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[[Mick Mercer]]'s 2002 release ''21st Century Goth'' explores the modern state of the goth scene around the world, including [[South America]], [[Japan]], and mainland [[Asia]]. His previous 1997 release, ''Hex Files: The Goth Bible'' similarly took an international look at the subculture.
[[Mick Mercer]]'s 2002 release ''21st Century Goth'' explores the modern state of the goth scene around the world, including [[South America]], [[Japan]], and mainland [[Asia]]. His previous 1997 release, ''Hex Files: The Goth Bible'' similarly took an international look at the subculture.

You lost.


====Visual art influences====
====Visual art influences====

Revision as of 18:37, 18 March 2013

This article is about the subculture. For the Germanic tribes, see Goths. For other uses, see Gothic (disambiguation).

File:Gothsubculture.jpg
Group picture of a group of members of the gothic subculture.

The goth subculture is a contemporary subculture found in many countries. It began in England during the early 1980s in the gothic rock scene, an offshoot of the post-punk genre. The goth subculture has survived much longer than others of the same era, and has continued to diversify. Its imagery and cultural proclivities indicate influences from the 19th century Gothic literature along with horror films and to a lesser extent the BDSM culture.[1][2][3]

The goth subculture has associated tastes in music, aesthetics, and fashion. The music of the goth subculture encompasses a number of different styles including gothic rock, deathrock, post-punk, darkwave, Ethereal, Industrial Music and neoclassical. Styles of dress within the subculture range from deathrock, punk and Victorian style attire, or combinations of the above, most often with dark attire, makeup and hair.

Music

Main article: Gothic rock

Origins and development

The earliest significant usage of the term (as applied to music) was by Joy Division's producer, Tony Wilson on 15 September 1979 in an interview for the BBC TV program's Something Else : Wilson described Joy Division as "Gothic" compared to the pop mainstream, right before a live performance of the band.[4] In 1979, the Gothic term was later applied to "newer bands such as Bauhaus who had arrived in the wake of Joy Division and Siouxsie and the Banshees".[5] In 1979, Sounds described Joy Division as "gothic" and "theatrical".[6] In February 1980, Melody Maker qualified the same band as "masters of this gothic gloom".[7] Critic Jon Savage would later say that their singer Ian Curtis wrote "the definitive Northern Gothic statement".[8]

However, it was not until the early 1981 that gothic rock became its own subgenre within post-punk, and that followers of these bands started to come together as a distinctly recognizable movement. The scene appears to have taken the gothic name from an article published in UK rock weekly Sounds: "The face of Punk Gothique",[9] written by Steve Keaton and published in February 1981. In a text about the audience of UK Decay, journalist Steve Keaton asked this question: "Could this be the coming of Punk Gothique? With Bauhaus flying in on similar wings could it be the next big thing?".[9] In July 1982, the opening of the Batcave in London's Soho provided a prominent meeting point for the emerging scene, which would be briefly labeled "positive punk" by the NME in a special issue with a front cover in early 1983.[10] The term "Batcaver" was then used to describe old-school goths.

Independent from the British scene, the late 1970s and early 1980s saw death rock branch off from American punk in California.[11]

The gothic genre

The bands that embraced the Gothic rock genre included Bauhaus, The Damned, The Cure,[12] early Adam and the Ants,[13] Depeche Mode, The Birthday Party,[14] Southern Death Cult, Specimen, Sex Gang Children, UK Decay, Virgin Prunes, Christian Death, 45 Grave and Killing Joke.[15]

At the peak of the scene in 1983, The Face 's Paul Rambali recalled that there were "several strong gothic characteristics" in the music of Joy Division.[16] In 1984, Joy Division's bassist Peter Hook named Play Dead, as one of their heirs:

"If you listen to a band like Play Dead, who I really like, Joy Division played the same stuff that Play Dead are playing. They're similar."[17]

By the mid-eighties, bands began proliferating and became increasingly popular, including The Sisters of Mercy, The Mission (known as The Mission UK in the US), Alien Sex Fiend, The March Violets, Ausgang, Kommunity FK, Xmal Deutschland, Clan Of Xymox, Dead Can Dance, This Mortal Coil, The Bolshoi, and Fields of the Nephilim.

Factory Records, 4AD Records, and Beggars Banquet Records released much of this music in Europe, while Cleopatra Records among others released the music in the United States, where the subculture grew especially in New York and Los Angeles, California, where many nightclubs featured "gothic/industrial" nights. The popularity of 4AD bands resulted in the creation of a similar US label called Projekt Records, which produces what is colloquially termed ethereal wave, a subgenre of dark wave music.

The nineties saw the further growth of certain eighties bands and emergence of many new acts. Styles of music heard in goth venues ranged from gothic rock, deathrock, industrial music, EBM, ambient, experimental, New Wave, synthpop and punk rock.

Bauhaus—Live in concert, 3 February 2006

Recent years saw a resurgence in the early positive punk and deathrock sound, in reaction to aggrotech, industrial, and synthpop, which had taken over many goth clubs, bands with an earlier goth sound are becoming popular. Nights like Ghoul School and Release The Bats promote death rock, and the Drop Dead Festival brings in death rock fans from around the world.

Today, the goth music scene thrives in Western Europe, with large annual festivals in Germany such as Wave-Gotik-Treffen in Leipzig and M'era Luna in Hildesheim. Both events draw tens of thousands of people each year.

Art : Historical and cultural influences

18th and 19th centuries

In literature, Gothic novel combines dark elements of both horror and romance: English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto is one of the first writers who explored this genre. The Revolutionary War-era "American Gothic" story of the Headless Horseman, immortalized in Washington Irving's story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (published in 1820), marked the arrival in the New World of dark, romantic story-telling. The tale was composed by Irving while he was living in England, and was based on popular tales told by colonial Dutch settlers of New York's Hudson River valley. The story would be adapted to film in 1922, and in 1949, in the animated The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad. It would be readapted in 1980 and again in Tim Burton's 1999 Sleepy Hollow.

Throughout the evolution of goth subculture, classic romantic, gothic and horror literature has played a significant role. Poe, Lovecraft, E.T.A. Hoffmann, Baudelaire and other tragic and romantic writers have become as emblematic of the subculture as has using dark eyeliner or dressing in black. Baudelaire, in fact, in his preface to Les Fleurs du mal (Flowers of Evil) penned lines that as much as anything can serve as a sort of goth malediction:

C'est l'Ennui! —l'œil chargé d'un pleur involontaire,
Il rêve d'échafauds en fumant son houka.
Tu le connais, lecteur, ce monstre délicat,
—Hypocrite lecteur,—mon semblable,—mon frère!
It is Boredom! — an eye brimming with an involuntary tear,
He dreams of the gallows while smoking his water-pipe.
You know him, reader, this fragile monster,
—Hypocrite reader,—my twin,—my brother!

20th century influences

By the 1960s, TV series, such as The Addams Family and The Munsters, used these stereotypes for camp comedy. The Byronic hero, in particular, was a key precursor to the male goth image, while Dracula's iconic portrayal by Bela Lugosi appealed powerfully to early goths. They were attracted by Lugosi's aura of camp menace, elegance and mystique. Some people credit the band Bauhaus' first single "Bela Lugosi's Dead", released August 1979, with the start of the goth subculture,[18] though many prior art house movements influenced gothic fashion and style, the illustrations and paintings of Swiss artist, H. R. Giger being one of the earliest. Notable examples of icons would later include several leaders of bands: Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees, Robert Smith of The Cure, and Dave Vanian of The Damned. Some members of Bauhaus were, themselves, fine art students or active artists.

Film poster for The Hunger, a key influence in the early days of the goth subculture.

Some of the early gothic rock and deathrock artists adopted traditional horror film images and drew on horror film soundtracks for inspiration. Their audiences responded by adopting appropriate dress and props. Use of standard horror film props like swirling smoke, rubber bats, and cobwebs featured as gothic club décor from the beginning in The Batcave. Such references in their music and image were originally tongue-in-cheek, but as time went on, bands and members of the subculture took the connection more seriously. As a result, morbid, supernatural, and occult themes became more noticeably serious in the subculture. The interconnection between horror and goth was highlighted in its early days by The Hunger, a 1983 vampire film, which starred David Bowie, Catherine Deneuve, and Susan Sarandon. The film featured gothic rock group Bauhaus performing Bela Lugosi's Dead in a nightclub. Tim Burton created a storybook atmosphere filled with darkness and shadow in some of his films like Edward Scissorhands, Beetlejuice, and Batman.

Popular literature

A literary influence on the gothic scene was Anne Rice's re-imagining of the idea of the vampire. Rice's characters were depicted as struggling with eternity and loneliness. Their ambivalent or tragic sexuality held deep attractions for many goth readers, making her works popular in the eighties through the nineties.

The re-imagining of the vampire continued with the release of Poppy Z. Brite's book Lost Souls in October 1992. Despite the fact that Brite's first novel was criticized by some mainstream sources for allegedly "lack[ing] a moral center: neither terrifyingly malevolent supernatural creatures nor (like Anne Rice's protagonists) tortured souls torn between good and evil, these vampires simply add blood-drinking to the amoral panoply of drug abuse, problem drinking and empty sex practiced by their human counterparts",[19] many of these so-called "human counterparts" identified with the teen angst and goth music references therein, keeping the book in print. Upon release of a special 10th Anniversary edition of Lost Souls, Publishers Weekly— the same periodical that criticized the novel's "amorality" a decade prior— deemed it a "modern horror classic" and acknowledged that Brite established a "cult audience."[20]

Later media influences

As the subculture became well-established, the connection between goth and horror fiction became almost a cliché, with goths quite likely to appear as characters in horror novels and film. For example, The Crow drew directly on goth music and style. Neil Gaiman's acclaimed graphic novel series The Sandman influenced goths with characters like the dark, brooding Dream and his sister Death.

Mick Mercer's 2002 release 21st Century Goth explores the modern state of the goth scene around the world, including South America, Japan, and mainland Asia. His previous 1997 release, Hex Files: The Goth Bible similarly took an international look at the subculture.

You lost.

Visual art influences

The Belgian photographer Viona Ielegems at Wave-Gotik-Treffen in 2005

The gothic subculture has influenced different artists—not only musicians—but also painters and photographers. In particular their work is based on mystic, morbid and romantic motifs. In photography and painting the spectrum varies from erotic artwork to romantic images of vampires or ghosts. To be present is a marked preference for dark colours and sentiments, similar to gothic fiction, Pre-Raphaelites or Art Nouveau. In the Fine Art field, Anne Sudworth is a well-known artist with her dark, nocturnal works and strong gothic imagery.

Other contemporary graphic artists with this esthetics are Gerald Brom, Luis Royo, Dave McKean, Trevor Brown, Victoria Francés as well as the American comic artist James O'Barr. H. R. Giger of Switzerland is one of the first graphic artists to make serious contributions to the gothic/industrial look of much of modern cinema with his work on the film "Alien" by Ridley Scott. The artwork of Polish surrealist painter Zdzisław Beksiński is often described as 'Gothic'.

Fashion

Main article: Gothic fashion
Gothic Model Lady Amaranth

Gothic fashion is stereotyped as a dark, sometimes morbid, eroticized fashion and style of dress.[21] Typical gothic fashion includes dyed black hair, dark eyeliner, black fingernails, black period-styled clothing; goths may or may not have piercings. Styles are often borrowed from the Elizabethan, Victorian or medieval period and often express pagan, occult or other religious imagery.[22]

New York Times noted: "The costumes and ornaments are a glamorous cover for the genre's somber themes. In the world of Goth, nature itself lurks as a malign protagonist, causing flesh to rot, rivers to flood, monuments to crumble and women to turn into slatterns, their hair streaming and lipstick askew".[21]

Present-day Fashion designers, such as John Paul Gaultier,[21] Alexander McQueen and John Galliano, have also been described as practicing "Haute Goth".[3] Gothic fashion is often confused with Heavy Metal fashion and Emo fashion:[23] outsiders often mistake fans of heavy metal for goth, particularly those who wear black trench coats or wear "corpse paint" (a term associated with the black metal music scene).

Controversy

The gothic fascination with the macabre has led uninformed people to question the psychological well-being of goths. The mass media has made reports that have influenced the public view that goths, or people associated with the subculture, are malicious or Satan-worshippers. There is no evidence that members of the goth subculture are any more or less violent, suicidal or otherwise maladjusted.[24] Some individuals who have either identified themselves or been identified by others as goth have committed high profile violent crimes, including several school shootings. These incidents and their attribution to the goth scene have helped to propagate a wary perception of goth in the public eye.[22][25]

File:Scott Dyleski.png
A compilation of three photos of Scott Dyleski, run on the cover of the San Francisco Chronicle. The picture on the right, of Dyleski in the ninth grade, which shows him in makeup and long hair, was criticized by his defense attorney as unfair and misleading, because by fall 2006 Dyleski's appearance had become more conservative and mainstream. The Dyleski trial sparked controversy over the goth scene.

Violence attributed to goths

Public concern with the goth subculture reached a high point in the fallout of the Columbine High School massacre that was carried out by two students, incorrectly associated with the goth subculture. This misreporting of the roots of the massacre caused a widespread public backlash against the North American goth scene. Investigators of the incident, five months later, stated that the killers, who held goth music in contempt, were not involved with the goth subculture.[26]

Other murders which are attributed to people suspected of being part of the goth culture include the Richardson family murders,[27][28] although such cases did not raise the same amount of media attention as the school shootings.

Violence against goths

In part because of public misunderstanding and ignorance surrounding gothic aesthetics, goths sometimes suffer prejudice, discrimination, and intolerance. As is the case with members of various other subcultures and alternative lifestyles, outsiders sometimes marginalize goths, either by intention or by accident.[29] Goths, like any other alternative sub-culture sometimes suffer intimidation, humiliation, and, in many cases, physical violence for their involvement with the subculture.[25]

On 11 August 2007, a couple walking through Stubbylee Park in Bacup, Lancashire, England were attacked by a group of teenagers because they were goths. Sophie Lancaster subsequently died from her injuries.[30] On 29 April 2008, two teens Ryan Herbert and Brendan Harris were convicted for the murder of Lancaster and given life sentences, three others were given lesser sentences for the assault on her boyfriend. In delivering the sentence the judge stated, "this was a hate crime against these completely harmless people targeted because their appearance was different to yours."[31][32] Judge Russell added that he "recognised it as a hate crime without Parliament having to tell him to do so and had included that view in his sentencing."[33]

In 2008, Paul Gibbs, a Briton from Leeds, UK was attacked by three men. He and his group of about 20 young goths were on a camping trip in the vicinity of Rothwell when two 18-year-olds (Quinn Colley, Ryan Woodhead) and one 22-year-old (Andrew Hall) raided, stabbed four of the men and robbed two women. Gibbs was offered a motorbike ride by the attackers who at first insidiously befriended the group. On their way, they knocked Gibbs from the bike, rendered him unconscious with a helmet, and sliced off his ear. Afterwards, the attackers returned to the camp. Colley and Woodhead were sentenced to at least 2.5 years of prison while Hall at least 4.5 years. Gibbs' ear was found 17 hours later, thus doctors could not immediately reattach it. Instead, they stitched it inside his abdomen with the hope that some of the tissue will re-grow. The ear could be reconstructed by using cartilage removed from Gibbs' ribs.[34][35]

See also

References

Books
  • Baddeley, Gavin: Goth Chic: A Connoisseur's Guide to Dark Culture (Plexus, US, August 2002, ISBN 0-85965-308-0)
  • Davenport-Hines, Richard: Gothic: Four Hundred Years of Excess, Horror, Evil and Ruin. 1999: North Port Press. ISBN 0-86547-590-3 (trade paperback)—A voluminous, if somewhat patchy, chronological/aesthetic history of Gothic covering the spectrum from Gothic architecture to The Cure.
  • Embracing the Darkness; Understanding Dark Subcultures by Corvis Nocturnum (Dark Moon Press 2005. ISBN 978-0-9766984-0-1) Features interviews with Michelle Belanger, "The Vampire" Don Henrie of Sci-Fi Channel's Mad Mad House, current Church of Satan High Priest Magus Peter H. Gilmore, Playboy and Fetish model Bianca Beauchamp, gothic clothing designer Kambriel, Geoff Kayson (founder of the occult jewelry retailer Alchemy Gothic), members of the dark metal band URN, and others.
  • Digitalis, Raven: Goth Craft: The Magickal Side of Dark Culture (2007: Llewellyn Worldwide)—includes a lengthy explanation of Gothic history, music, fashion, and proposes a link between mystic/magical spirituality and dark subcultures.
  • Fuentes Rodríguez, César: Mundo Gótico. (Quarentena Ediciones, 2007, ISBN 84-933891-6-1)—In Spanish. Covering Literature, Music, Cinema, BDSM, Fashion and Subculture topics
  • Furek, Maxim W.: The Death Proclamation of Generation X: A Self-Fulfilling Prophesy of Goth, Grunge and Heroin". (i-Universe, US 2008; ISBN 978-0-595-46319-0)
  • Hodkinson, Paul: Goth: Identity, Style and Subculture (Dress, Body, Culture Series) 2002: Berg. ISBN 1-85973-600-9 (hardcover); ISBN 1-85973-605-X (softcover)
  • Kilpatrick, Nancy: The Goth Bible: A Compendium for the Darkly Inclined. 2004: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-30696-2
  • Steele, Valerie and Jennifer Park: Gothic: Dark Glamour. 2008: Yale University Press and the Fashion Institute of Technology New York. ISBN 978-0-300-13694-4 (hardcover)
  • Voltaire: What is Goth? (WeiserBooks, US, 2004; ISBN 1-57863-322-2)—a view of the goth subculture
  • Andrew C. Zinn: The Truth Behind The Eyes (IUniverse, US, 2005; ISBN 0-595-37103-5)—Dark Poetry
  • Mercer, Mick: 21st Century Goth (Reynolds & Hearn, 2002; ISBN 1-903111-28-5)-an exploration of the modern state of the goth subculture worldwide.
  • Mercer, Mick: Hex Files: The Goth Bible. (9 Overlook Press, 1 Amer ed edition, 1997 ISBN 0-87951-783-2)-an international survey of the goth scene.
  • Reynolds, Simon. Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978-1984. Chapter 22: "Dark Things: Goth and the Return of Rock." London: Faber and Faber, 2005. ISBN 0-571-21569-6
  • Catalyst, Clint: Cottonmouth Kisses. (Manic D Press, 2000 ISBN 978-0-916397-65-4 )- A first-person account of an individual's life within the Goth Subculture (book has Library of Congress listing under "Goth Subculture").
  • Scharf, Natasha: Worldwide Gothic. (Independent Music Press, 2011 ISBN 978-1-906191-19-1 ) - A global view of the goth scene from its birth in the late 1970s to the present day.
  • Venters, Jillian: Gothic Charm School: An Essential Guide for Goths and Those Who Love Them.(Harper Paperbacks, 2009 ISBN 0-06-166916-4 )- An etiquette guide to "gently persuade others in her chosen subculture that being a polite Goth is much, much more subversive than just wearing T-shirts with "edgy" sayings on them."
Notes
  1. ^ César Fuentes Rodríguez "Mundo Gótico", pages 18 & ss./pages 206 & ss.
  2. ^ Carol Siegel "Goth's Dark Empire", pages 8-13 and ss.
  3. ^ a b Cintra Wilson, "You just can't kill it", The New York Times, 17 September 2008. Access date: 18 September 2008.
  4. ^ Park, p. 127
  5. ^ Reynolds, p. 352
  6. ^ De Moines (26 October 1979). "Live review by Des Moines (Joy Division Leeds)". Sounds. Curtis may project like an ambidextrous barman puging his physical hang-ups, but the 'gothic dance music' he orchestrates is well-understood by those who recognise their New Wave frontiersmen and know how to dance the Joy Division! A theatrical sense of timing, controlled improvisation...
  7. ^ Bohn, Chris. "Northern gloom: 2 Southern stomp: 1. (Joy Division: University of London Union - Live Review)". Melody Maker (16 February 1980). Joy Division are masters of this gothic gloom
  8. ^ Savage, Jon (July 1994). "Joy Division: Someone Take These Dreams Away". Mojo via Rock's Backpages (subscription required). Retrieved 8 1 2012. a definitive Northern Gothic statement: guilt-ridden, romantic, claustrophobic {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ a b Steve Keaton (21 February 1981). "The Face Of Punk Gothique". Sounds. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ North, Richard (19 February 1983). "Punk Warriors". NME. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ Archived Interview with Ms. Dinah Cancer Alicebag.com. Retrieved 23 April 2006.
  12. ^ Reynolds, Simon. pp429, 2005
  13. ^ Reynolds, Simon. pp421, 2005
  14. ^ Reynolds, Simon. pp431, 2005
  15. ^ Reynolds, Simon. pp435, 2005
  16. ^ Rambali, Paul. "A Rare Glimpse Into A Private World". The Face (July 1983). Curtis' death wrapped an already mysterious group in legend. From the press eulogies, you would think Curtis had gone to join Chatterton, Rimbaud and Morrison in the hallowed hall of premature harvests. To a group with several strong gothic characteristics was added a further piece of romance.
  17. ^ Houghton, Jayne. "Crime Pays!". ZigZag (June 1984): 21.
  18. ^ Reynolds, Simon. pp432, 2005
  19. ^ "firction reviews : Lost Souls by Poppy Z. Brite". publishersweekly.com. 31 August 1992. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  20. ^ "Fiction review :The American Fantasy Tradition by Brian M. Thomsen". publishersweekly.com. 1 September 2002. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  21. ^ a b c La Ferla, Ruth (30 October 2005). "Embrace the Darkness". New York Times. Retrieved 25 01 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  22. ^ a b Eric Lipton Disturbed Shooters Weren't True Goth from the Chicago Tribune, 27 April 1999
  23. ^ A Brief Guide to Goth Scathe.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
  24. ^ "Goth subculture may protect vulnerable children". New Scientist. 14 April 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  25. ^ a b Montenegro, Marcia. "The World According to Goth". christiananswersforthenewage.org. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  26. ^ Cullen, Dave (23 September 1999). "Inside the Columbine High investigation Everything you know about the Littleton killings is wrong. But the truth may be scarier than the myths". salon.com. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  27. ^ Reynolds, Richard (28 April 2006). "Accused killer, 12, linked to goth site". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  28. ^ Johnsrude, Larry (26 April 2006). "Goths say Medicine Hat killings give them bad name". canada.com. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  29. ^ Goldberg, Carey (1 May 1999). "Terror in Littleton: The Shunned; For Those Who Dress Differently, an Increase in Being Viewed as Abnormal". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  30. ^ "Goth couple badly hurt in attack". BBC News-UK. 11 August 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  31. ^ Byrne, Paul (29 April 2008). "Life jail trms for teenage thugs who killed goth girl". dailyrecord.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  32. ^ Pilling, Kim (29 April 2008). "Two teenagers sentenced to life over murder of Goth". Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  33. ^ Henfield, Sally (29 April 2008). "Sophie's family and friends vow to carry on campaign". lancashiretelegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  34. ^ "Rothwell park attack Goth victim Interview". yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk. 9 June 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  35. ^ "Man whose ear was hacked off has it stitched inside his stomach... while surgeons work out how to reattach it". Daily Mail. London. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2012.

Further reading

External links

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