-7]], (the source lists Sr-90 twice, at 3rd and thirteenth, thirteenth was omitted here).<ref name="Richard L. Miller"/> The deposition pattern was most similar to test name CLIMAX.<ref name="Richard L. Miller"/> |
Of the Upshot–Knothole tests, the so-called Harry test deposited the 3rd highest amount of [[Caesium-137]], [[Isotopes of niobium|Niobium-95]], [[Strontium-90]], [[Isotopes of zirconium|Zirconium-95]], the fourth highest deposit for [[Isotopes of niobium|Niobium-95m]], [[Isotopes of praseodymium|Praseodymium-144]], fifth for [[Isotopes of uranium|Uranium-240]], [[Isotopes of ruthenium|Ruthenium-106]], sixth for [[Iodine-131]], [[Isotopes of tellurium|Tellurium-127m]], eighth for deposition of [[Cobalt-60]], tenth for deposition of [[Isotopes of europium#Europium-155|Europium-155]], thirteenth for [[Strontium-89]], [[Yttrium-90]], and sixteenth for [[Isotopes of beryllium|Beryllium-7]], (the source lists Sr-90 twice, at 3rd and thirteenth, thirteenth was omitted here).<ref name="Richard L. Miller"/> The deposition pattern was most similar to test name CLIMAX.<ref name="Richard L. Miller"/> |
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Monitoring personnel including [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|United States of America Atomic Energy Commission]] personnel monitored the resultant [[radioactive]] [[Nuclear Fallout|fallout]] in areas including [[St. George, Utah#Nuclear contamination|St.George]], [[Utah]].<ref name="R.L. Miller">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=adI-6jRDipgC&pg=PA363&lpg=PA363 |
Monitoring personnel including [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|United States of America Atomic Energy Commission]] personnel monitored the resultant [[radioactive]] [[Nuclear Fallout|fallout]] in areas including [[St. George, Utah#Nuclear contamination|St.George]], [[Utah]].<ref name="R.L. Miller">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=adI-6jRDipgC&pg=PA363&lpg=PA363|author=R.L. Miller|title=text|publisher=published by Two-Sixty Press 1986, 547 pages, {{ISBN|0029216206}} |accessdate=2015-11-29}}</ref> Fallout from the test fell on 3046 counties of the United States.<ref name="Richard L. Miller"/> Due to a miscalculation and change in wind-direction,<ref name="ctbto.org"/> this Upshot–Knothole test released an unusually large amount of fallout (the highest of any test in the continental U.S.), much of which later accumulated in the vicinity of St. George, Utah. Because of this, the shot would become known as "Dirty Harry" in the press when details were released publicly. It would be among the most controversial of the U.S. [[nuclear weapons testing|nuclear weapon tests]]. Two years after the blast, [[Howard Hughes]] filmed the motion picture ''[[The Conqueror (1956 film)|The Conqueror]]'' near St. George. The cast and crew totaled 220 people. By the end of 1980, as ascertained by [[People (magazine)|People magazine]], 91 of them had developed some form of cancer and 46 had died of the disease. |
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Hicks (1981) evaluated the [[Gamma ray#Health effects|gamma-exposure rates]] and levels of radionuclides. Within the report by Hicks he was required to omit data of U-233, U-235, U-238 & Pu-239, and Pu-240 in order to make the report unclassified.<ref name="O.A. Pavlovski">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fps9BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |
Hicks (1981) evaluated the [[Gamma ray#Health effects|gamma-exposure rates]] and levels of radionuclides. Within the report by Hicks he was required to omit data of U-233, U-235, U-238 & Pu-239, and Pu-240 in order to make the report unclassified.<ref name="O.A. Pavlovski">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fps9BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA225|author=O.A. Pavlovski |title=text (p.225)|publisher=published by [[Springer Science & Business Media]], 29 June 2013, (ed. C.S. Shapiro) 282 pages, {{ISBN|366203610X}}, ''Volume 35 of Nato Science Partnership Subseries: 2''|accessdate=2015-11-29}}</ref><ref>[[U.S. Department of State]] - [https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/88404.pdf Document] published by U.S.A. Department of State, U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual 12 Diplomatic Security. Retrieved 2015-11-29</ref> |
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In measurement of cumulative exposures rates of populations within a 300-mile radius of the test site, of the period 1951 to 1959, the Upshot–Knothole tests was found to have produced 50% ([[Rounding|rounded]] figure) of exposure rate within the population, of the 50%, 75% ([[Rounding|rounded]] figure) was due to the test-shot ''Harry''.<ref>R.G. Cuddihy, G.J. Newton - [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rkVrWG1hcJ8C&q=Upshot-Knothole+Harry&dq=Upshot-Knothole+Harry&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjniuCwnLbJAhVBwxoKHUyjBrw4ChDoAQglMAI report] published by Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, [[Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute|Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute]] 1985, 162 pages, Original from University of Minnesota, Digitized May 23rd 2009 [Retrieved 2015-11-29]</ref> |
In measurement of cumulative exposures rates of populations within a 300-mile radius of the test site, of the period 1951 to 1959, the Upshot–Knothole tests was found to have produced 50% ([[Rounding|rounded]] figure) of exposure rate within the population, of the 50%, 75% ([[Rounding|rounded]] figure) was due to the test-shot ''Harry''.<ref>R.G. Cuddihy, G.J. Newton - [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rkVrWG1hcJ8C&q=Upshot-Knothole+Harry&dq=Upshot-Knothole+Harry&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjniuCwnLbJAhVBwxoKHUyjBrw4ChDoAQglMAI report] published by Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, [[Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute|Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute]] 1985, 162 pages, Original from University of Minnesota, Digitized May 23rd 2009 [Retrieved 2015-11-29]</ref> |
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Revision as of 02:23, 27 September 2018
| Upshot–Knothole Harry | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Information | |
| Country | United States |
| Test series | Operation Upshot–Knothole |
| Test site | Nevada Test Site |
| Date | May 19, 1953 |
| Test type | Atmospheric (tower) |
| Yield | 32 kt |
| Test chronology | |
Upshot–Knothole Harry (UK#9) was a nuclear weapons test conducted by the United States as part of Operation Upshot–Knothole. It took place at the recorded time of 04:05 (05:05 hrs [1]) hours, on the May the 19th, 1953 in Yucca Flat, in the Nevada Test Site. The sponsor of the test was the National Laboratory of the United States of America located at Los Alamos.[2][3][4]
Device
The test device, codenamed Hamlet, was detonated atop a 300-foot tower,[5] the device produced a yield of 32 kilotonnes.[6] The device had a diameter of 56 inches and a length of 66 inches. Its weight was 4 tonnes.[3]
The device was designed by Theodore (Ted) Taylor at the Los Alamos National Laboratory of the United States of America, and is distinguished from all others because it was the most efficient pure fission design with a yield below 100 kt ever tested.[5] The design utilized a new hollow core concept.[7] The concept was termed as "radical implosion system" aiming towards reducing the amount of fissionable materials present in the weapon's core while generating moderately high yield.[8]: 201
Detonation
The device was detonated in Area 3 of the test site.[1]
Deposition
Of the Upshot–Knothole tests, the so-called Harry test deposited the 3rd highest amount of Caesium-137, Niobium-95, Strontium-90, Zirconium-95, the fourth highest deposit for Niobium-95m, Praseodymium-144, fifth for Uranium-240, Ruthenium-106, sixth for Iodine-131, Tellurium-127m, eighth for deposition of Cobalt-60, tenth for deposition of Europium-155, thirteenth for Strontium-89, Yttrium-90, and sixteenth for Beryllium-7, (the source lists Sr-90 twice, at 3rd and thirteenth, thirteenth was omitted here).[3] The deposition pattern was most similar to test name CLIMAX.[3]
Monitoring personnel including United States of America Atomic Energy Commission personnel monitored the resultant radioactive fallout in areas including St.George, Utah.[9] Fallout from the test fell on 3046 counties of the United States.[3] Due to a miscalculation and change in wind-direction,[6] this Upshot–Knothole test released an unusually large amount of fallout (the highest of any test in the continental U.S.), much of which later accumulated in the vicinity of St. George, Utah. Because of this, the shot would become known as "Dirty Harry" in the press when details were released publicly. It would be among the most controversial of the U.S. nuclear weapon tests. Two years after the blast, Howard Hughes filmed the motion picture The Conqueror near St. George. The cast and crew totaled 220 people. By the end of 1980, as ascertained by People magazine, 91 of them had developed some form of cancer and 46 had died of the disease.
Hicks (1981) evaluated the gamma-exposure rates and levels of radionuclides. Within the report by Hicks he was required to omit data of U-233, U-235, U-238 & Pu-239, and Pu-240 in order to make the report unclassified.[10][11]
In measurement of cumulative exposures rates of populations within a 300-mile radius of the test site, of the period 1951 to 1959, the Upshot–Knothole tests was found to have produced 50% (rounded figure) of exposure rate within the population, of the 50%, 75% (rounded figure) was due to the test-shot Harry.[12]
See also
References
- ^ a b Shots ENCORE to CLIMAX: the final four tests of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE series, 8 May - 4 June 1953. published by United States. Defense Nuclear Agency, JRB Associates 1982, 230 pages,. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ U.S. Department of Energy / Nevada Operations Office, United States Nuclear Tests - July 1945 through September 1992, December 2000, DOE/NV-209 Rev 15 Archived 2006-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e R.L. Miller. The Us Atlas of Nuclear Fallout 1951-1970 Vol. I Abridged General Reader Edition. published by Two-Sixty Press, 1st of June 2002, 734 pages, ISBN 1881043134. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
{{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in|publisher=at position 60 (help) - ^ http://www.lanl.gov/
- ^ a b "Operation Upshot-Knothole". The Nuclear Weapon Archive. 2002-06-19. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
- ^ a b Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (& United States military). article. published by Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization . Retrieved 2015-11-28.
- ^ Newsletter published and written by the (United States of America) National Association of Atomic Veterans, Inc. (ed. R.J.Ritter) Retrieved 2015-11-28 (c.f. Atomic veteran)
- ^ Hansen, Chuck (1995). Swords of Armageddon. Vol. III. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
- ^ R.L. Miller. text. published by Two-Sixty Press 1986, 547 pages, ISBN 0029216206. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
{{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in|publisher=at position 47 (help) - ^ O.A. Pavlovski. text (p.225). published by Springer Science & Business Media, 29 June 2013, (ed. C.S. Shapiro) 282 pages, ISBN 366203610X, Volume 35 of Nato Science Partnership Subseries: 2. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
{{cite book}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); templatestyles stripmarker in|publisher=at position 97 (help) - ^ U.S. Department of State - Document published by U.S.A. Department of State, U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual 12 Diplomatic Security. Retrieved 2015-11-29
- ^ R.G. Cuddihy, G.J. Newton - report published by Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute 1985, 162 pages, Original from University of Minnesota, Digitized May 23rd 2009 [Retrieved 2015-11-29]
External links
- video of the explosion (black and white) Published on the 9th of November 2015 (YouTube - atomicarchive)
- Quinn, V.E.; Urban, V.D.; Kennedy, N.C - radiological and mteorological data published by International Atomic Energy Agency