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The grapheme Š, š (S with caron) is used in various contexts representing the sh sound usually denoting the voiceless postalveolar fricative or similar voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/. In the International Phonetic Alphabet this sound is denoted with ʃ or ʂ, but the lowercase š is used in the Americanist phonetic notation, as well as in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. It represents the same sound as the Turkic letter Ş and the Romanian letter Ș (S-comma).

For use in computer systems, Š and š are at Unicode codepoints U+0160 and U+0161 (Alt 0138 and Alt 0154 for input), respectively. In HTML code, the entities &Scaron; and &scaron; can also be used to represent the characters.

Primary usage

The symbol originates with the 15th-century Czech alphabet as introduced by the reforms of Jan Hus.^[1]^[2] From there, it was adopted into the Croatian alphabet by Ljudevit Gaj in 1830,^[3] and other alphabets of languages such as Assyrian Neo-Aramaic,^[4] Bosnian,^[1] Belarusian,^[5] Latvian,^[6] Lithuanian,^[7] Macedonian (as auxiliary alphabet), Serbian,^[8] Montenegrin,^[9] Slovak,^[10] Slovene, Karelian, Sami, Veps, Sorbian and some forms of Bulgarian. Some languages such as Macedonian and Serbian use the Cyrillic script where the "ш" represents the "š" in the Latin alphabet.^[11]

Also, š occurs in Finnish and Estonian, but only in loanwords. On occasion, it is possible to replace š with sh but only when it is technically impossible to typeset the accented character.^[12]

Outside of Europe, the "š" is also used in Lakota,^[13] Cheyenne, and Cree (in dialects such as Moose Cree),^[14] Classical Malay (until end of 19th century) and some African languages such as Northern Sotho and Songhay. It is used in the Persian Latin alphabet, equivalent to ش.

Transliteration

The symbol is also used as the romanisation of Cyrillic ш in ISO 9 and scientific transliteration and deployed in the Latinic writing systems of Macedonian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Bashkir. It is also used in some systems of transliterating Georgian to represent ⟨შ⟩ (/ʃ/).

In addition, the grapheme transliterates cuneiform orthography of Sumerian and Akkadian /ʃ/ or /t͡ʃ/, and (based on Akkadian orthography) the Hittite /s/ phoneme, as well as the /ʃ/ phoneme of Semitic languages, transliterating shin (Phoenician and its descendants), the direct predecessor of Cyrillic ш.

Computing code

Character information
Preview	Š		š
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON		LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	352	U+0160	353	U+0161
UTF-8	197 160	C5 A0	197 161	C5 A1
Numeric character reference	Š	Š	š	š
Named character reference	&Scaron;		&scaron;

References

^ ^a ^b Tošović, Branko (2010). Korrelative Grammatik des Bosni(aki)schen, Kroatischen und Serbischen: Dio 1. Phonetik, Phonologie, Prosodie (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 100. ISBN 978-3-6435-0100-4.
^ Kempgen et al. 2014, p. 1518.
^ Kempgen et al. 2014, p. 1523.
^ "A Cuneiform Correspondence to Alphabetic ש in West Semitic Names of the I Millennium B.C". Orientalia. 7 (1). Gregorian Biblical Press: 91. 1978. ISSN 0030-5367.
^ Kamusella, Tomasz (2008). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Springer. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-2305-8347-4.
^ Rūk̦e-Dravin̦a, Velta (1977). The Standardization Process in Latvian: 16th Century to the Present. Almqvist & Wiksell international. p. 56. ISBN 978-9-1220-0109-6.
^ Baldi, Philip; Dini, Pietro U. (2004). Studies in Baltic and Indo-European Linguistics: In Honor of William R. Schmalstieg. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-5881-1584-3.
^ Rhem, Georg; Uszkoreit, Hans (2012). The Serbian Language in the Digital Age. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-6423-0755-3.
^ Greenberg, Robert D. (2004). Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration. Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-1992-5815-4.
^ Krajčovič, Rudolf (1975). A historical phonology of the Slovak language. Winter. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-5330-2329-6.
^ Daskalov, Roumen; Vezenkov, Alexander (2015). Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three:Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies. BRILL. p. 7. ISBN 978-9-0042-9036-5.
^ Finnish orthography and the characters š and ž
^ Andersson, Rani-Henrik (2020). The Lakota Ghost Dance Of 1890. University of Nebraska Press. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-4962-1107-1.
^ Pentland, David H. (2004). "Papers of the Thirtieth Algonquian Conference". Anthropological Linguistics. 46 (1). ISSN 0003-5483.

Sources

Kempgen, Sebastian; Kosta, Peter; Berger, Tilman; Gutschmidt, Karl (2014). Die slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages. Halbband 2. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-1102-1547-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

[Tošović-1] Tošović, Branko (2010). Korrelative Grammatik des Bosni(aki)schen, Kroatischen und Serbischen: Dio 1. Phonetik, Phonologie, Prosodie (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 100. ISBN 978-3-6435-0100-4.

[FOOTNOTEKempgenKostaBergerGutschmidt20141518-2] Kempgen et al. 2014, p. 1518.

[FOOTNOTEKempgenKostaBergerGutschmidt20141523-3] Kempgen et al. 2014, p. 1523.

[4] "A Cuneiform Correspondence to Alphabetic ש in West Semitic Names of the I Millennium B.C". Orientalia. 7 (1). Gregorian Biblical Press: 91. 1978. ISSN 0030-5367.

[5] Kamusella, Tomasz (2008). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Springer. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-2305-8347-4.

[6] Rūk̦e-Dravin̦a, Velta (1977). The Standardization Process in Latvian: 16th Century to the Present. Almqvist & Wiksell international. p. 56. ISBN 978-9-1220-0109-6.

[7] Baldi, Philip; Dini, Pietro U. (2004). Studies in Baltic and Indo-European Linguistics: In Honor of William R. Schmalstieg. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-5881-1584-3.

[8] Rhem, Georg; Uszkoreit, Hans (2012). The Serbian Language in the Digital Age. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-6423-0755-3.

[9] Greenberg, Robert D. (2004). Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration. Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-1992-5815-4.

[10] Krajčovič, Rudolf (1975). A historical phonology of the Slovak language. Winter. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-5330-2329-6.

[11] Daskalov, Roumen; Vezenkov, Alexander (2015). Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three:Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies. BRILL. p. 7. ISBN 978-9-0042-9036-5.

[12] Finnish orthography and the characters š and ž

[13] Andersson, Rani-Henrik (2020). The Lakota Ghost Dance Of 1890. University of Nebraska Press. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-4962-1107-1.

[14] Pentland, David H. (2004). "Papers of the Thirtieth Algonquian Conference". Anthropological Linguistics. 46 (1). ISSN 0003-5483.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Letter of the Latin alphabet}}
 {{Distinguish|text = the Esperanto letter [[Ŝ]]}}
-{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
 [[File:Latin alphabet Šš.png|right|thumb|Š in upper- and lowercase]]
 The [[grapheme]] '''Š''', '''š''' ([[S]] with [[caron]]) is used in various contexts representing the '''''sh''''' sound usually denoting the [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] or similar [[voiceless retroflex fricative]] /ʂ/. In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] this sound is denoted with [[Esh (letter)|ʃ]] or [[ʂ]], but the lowercase š is used in the [[Americanist phonetic notation]], as well as in the [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]]. It represents the same sound as the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] letter [[Ş]] and the [[Romanian alphabet|Romanian]] letter [[S-comma|Ș]] (S-comma).
@@ Line 8: / Line 7: @@
 ==Primary usage==
-The symbol originates with the 15th-century [[Czech alphabet]] as introduced by the reforms of [[Jan Hus]]. From there, it was adopted into the  [[Croatian alphabet]] by [[Ljudevit Gaj]] in 1830, and other alphabets of languages such as [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Belarusian Latin alphabet|Belarusian]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] (as auxiliary alphabet),  [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]], [[Slovak alphabet|Slovak]], [[Slovene alphabet|Slovene]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Karelian alphabet|Karelian]], [[Sami languages|Sami]], [[Veps language|Veps]], [[Sorbian alphabet|Sorbian]] and some forms of [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]. Some languages in this list also use the [[Cyrillic]] script where the "[[Sha (Cyrillic)|ш]]" represents the "š" in the Latin alphabet.
+The symbol originates with the 15th-century [[Czech alphabet]] as introduced by the reforms of [[Jan Hus]].<ref name="Tošović">{{cite book |last1=Tošović |first1=Branko |title=Korrelative Grammatik des Bosni(aki)schen, Kroatischen und Serbischen: Dio 1. Phonetik, Phonologie, Prosodie |date=2010 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-6435-0100-4 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ai5HOHTKAzkC&pg=PA100 |language=German}}</ref>{{sfn|Kempgen|Kosta|Berger|Gutschmidt|2014|p=1518}} From there, it was adopted into the  [[Croatian alphabet]] by [[Ljudevit Gaj]] in 1830,{{sfn|Kempgen|Kosta|Berger|Gutschmidt|2014|p=1523}} and other alphabets of languages such as [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Cuneiform Correspondence to Alphabetic ש in West Semitic Names of the I Millennium B.C |journal=Orientalia |date=1978 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=91 |publisher=Gregorian Biblical Press |issn=00305367}}</ref> [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]],<ref name="Tošović" /> [[Belarusian Latin alphabet|Belarusian]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kamusella |first1=Tomasz |title=The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-2305-8347-4 |page=172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172}}</ref> [[Latvian language|Latvian]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rūk̦e-Dravin̦a |first1=Velta |title=The Standardization Process in Latvian: 16th Century to the Present |date=1977 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell international |isbn=978-9-1220-0109-6 |page=56}}</ref> [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baldi |first1=Philip |last2=Dini |first2=Pietro U. |title=Studies in Baltic and Indo-European Linguistics: In Honor of William R. Schmalstieg |date=2004 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-1-5881-1584-3 |page=199 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8jUb_6Ses7YC&pg=PA199}}</ref> [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] (as auxiliary alphabet), [[Serbian language|Serbian]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rhem |first1=Georg |last2=Uszkoreit |first2=Hans |title=The Serbian Language in the Digital Age |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-6423-0755-3 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6aD30BIUowC&pg=PA53}}</ref> [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greenberg |first1=Robert D. |title=Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1992-5815-4 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suYTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103}}</ref> [[Slovak alphabet|Slovak]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krajčovič |first1=Rudolf |title=A historical phonology of the Slovak language |date=1975 |publisher=Winter |isbn=978-3-5330-2329-6 |page=17}}</ref> [[Slovene alphabet|Slovene]], [[Karelian alphabet|Karelian]], [[Sami languages|Sami]], [[Veps language|Veps]], [[Sorbian alphabet|Sorbian]] and some forms of [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]. Some languages such as Macedonian and Serbian use the [[Cyrillic]] script where the "[[Sha (Cyrillic)|ш]]" represents the "š" in the Latin alphabet.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daskalov |first1=Roumen |last2=Vezenkov |first2=Alexander |title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three:Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9-0042-9036-5 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDRzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP7}}</ref>
 Also, ''š'' occurs in [[Finnish alphabet|Finnish]] and [[Estonian alphabet|Estonian]], but only in loanwords. On occasion, it is possible to replace ''š'' with ''sh'' but only when it is technically impossible to typeset the accented character.<ref>[http://www.mlang.name/arkisto/hatut-EN.html Finnish orthography and the characters š and ž]</ref>
-Outside of [[Europe]], the "š" is also used in [[Lakota language|Lakota]], [[Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]], and [[Cree language|Cree]] (in dialects such as [[Moose Cree language|Moose Cree]]), [[Classical Malay]] (until end of 19th century) and some African languages such as [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]] and [[Songhay languages|Songhay]].
+Outside of [[Europe]], the "š" is also used in [[Lakota language|Lakota]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Andersson |first1=Rani-Henrik |title=The Lakota Ghost Dance Of 1890 |date=2020 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-1-4962-1107-1 |page=402 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3_aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT402}}</ref> [[Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]], and [[Cree language|Cree]] (in dialects such as [[Moose Cree language|Moose Cree]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pentland |first1=David H. |title=Papers of the Thirtieth Algonquian Conference |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |date=2004 |volume=46 |issue=1 |issn=00035483}}</ref> [[Classical Malay]] (until end of 19th century) and some African languages such as [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]] and [[Songhay languages|Songhay]]. It is used in the [[Persian language|Persian]]  Latin alphabet, equivalent to [[ش]].
-It is used in the [[Persian language|Persian]]  Latin alphabet, equivalent to [[ش]].
 ==Transliteration==
@@ Line 38: / Line 35: @@
 *[[Ş]]
-==Notes==
+==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+===Sources===
+* {{cite book |last1=Kempgen |first1=Sebastian |last2=Kosta |first2=Peter |last3=Berger |first3=Tilman |last4=Gutschmidt |first4=Karl |title=Die slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages. Halbband 2 |date=2014 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-1102-1547-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GACTBgAAQBAJ |ref=harv}}
 {{Latin script}}
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 [[Category:Lithuanian language]]
 [[Category:Croatian language]]
+[[Category:Serbian language]]
 [[Category:Eastern Aramaic languages]]
 [[Category:Neo-Aramaic languages]]