Crimson
| Crimson | |
|---|---|
 Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #DC143C |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (220, 20, 60) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 91, 73, 14) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (348°, 91%, 86[1]%) |
| Source | X11 |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
Crimson is a strong, bright, deep red color. It originally meant the color of the Kermes dye produced from a scale insect, Kermes vermilio, but the name is now also used as a generic term for slightly reddish-blue colors that are between red and rose; besides crimson itself, these colors include carmine, raspberry, ruddy, ruby, amaranth, cardinal, and cerise.
Contents |
History [edit]
Crimson (NR4) is produced using the dried bodies of the kermes insect, which were gathered commercially in Mediterranean countries, where they live on the Kermes oak, and sold throughout Europe.[2] Kermes dyes have been found in burial wrappings in Anglo-Scandinavian York. They fell out of use with the introduction of cochineal, because although the dyes were comparable in quality and color intensity it needed ten to twelve times as much kermes to produce the same effect as cochineal.
Carmine is the name given to the dye made from the dried bodies of the female cochineal, although the name crimson is sometimes applied to these dyes too. Cochineal appears to have been brought to Europe during the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniard Hernán Cortés, and the name 'carmine' is derived from the French carmin. It was first described by Mathioli in 1549. The pigment is also called cochineal after the insect from which it is made.
Alizarin (PR83) is a pigment that was first synthesized in 1868 by the German chemists Carl Gräbe and Carl Liebermann and replaced the natural pigment madder lake. Alizarin crimson is a dye bonded onto alum which is then used as a pigment and mixed with ochre, sienna and umber. It is not totally colorfast.
Etymology [edit]
The word crimson has been recorded in English since 1400,[3] and its earlier forms include cremesin, crymysyn and cramoysin (cf. cramoisy, a crimson cloth). These were adapted via Old Spanish from the Medieval Latin cremesinus (also kermesinus or carmesinus), the dye produced from Kermes scale insects, and can be traced back to Arabic qermez ("red"), also borrowed in Turkish kırmızı and many other languages, e.g. German Karmesin, Italian Cremisi, French cramoisi, etc. (via Latin). The ultimate source may be Sanskrit कृमिज kṛmi-jā meaning "worm-made".[4]
A shortened form of carmesinus also gave the Latin carminus, from which comes carmine.
Other cognates include the Old Church Slavic čruminu and the Russian čermnyj "red". Cf. also vermilion.
Dyes [edit]
Carmine dyes, which give crimson and related red and purple colors, are based on an aluminium and calcium salt of carminic acid. Carmine lake is an aluminium or aluminium-tin lake of cochineal extract, and Crimson lake is prepared by striking down an infusion of cochineal with a 5 percent solution of alum and cream of tartar. Purple lake is prepared like carmine lake with the addition of lime to produce the deep purple tone. Carmine dyes tend to fade quickly.
Carmine dyes were once widely prized in both the Americas and in Europe. They were used in paints by Michelangelo and for the crimson fabrics of the Hussars, the Turks, the British Redcoats, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Nowadays carmine dyes are used for coloring foodstuffs, medicines and cosmetics. As a food additive in the European Union, carmine dyes are designated E120, and are also called cochineal and Natural Red 4. Carmine dyes are also used in some oil paints and watercolors used by artists.
Variations of crimson [edit]
Pink [edit]
| Pink | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #FFC0CB |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (255, 192, 203) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (350°, 100%, 88%) |
| Source | X11 color names[5] HTML/CSS[6] |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
|
At right is displayed the color pink.
The color pink has a hue code of 350, placing it directly within the range of crimson colors. Thus, the color "pink" is actually a pale tint of crimson.
Baker-Miller pink [edit]
| Baker-Miller Pink | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #FF91AF |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (255, 145, 175) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 43, 31, 0) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (344°, 43%, 100[7]%) |
| Source | Internet |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
The color Baker-Miller Pink is displayed at right.
Baker-Miller Pink was formulated in 1979.
With a hue code of 344, "Baker-Miller Pink" is within the range of crimson colors and may be considered a light tone of crimson.
Fandango pink [edit]
| Fandango Pink | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #DE5285 |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (222, 82, 133) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 63, 40, 13) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (342°, 63%, 87[8]%) |
| Source | Pantone TPX[9] |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
Displayed at right is the color fandango pink.
The color fandango pink, with a hue code of 342, is within the range of crimson colors and is a bright tone of crimson.
The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #17-2033 TPX—Fandango Pink.[10]
Radical red [edit]
| Radical Red | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #FF355E |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (255, 53, 94) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 79, 63, 0) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (348°, 79%, 100[11]%) |
| Source | Crayola |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
The Crayola crayon color radical red is displayed at right.
The color radical red was formulated by Crayola in 1990.
This color is supposed to be fluorescent, but there is no mechanism for displaying fluorescence on a computer screen.
With a hue code of 348, this color is within the range of crimson colors and may be regarded as a vivid tone of crimson.
Electric crimson [edit]
| Electric Crimson | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #FF003F |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (255, 0, 63) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 100, 75, 0) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (345°, 100%, 100[12]%) |
| Source | Maerz and Paul |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
Displayed at right is the color electric crimson.
Electric crimson is that tone of crimson which is precisely halfway between red and rose on the color wheel. In the 1930 book A Dictionary of Color, the color Crimson is shown as lying halfway between red and rose.[13]
Folly [edit]
| Folly | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #FF004F |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (255, 0, 79) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 100, 69, 0) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (341°, 100%, 100[14]%) |
| Source | Maerz and Paul |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
Displayed at right is the color folly.
Folly is a color one-fourth of the way between crimson and rose, closer to crimson than to rose. The first recorded use of folly as a color name in English was in 1920.[15]
Alizarin crimson [edit]
Alizarin crimson is an artificially created color, used to replace the harder to obtain rose madder.
Spanish crimson [edit]
| Crimson (G&S) | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #E51A4C |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (229, 26, 76) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 95, 55, 0) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (345°, 89%, 90%) |
| Source | Gallego and Sanz[16] |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
Spanish crimson is the color that is called Carmesi (the Spanish word for "crimson") in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.
Razzmatazz [edit]
| Razzmatazz | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #E3256B |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (227, 37, 107) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 84, 53, 11) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (338°, 84%, 89[17]%) |
| Source | Crayola |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
Displayed at right is the color razzmatazz.
This color is a rich tone of crimson-rose.
Razzmatazz was a new Crayola crayon color chosen in 1993 as a part of the Name The New Colors Contest.
KU Crimson [edit]
| KU Crimson | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #E8000D |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (232, 0, 13) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 100, 94, 9) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (357°, 100%, 91%) |
| Source | KU Visual Identity |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
KU Crimson, along with blue, is an official color for the University of Kansas and its athletic teams, the Kansas Jayhawks. The color is referenced in the school's alma mater.[18] While not an original color of the school, Crimson was suggested to honor a Harvard graduate who donated money for an athletic field at the school.[19]
Utah crimson [edit]
| Utah Crimson | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #D3003F |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (211, 0, 63) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 100, 70, 17) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (342°, 100%, 82.7[20]%) |
| Source | Internet |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
Displayed at right is the color Utah crimson, the color which is symbolic of the University of Utah. Of all the universities that list crimson as an official color, the University of Utah is closest to the web color crimson (RGB 220, 20, 60).
The school's athletic booster organization is called the Crimson Club.[21]
Cardinal [edit]
| Cardinal | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #C41E3A |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (196, 30, 58) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 85, 70, 23) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (350°, 85%, 77%) |
| Source | Maerz and Paul[22] |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
The color cardinal is shown at right.
The first recorded use of cardinal as a color name in English was in the year 1698.[23]
With a hue code of 350, the color "cardinal" may me considered a shade of crimson.
Crimson glory [edit]
| Crimson Glory | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #BE0032 |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (190, 0, 50) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 100, 74, 26) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (356°, 100%, 75[24]%) |
| Source | Plochere |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
The color crimson glory is displayed at right. It is a medium shade of crimson.
The color is a representation of the color of the flowers of the Crimson Glory Vine.
The first use of crimson glory as a color name in English was in 1948 when the Plochere Color System was inaugurated.
The source of the color name crimson glory is the Plochere Color System, a color system formulated in 1948 that is widely used by interior designers.[25]
OU Crimson [edit]
| OU Crimson | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #B20D35 |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (178, 13, 53) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 93, 70, 30) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (335°, 93%, 70[26]%) |
| Source | Official Logos |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
OU Crimson, along with Cream, are the official colors for The University of Oklahoma, and its athletic teams, the Oklahoma Sooners. In the fall of 1895, Miss May Overstreet was asked to chair a committee to select the colors of the university. The committee decided the colors should be crimson and cream and an elaborate display of the colors was draped above a platform before the student body.[27]
OU Crimson is also an official color for the National Weather Center.[28]
Alabama crimson [edit]
| Alabama Crimson | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #AF002A |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (175, 0, 42) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 100, 76, 31) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (346°, 100%, 69[29]%) |
| Source | UA Visual Identity Guide (see page 10 of the pdf) |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
Alabama Crimson, along with white, is an official color for the University of Alabama and its athletic teams, the Alabama Crimson Tide. The specification provided by the office of university relations refers to the Pantone Matching System, color PMS 201.
There are different versions of the origin of the nickname "Crimson Tide." The football team was originally called the Crimson White. The first nickname newspapers used was The Thin Red Line. Hugh Roberts of the Birmingham Age-Herald is credited with being the first to use the term Crimson Tide in 1907 when Alabama tied a heavily favored Alabama Polytechnic Institute(Auburn) 6-6. The game was played in heavy rain and the field was red mud. The Thin Red Line was equal to the task and became the Crimson Tide.
Harvard crimson [edit]
| Harvard Crimson | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #A51C30 |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (165, 28, 48) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 83, 71, 35) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (351°, 83%, 65[30]%) |
| Source | Harvard |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
Displayed at left is the color Harvard crimson, the color which is symbolic of Harvard University.
The first recorded use of Harvard crimson as a color name in English was in 1928.[31]
Red devil [edit]
| Red Devil | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates |
|
| Hex triplet | #860111 |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (134, 1, 17) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (0, 99, 87, 48) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (353°, 99%, 53[32]%) |
| Source | Xona.com Color List |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
|
At right is displayed the color red devil.
The color name red devil for this dark tone of crimson has been in use since 2001, when it was promulgated as one of the colors on the Xona.com Color List.
In nature [edit]
Algae [edit]
- The crimson tide which sometimes occurs on beaches is caused by a type of algae known as Karenia brevis.
Birds [edit]
- The coxscomb of a rooster is a deep crimson color
- The Crimson Sunbird is the national bird of Singapore
In culture [edit]
Cultural references [edit]
- The King's Royal Hussars still wear crimson trousers as successors to the 11th Hussars (the "Cherrypickers").
- In Polish, karmazyn (crimson) is a synonym for a Magnate, i.e., a member of the rich, high nobility.
Food [edit]
Media and entertainment [edit]
Comic books [edit]
- The Crimson Dynamo is the name of several fictional characters in the Marvel Comics Universe, most of whom have been supervillains. The various Crimson Dynamos have been powered armor-wearing Russian or Soviet agents who have clashed with the superhero Iron Man over the course of his heroic career.
- In the G.I. Joe comics, the terrorist group Cobra has an elite cadre of soldiers called the Crimson Guard, who are totally loyal to the organization's leader Cobra Commander. In addition to having the best military training offered to any Cobra troops, most of them are placed in deep undercover roles as community leaders, using subversive activities to further Cobra's goals.
Computer and video games [edit]
- Crimson Skies is a video game about air pirates in an alternate universe, in 1930s North America.
- Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly, or Project Zero II: Crimson Butterfly, is a 2004 game considered one of the scariest video games of all time.[citation needed]
- Crimson Fists are a Space Marine Chapter in the tabletop game Warhammer 40k
Film [edit]
- Crimson Tide (film), a 1995 film
- The Crimson Pirate, a movie directed by Robert Siodmak, starring Burt Lancaster.
- The Crimson Rivers (Les rivières pourpres) is the title of a movie played by Jean Reno and Vincent Cassel.
Literature [edit]
- In fiction, the primary villain of Stephen King's The Dark Tower series is the Crimson King. The Crimson King also makes appearances in other King works, such as the novel Insomnia. Bev Vincent notes in his The Road to the Dark Tower that the color is intended to symbolize sickness, madness, and pain.
- In the Star Trek universe, in the mirror universe, the Terran Empire has a flag that displays the symbol of the empire, a map of Earth with a dagger through it facing downward, rendered in gold on a field of crimson. By apparent analogy with the nickname Old Glory for the Flag of the United States in our universe, the flag of the Terran Empire is called by the nickname Crimson Glory.[35][36]
Music [edit]
- Artists
- King Crimson has been a popular rock group since the debut in 1969 of their first album, In the Court of the Crimson King.
- Behind Crimson Eyes is a rock band from Melbourne, Australia.
- The Crimson Armada is a deathcore band from Westerville, Ohio, USA.
- Albums
- Crimson is a Sentenced album.
- Crimson is the title of an album by the Swedish death metal band Edge of Sanity. They also made a follow-up to that album, entitled Crimson II.
- Crimson is the title of an Alkaline Trio album.
- Crimson Thunder the 2002 album of Swedish power metal band Hammerfall.
- Kill to Get Crimson is the title of Mark Knopfler's 5th solo album released in September, 2007.
- Crimson and Clover is an album and song by Tommy James and the Shondells.
- Touched by the Crimson King is an album by Demons & Wizards
- The Crimson Idol is a concept album by W.A.S.P
- Songs
- Dream Theater's "A Change of Seasons", the title track from their 1995 EP, opens with a movement entitled "The Crimson Sunrise", and closes with the seventh movement, "The Crimson Sunset".
- "The Crimson" is the name of a song by Atreyu (band).
- Guren is a song by The GazettE. Guren means Crimson in Japanese.
- Alazarin Crimson is one of the colors Donovan mentioned in his 1967 song Wear Your Love Like Heaven
- Crimson Deep is a song by the Finnish soprano Tarja Turunen.
- Crimson Winds is a song by Dark Tranquillity in their album Skydancer.
- Crimson Towers is a song by Dissection in their album The Somberlain.
- King in Crimson is a song by Bruce Dickinson in his album The Chemical Wedding
Television [edit]
- "The Crimson Horror", the eleventh episode of Series 7 of British sci-fi show Doctor Who.
Toys [edit]
- Crimson Guard is a line of toys from the G.I. Joe universe, first released in 1985.
Military [edit]
- In the United States Army, crimson is the color of the Ordnance Corps.
School colors [edit]
- Multiple Greek letter organizations use crimson as one of their official colors: Delta Sigma Theta (ΔΣΘ), Kappa Alpha Psi (KAΨ), and Kappa Alpha Order (KA).
- Crimson is the school color of several universities, including: Harvard University, Indiana University, Korea University, New Mexico State University, Saint Joseph's University, Tuskegee University, University of Alabama, University of Belgrano, University of Mississippi, University of Nebraska at Omaha, University of Oklahoma, University of Utah, Washington State University, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
- The daily newspaper at Harvard is The Harvard Crimson
- the daily newspaper at Alabama is called The Crimson White
- Harvard's athletic teams are the Crimson Tide, as are those of University of Alabama athletics
Vexillology [edit]
Crimson is the national color of Nepal and forms the background of the country's flag.[37]
See also [edit]
- Amaranth (color)
- Red dye insects: Cochineal, Kermes vermilio, Polish cochineal
- List of colors
- Ruby (color)
- Scarlet
- List of national symbols of Nepal
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Crimson |
References [edit]
- ^ web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #DC143C (Crimson):
- ^ Naturenet article with images and description of Kermes vermilio and its foodplant
- ^ The first recorded use of crimson as a color name in English was in 1400 according to the following book: Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930--McGraw Hill Page 193; Color Sample of Crimson: Page 31 Plate 4 Color Sample K6
- ^ "American Heritage Dictionary", s.v. Kermes; also Kluge, "Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache", s.v. Karmesin, et al.
- ^ X11 rgb.txt. XFree86. (February 1994). Retrieved on 16 September 2008.
- ^ W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords. W3C. (May 2003). Retrieved on 16 September 2008.
- ^ web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #FF91AF (Baker-Miller Pink):
- ^ web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #DE5285 (Fandango Pink):
- ^ Type the words "Fandango Pink" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
- ^ Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder--Type the words "Fandango Pink" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear:
- ^ color-book.org, hex code #FF355E information
- ^ web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #FF003F (Electric Crimson):
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930--McGraw Hill The color sample for the color crimson, indicated in the index on page 193, and displayed on Page 31, Plate 4, Color Sample K6, is indicated as lying halfway between red and rose. In modern color terminology in psychedelic art, the adjective "electric" indicates the brightest possible tone of or a very bright tone of a color.
- ^ web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color # FF004F (Folly):
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930--McGraw Hill Page 195; Color Sample of Folly: Page 27 Plate 2 Color Sample J6; on the upper half of Plate 2, the color Folly is shown as being one-fourth of the way between crimson and rose, closer to crimson than to rose.
- ^ Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guía de coloraciones (Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guide to Colorations) Madrid: H. Blume. ISBN 84-89840-31-8
- ^ web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #E3256B (Razzmatazz):
- ^ KU Traditions - "Crimson and the Blue"
- ^ KU Traditions - The School Colors
- ^ web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool:
- ^ University of Utah Crimson Club:
- ^ The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called cardinal in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color cardinal is displayed on page 33, Plate 5, Color Sample L5.
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 192; Color Sample of Cardinal: Page 33 Plate 5 Color Sample L5
- ^ web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #BE0032 (Crimson Glory):
- ^ Plochere Color System:
- ^ web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #B20D35 (OU Crimson):
- ^ Sooner Tradition - Crimson & Cream
- ^ National Weather Center Logo
- ^ web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #AF002A (Alabama Crimson):
- ^ web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #A51C30 (Harvard Crimson):
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930--McGraw Hill Page 196; Color Sample of Harvard Crimson: Page 33 Plate 5 Color Sample J6
- ^ web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #860111 (Red Devil):
- ^ Rhubarb —the crimson stalks--rhubarb recipes:
- ^ Rhubarb plants—the crimson stalks:
- ^ Berman, Rick and Braga, Brannan (Creators of Star Trek: Enterprise) editors Glass Empires (Three Tales of the Mirror Universe)--Age of the Empress by Karen Ward and Kevin Dilmore [Story by Mike Sussman]; Sorrows of Empire by David Mack; The Worst of Both Worlds by Greg Cox) New York:2007 Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. (Trade Paperback) Page 230
- ^ Image of the Flag of the Terran Empire on Flags of the World website:
- ^ Flag of Nepal-2nd line
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.- Etymology OnLine
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