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Agartala Conspiracy Case

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Agartala Conspiracy Case
CourtSpecial tribunal in Dacca Cantonment
Full case name State of Pakistan vs Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and others
Ruling
Case withdrawn on 22 February 1969, release of all those accused.
Court membership
Judges sittingJustices
Laws applied
Sections 121-A and 131 of the Pakistan Penal Code, waging or attempting to wage war or abetting waging of war against Pakistan.[1][2]
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Independence of Bangladesh
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The Agartala Conspiracy Case was a sedition case in Pakistan during the rule of Ayub Khan against Awami League, brought by the government of Pakistan in 1968 against Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the then leader of the Awami League and East Pakistan, and 34 other people.The Agartala Conspiracy Case was a significant political and historical event in Pakistan's history, specifically in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). It was a sedition case brought by the government of Pakistan in 1968 against several Bengali politicians, military officers, and civil servants. Here's an overview:

Background

East Pakistan was facing political and economic discrimination by the central government of West Pakistan, leading to widespread discontent.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the leader of the Awami League, was at the forefront of demanding greater autonomy for East Pakistan through his Six-Point Movement.

The central government of Pakistan accused Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and others of conspiring with India to secede East Pakistan.


The Case

Named after Agartala, a city in India near the East Pakistani border, where the alleged conspiracy was said to have been planned.

The Pakistani government claimed that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and 34 other individuals had colluded with Indian intelligence agencies to prepare for East Pakistan's secession.

The accused were charged with high treason in what came to be known as the Agartala Conspiracy Case.


Key Developments

1. Trial: The trial was conducted in a special tribunal under strict security, but it drew significant public attention.


2. Mass Movement: Public sentiment in East Pakistan strongly favored the accused. Protests and demonstrations erupted, particularly among students and workers, demanding their release.


3. Killings of Protesters: During the mass movement, the killing of student leader Asaduzzaman Asad on January 20, 1969, and other protesters further intensified the agitation.


4. Withdrawal of the Case: On February 22, 1969, amid rising public pressure, President Ayub Khan's government dropped the charges and released all accused, including Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.


Significance

The case solidified Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s status as the leading figure in East Pakistan's struggle for autonomy.

It deepened the divide between East and West Pakistan, eventually contributing to the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971.

The public perception of the case as unjust highlighted the political marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistan.


The Agartala Conspiracy Case remains a crucial episode in the history of Bangladesh's independence movement.

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The case was filed in early 1968 and implicated Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and others in conspiring with India against the stability of Pakistan. The case is officially called State vs. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and others, but is popularly known as Agartala Shoŗojontro Mamla (Agartala conspiracy case) as the main conspiracy was purported to have taken place in the Indian city of Agartala in Tripura state, where Sheikh Mujib's associates met Indian military officials.[4]

On 22 February 2011, one of the accused of the Agartala conspiracy case, Shawkat Ali, told the parliament in Bangladesh that the Agartala conspiracy case was not false and the charges brought against the accused were all true. He also confirmed that Navy Steward Mujibur Rahman, and Educationist Mohammad Ali Reza had indeed gone to Agartala, India to seek Indian support for Bangladesh's independence.[3][5]

Accused

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The government of Pakistan brought charges against 35 political personalities including three eminent civil servants officials under civil law.[6] They included;

Plot and detection

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The plot was conceived by Sheikh Mujib in an attempt to ignite an armed revolution against West Pakistan that would result in the secession. Two of the accused, navy steward Mujibur Rahman and the educator Mohammad Ali Reza, went to Agartala, Tripura, a city in North-Eastern India to seek Indian support for an independent Bangladesh.[5]

The alleged conspiracy was uncovered by Lieutenant Colonel Shamsul Alam, who commanded the East Pakistan Detachment of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). It was during this time that an officer of the East Bengal Regiment, Rauf ur Rahman, who was in league with the conspirators made an attempt on Alam's life. Alam shielded himself from the would-be assassins; for this Alam was awarded the Sitara-e-Basalat, the highest award for bravery in action during peacetime.

In all, 1,500 Bengalis were arrested in connection with the plot in 1967.[1] In January 1968 the Home Department of Pakistan declared that it had detected a scheme to destabilise Pakistan and break the Eastern wing through an armed revolt, and had arrested 8 people. Later on 18 January, the Department implicated Sheikh Mujib as well. He and others were arrested on 9 May 1968 and were subsequently released, only to be arrested later.[1]

At the time of the trial, the existence of a conspiracy between Mujib and India for the secession of East Pakistan was never successfully proven.[7]

Trials

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Pakistan decided to try the accused by court-martial since a lot of the accused were military personnel. However, this was overturned in favour of a civil trial to implicate the politicians ahead of the 1970 elections as well as to provide transparency of the trials. Hence, only 35 were finally accused. The accused were then moved from Dacca Central Jail to the secured borders of the Dacca Cantonment.[1]

The penal codes were amended to benefit the prosecution of the accused, and the trial began on 19 June 1968 under a special tribunal. The hearings took place inside a secured chamber within the Dacca Cantonment. The hearing became for Mujib an opportunity to publicise the Awami League demands.[8] The charge sheet of 100 paragraphs were presented before the tribunal, with 227 witnesses and 7 approvers.[1]

The tribunal was headed by 3 judges – the chair, Justice S.A. Rahman was a non-Bengali; the other members M.R. Khan, and Maksum-ul-Hakim were Bengalis. The Pakistani government was represented by the Attorney General Tafazzal Hossain Khan and former Foreign Minister Manzur Quader. Thomas Williams, a British lawyer, along with local attorneys challenged the formation of the tribunal by filing a petition in favour of Sheikh Mujib.[1] The approvers appeared in the witness box and testified that they provided false evidence under the coercion of the State.[1]

Members of the public looked at the case as a conspiracy of the Pakistani government against the political autonomy movement of East Pakistan, especially since the government was keen to prove that Sheikh Mujib was an Indian agent and a separatist. They organised a mass movement and demanded the immediate withdrawal of the case and release of all prisoners.[1] According to the government decision, the final date for the case was 6 February 1969. However, because of the mass upsurge of 1969, the government had to defer the date.[1]

In the morning of 15 February 1969, a Pakistani havildar shot point-blank at Sergeant Zahurul Haq at the door of his jail cell and killed him.[9] The news of the killing led a furious mob to set fire to the State Guest House and other government buildings,[1] where the chief lawyer for the government and the chair of the tribunal resided. They vacated secretly. Some of the case files and evidence had got burnt and damaged as a result of the arson.[1]

In the face of the mass movement, the government withdrew the Agartala Conspiracy Case on 22 February 1969.[1] The accused were released on the following day and the Race course Maidan saw a grand reception of the accused, where Sheikh Mujib was given his famous title of Bangabandhu.[1]

Aftermath

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Angry protesters formed an action committee. This popular hostility forced Ayub Khan to withdraw the case and convene a Round Table Conference which Sheikh Mujib triumphantly attended but walked out of when his Six-Point demands were ignored.[10] The case and the resulting uprising was a major factor in the fall of Ayub Khan's government[11] and is also seen as one of the major events leading to Bengali nationalism and the Bangladesh Liberation War.[12]

Sergeant Zahurul Haq was honoured by the naming of a students' residential hall of the University of Dhaka after him.[13]

Confession

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In 2010, and on the anniversary of the withdrawal on 22 February 2011, surviving conspirator and Deputy Speaker of the Parliament Shawkat Ali confessed to the parliament at a point of order that the charges read out to them were accurate, stating that they formed a Shangram Parishad (Action Committee) under Sheikh Mujib for the secession of East Pakistan.[3][5]

Parliamentarian Tofael Ahmed added that had the case not been filed, the plot would have culminated in the secession of East Pakistan without bloodshed, and credited the Deputy Speaker for planning the liberation of the nation.[3]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Begum, Shahida (2012). "Agartala Conspiracy Case". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  2. ^ "Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860)". Pakistani.org. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d "'Agartala conspiracy case was not false'". bdnews24.com. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  4. ^ Talbot 1998, p. 190 "The case against them became known as the Agartala Conspiracy Case since it was at Agartala that the accused were alleged to have met Indian army officers"
  5. ^ a b c "Textbook 'incorrectly' describes Agartala Case: Shawkat". The Daily Star. BSS. 12 June 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  6. ^ Talbot 1998, p. 190 "The list of thirty-five conspirators included three high-ranking East Pakistan civil servants."
  7. ^ Talbot 1998, p. 190 "The Agartala contacts however did not provide solid evidence of a Mujib-India secessionist conspiracy in East Pakistan, and in its absence, the accusations were to prove extremely counterproductive given the prevailing political atmosphere."
  8. ^ Talbot 1998, p. 190 "Moreover, the hearing in open court presented Sheikh Mujib with the perfect platform to argue the Awami League cause."
  9. ^ Talbot 1998, p. 190 "The popular hostility evoked by the case peaked when one of the defendants, Sergeant Zahurul Haq, was murdered while in custody."
  10. ^ Talbot 1998, p. 190 "In a by now familiar pattern, students led the protests forming an Action Committee with its own 11-Point Programme. Ayub attempted to placate the rising tide of anger by dropping the case and convening a Round Table Conference. Sheikh Mujib triumphantly emerged from prison to represent the Awami League at the Conference, but he walked out when its demands for full provincial autonomy were ignored."
  11. ^ Talbot 1998, p. 190 "The continuing disturbances in the eastern wing played an important role in the toppling of the Ayub regime."
  12. ^ Ahsan, Syed Badrul (February 2007). "February 1969: Revisiting the Agartala Conspiracy Case". Forum. The Daily Star. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  13. ^ "35 'accused' honoured". The Daily Star. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
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