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Haplogroup J-M267

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(Redirected from Haplogroup J1c3d (Y-DNA))
"Haplogroup J1" redirects here. Not to be confused with Haplogroup J (mtDNA).
Haplogroup J-M267
Interpolated geographical frequency distribution.[1]
Possible time of origin17,000[2]–24,000 years before present (Di Giacomo 2004)
Possible place of originWestern Asia[3][4]
AncestorJ-P209
DescendantsJ-M62, J-M365.1, J-L136, J-Z1828
Defining mutationsM267, L255, L321, L765, L814, L827, L1030

Haplogroup J-M267, also commonly known as Haplogroup J1, is a subclade (branch) of Y-DNA haplogroup J-P209 (commonly known as haplogroup J) along with its sibling clade haplogroup J-M172 (commonly known as haplogroup J2). (All these haplogroups have had other historical names listed below.[Phylogenetics 1][Phylogenetics 2])

Men from this lineage share a common paternal ancestor, which is demonstrated and defined by the presence of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation referred to as M267, which was announced in (Cinnioğlu 2004). This haplogroup is found today in significant frequencies in many areas in or near the Arabian Peninsula and Western Asia. Out of its native Asian Continent, it is found at very high frequencies in Sudan. It is also found at very high but lesser extent in parts of the Caucasus, Ethiopia and parts of North Africa and amongst most Levant peoples, including Jewish groups, especially those with Cohen surnames. It can also be found much less commonly, but still occasionally in significant amounts, in parts of southern Europe and as far east as Central Asia.[citation needed]

Origins

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Since the discovery of haplogroup J-P209 it has generally been recognized that it shows signs of having evolved ~ 20,000 years ago somewhere in northwestern Iran, the Caucasus, the Armenian Highlands, and northern Mesopotamia.[5][6][3] The frequency and diversity of both its major branches, J-M267 and J-M172, in that region makes them candidates as genetic markers of the spread of farming technology during the Neolithic, which is proposed to have had a major impact upon human populations.

J-M267 has several recognized subclades, some of which were recognized before J-M267 itself was recognized, for example J-M62 Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" 2002. With one notable exception, J-P58, most of these are not common (Tofanelli 2009). Because of the dominance of J-P58 in J-M267 populations in many areas, discussion of J-M267's origins require a discussion of J-P58 at the same time.

Distribution

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Africa

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North Africa and Horn of Africa

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North Africa received Semitic migrations, according to some studies it may have been diffused in recent time by Arabs who, mainly from the 7th century A.D., expanded to northern Africa (Arredi 2004 and Semino 2004). However the Canary Islands is not known to have had any Semitic language. In North Africa J-M267 is dominated by J-P58, and dispersed in a very uneven manner according to studies so far, often but not always being lower among Berber and/or non-urban populations. In Ethiopia there are signs of older movements of J-M267 into Africa across the Red Sea, not only in the J-P58 form. This also appears to be associated with Semitic languages. According to a study in 2011, in Tunisia, J-M267 is significantly more abundant in the urban (31.3%) than in the rural total population (2.5%) (Ennafaa 2011).

Population Sample size J*(xJ-M172) total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 publication previous research on same samples
Algeria (Arabs from Oran) 102 NA 22.5% NA NA Robino 2007
Algeria 20 NA 35% NA NA Semino 2004
Egypt 147 NA 21.1% 1.4% 19.7% Chiaroni 2009 Luis 2004
Egypt 124 NA 19.8% NA NA El-Sibai 2009
Egypt (Siwa, Western Desert) 35 NA 31.4% NA NA Kujanová 2009
Libya (Tuareg) 47 NA 0% NA NA Ottoni 2011
Libya (Benghazi) 238 NA 39.5% NA NA Alvarez 2014[7] Elmrghni 2012
Morocco (Arabs) 87 NA 26.4% NA NA Fadhlaoui-Zid 2013[8]
Morocco (Arabs) 49 NA 20.4% NA NA Semino 2004
Morocco (Arabs) 28 NA 60.7% NA NA Underhill 2000[9]
Morocco (Arabs) 19 NA 31.5% NA NA Francalacci 2008[10]
Morocco (Berbers) 64 NA 6.3% NA NA Semino 2004
Morocco (Berbers) 103 NA 10.7% NA NA Semino 2004
Morocco (Rabat) 267 NA 21.3% NA NA Alvarez 2014 Aboukhalid 2010
Morocco (Casablanca) 166 NA 15.7% NA NA Alvarez 2014 Laouina 2011
Morocco (Figuig) 96 NA 29.2% NA NA Alvarez 2014 Palet 2010
Morocco (El Jadida) 49 NA 8.2% NA NA Alvarez 2014
Morocco (Fes) 108 NA 16.7% 0.0% 16.7% Regueiro 2015
Tunisia 73 NA 34.2% NA NA Semino 2004
Tunisia 601 Na 16.64% NA NA Pestano J, et al. (2013)[11]
Tunisia (Sousse) 220 NA 25.9% 0.0% 25.9% Fadhlaoui-Zid 2015[12]
Tunisia (Tunis) 148 NA 32.4% 1.3% 31.1% Grugni 2012 Arredi 2004
Tunisia 52 NA 34.6% NA NA Onofri 2008
Tunisia (Bou Omran Berbers) 40 NA 0% NA NA Ennafaa 2011
Tunisia (Bou Saad Berbers) 40 NA 5% 0% 5% Ennafaa 2011
Tunisia (Jerbian Arabs) 46 NA 8.7% NA NA Ennafaa 2011
Tunisia (Jerbian Berbers) 47 NA 0% NA NA Ennafaa 2011
Tunisia (Sened Berbers) 35 NA 31.4% 0% 31.4% Fadhlaoui-Zid 2011
Tunisia (Andalusi Zaghouan) 32 NA 43.8% 0% 43.8% Fadhlaoui-Zid 2011
Tunisia (Cosmopolitan Tunis) 33 NA 24.2 0% 24.2% Fadhlaoui-Zid 2011
Tunisia (Sejenane) 47 NA 34.0% NA NA Alvarez 2014 Frigi 2011
Tunisia (Sfax) 56 NA 25% 0.0% 25% Regueiro 2015
Tunisia (Beja) 72 NA 15.3% 0.0% 15.3% Regueiro 2015
Canary Islands (pre-Hispanic) 30 NA 16.7% NA NA Fregel 2009
Canary Islands (17th-18th c) 42 NA 11.9% NA NA Fregel 2009
Canary Islands 652 NA 3.5% NA NA Fregel 2009
Sahrawis 89 NA 20.2% NA NA Fregel 2009 Bosch 2001 and Flores 2001
Sudan (Khartoum) 35 NA 74.3% 0.0% 74.3% Chiaroni 2009 Tofanelli 2009 and Hassan 2008
Sudan (Sudanese Arabs) 35 NA 17.1% 0.0% 17.1% Chiaroni 2009 Hassan 2008
Sudan (Nilo-Saharans) 61 NA 4.9% 3.3% 1.6% Chiaroni 2009 Hassan 2008
Ethiopia (Oromo) 78 NA 2.6% 2.6% 0.0% Chiaroni 2009 Semino 2004
Ethiopia (Amhara) 48 NA 29.2% 8.3% 20.8% Chiaroni 2009 Semino 2004
Ethiopia (Arsi) 85 22% NA NA NA Moran 2004
Ethiopia 95 21% NA NA NA Moran 2004
Somalis [1] 201 0.5% 2.5% NA 2.5% Sanchez 2005 J-P58 might be 5% in upcoming study
Comoros 293 NA 5.0% NA NA Msaidie 2011
South Africa (Lemba) 76 NA 39.5% 26.3% 13.2% Soodyall 2011
Zimbabwe (Lemba) 54 NA 9.3% 9.3% NA Soodyall 2011

Asia

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South Asia

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J*(xJ-M172) was found in India among Indian Muslims.[13]

Population Sample size J*(xJ-M172) total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 Publication
India (Shia) 161 10.6% NA NA NA Eaaswarkhanth 2009
India (Sunni) 129 2.3% NA NA NA Eaaswarkhanth 2009
India (Mappla) 40 10% NA NA NA Eaaswarkhanth 2009

West Asia

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The area including eastern Turkey and the Zagros and Taurus mountains, has been identified as a likely area of ancient J-M267 diversity. Both J-P58 and other types of J-M267 are present, sometimes with similar frequencies.

Population Sample size Total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 Publication Previous research on same samples
Turkey 523 9.0% 3.1% 5.9% Chiaroni 2009 Cinnioğlu 2004
Iran 150 11.3% 2.7% 8.7% Chiaroni 2009 Regueiro 2006
Iran (Khuzestan) NA 33.4% NA NA Kivisild 2012[14]
Iraq (Kurds) 93 11.8% 4.3% 7.5% Chiaroni 2009
Iraq (Assyrians) 28 28.6% 17.9% 10.7% Chiaroni 2009
Iraq (Arabs) 56 64.1% 1.8% 62.3% Chiaroni 2009 Tofanelli 2009
Iran (Assyrians) 31 16.1% 9.7% 6.5% Chiaroni 2009
Iran 92 3.2% NA NA El-Sibai 2009
Turkey (Assyrians) 25 20.0% 16.0% 4.0% Chiaroni 2009

Levant and Semitic populations

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J-M267 is very common throughout this region, dominated by J-P58, but some specific sub-populations have notably low frequencies.

Population Sample size Total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 Publication Previous research on same samples
Syria 554 33.6% NA NA El-Sibai 2009 Zalloua 2008a
Syria (Jabel Druze) 34 14.7% 2.9% 11.8% Chiaroni 2009
Syria (Hama Sunnis) 36 47.2% 2.8% 44.4% Chiaroni 2009
Syria (Ma'loula Aramaeans) 44 6.8% 4.5% 2.3% Chiaroni 2009
Syria (Sednaya Syriac Catholic) 14 14.3% 0.0% 14.3% Chiaroni 2009
Syria (Damascus Syriac Catholic) 42 9.5% 0.0% 9.5% Chiaroni 2009
Syria (Alawites) 45 26.7% 0.0% 26.7% Chiaroni 2009
Syria (North-east Assyrians) 30 3.3% 0.0% 3.3% Chiaroni 2009
Syria (Damascus Ismailis) 51 58.8% 0.0% 58.8% Chiaroni 2009
Lebanon 951 25% NA NA Zalloua 2008a
Galilee Druze 172 13.4% 1.2% 12.2% Chiaroni 2009 Shlush 2008
Palestinians (Akka) 101 39.2% NA NA Zalloua 2008b
Palestinians 49 32.7% 0.0% 32.7% Chiaroni 2009
Jordan 76 48.7% 0.0% 48.7% Chiaroni 2009
Jordan 273 35.5% NA NA El-Sibai 2009
Jordan (Amman) 101 40.6% NA NA Flores 2005
Jordan (Dead Sea) 45 8.9% NA NA Flores 2005
Jews (Trás-os-Montes, Portugal) 57 12.3% NA NA Nogueiro 2009
Jews (Cohanim) 215 46.0% 0.0% 46.0% Hammer 2009
Jews (non-Cohanim Ashkenazi) 1,360 14.9% 0.9% 14.0% Hammer 2009
Bedouin (Negev) 28 67.9% 3.6% 64.3% Chiaroni 2009 Cann 2002

Arabian peninsula

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J-P58 is the most common Y-Chromosome haplogroup among men from all of this region.

Population Sample size Total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 Publication Previous research on same samples
Saudi Arabia 157 40.1% NA NA Abu-Amero 2009
Qatar 72 58.3% 1.4% 56.9% Chiaroni 2009 Cadenas 2008
United Arab Emirates 164 34.8% 0.0% 34.8% Chiaroni 2009 Cadenas 2008
Yemen 62 72.6% 4.8% 67.7% Chiaroni 2009 Cadenas 2008
Kuwait 117 45.2% NA NA [15]
Oman 121 38.0% 0.8% 37.2% Chiaroni 2009 Luis 2004

Europe

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J-M267 is uncommon in most of Northern and Central Europe. It is, however, found in significant pockets at levels of 5–10% among many populations in southern Europe. A recent study with the extant variation concludes that the Caucasus is likely to be the source of the Greek and Italian haplogroup J-M267 chromosomes.[16]

Population Sample size Total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 publication
Albania 56 3.6% NA NA Semino 2004
North Macedonia (Albanian speakers) 64 6.3% NA NA Battaglia 2008
Malta 90 7.8% NA NA El-Sibai 2009[17]
Greece (Crete) 193 8.3% NA NA King 2008
Greece (mainland) 171 4.7% NA NA King 2008
Greece (Macedonia) 56 1.8% NA NA Semino 2004
Greece 249 1.6% NA NA Di Giacomo 2004
Bulgaria 808 3.4% NA NA Karachanak 2013
Romania 130 1.5% NA NA Di Giacomo 2004
Russia 223 0.4% NA NA Di Giacomo 2004
Croatia (Osijek Croats) 29 0% NA NA Battaglia 2008
Slovenia 75 1.3% NA NA Battaglia 2008
Italy (northeast Italians) 67 0% NA NA Battaglia 2008
Italy (Italians) 915 0.7% NA NA Capelli 2009
Italy (Sicily) 236 3.8% NA NA Di Gaetano 2008
France (Provence) 51 2% NA NA King 2011
Portugal (North) 101 1% NA NA Gonçalves 2005
Portugal (Centre) 102 4.9% NA NA Gonçalves 2005
Portugal (South) 100 7% NA NA Gonçalves 2005
Portugal (Açores) 121 2.5% NA NA Gonçalves 2005
Portugal (Madeira) 129 0% NA NA Gonçalves 2005

Caucasus

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The Caucasus has areas of both high and low J-M267 frequency. The J-M267 in the Caucasus is also notable because most of it is not within the J-P58 subclade.

Population Sample size Total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 Publication
Avars 115 59% 58% 1% Balanovsky 2011
Dargins 101 70% 69% 1% Balanovsky 2011
Kubachi 65 99% 99% 0% Balanovsky 2011
Kaitak 33 85% 85% 0% Balanovsky 2011
Lezghins 81 44.4% 44.4% 0% Balanovsky 2011
Shapsug 100 0% 0% 0% Balanovsky 2011
Abkhaz 58 0% 0% 0% Balanovsky 2011
Circassians 142 11.9% 4.9% 7% Balanovsky 2011
Ingush 143 2.8% 2.8% 0% Balanovsky 2011
Ossetians 357 1.3% 1.3% 0.0% Balanovsky 2011
Chechens (Ingushetia) 112 21% 21% 0% Balanovsky 2011
Chechens (Chechnya) 118 25% 25% 0% Balanovsky 2011
Chechens (Dagestan) 100 16% 16% 0% Balanovsky 2011
Azerbaijan 46 15.2% NA NA Di Giacomo 2004

Subclade Distribution

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J-P58

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The P58 marker which defines subgroup J1c3 was announced in (Karafet 2008), but had been announced earlier under the name Page08 in (Repping 2006 and called that again in Chiaroni 2009). It is very prevalent in many areas where J-M267 is common, especially in parts of North Africa and throughout the Arabian peninsula. It also makes up approximately 70% of the J-M267 among the Amhara of Ethiopia. Notably, it is not common among the J-M267 of the Caucasus.

Chiaroni 2009 proposed that J-P58 (that they refer to as J1e) might have first dispersed during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period, "from a geographical zone, including northeast Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey toward Mediterranean Anatolia, Ismaili from southern Syria, Jordan, Palestine and northern Egypt." They further propose that the Zarzian material culture may be ancestral. They also propose that this movement of people may also be linked to the dispersal of Semitic languages by hunter-herders, who moved into arid areas during periods known to have had low rainfall. Thus, while other haplogroups including J-M267 moved out of the area with agriculturalists who followed the rainfall, populations carrying J-M267 remained with their flocks (King 2002 and Chiaroni 2008).

According to this scenario, after the initial neolithic expansion involving Semitic languages, which possibly reached as far as Yemen, a more recent dispersal occurred during the Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age (approximately 3000–5000 BCE), and this involved the branch of Semitic which leads to the Arabic language. The authors propose that this involved a spread of some J-P58 from the direction of Syria towards Arab populations of the Arabian Peninsula and Negev.

On the other hand, the authors agree that later waves of dispersion in and around this area have also had complex effects upon the distributions of some types of J-P58 in some regions. They list three regions which are particularly important to their proposal:

  1. The Levant (Syria, Jordan, Israel and Palestine). In this area, Chiaroni 2009 note a "patchy distribution of J1c3 or J-P58 frequency" which is difficult to interpret, and which "may reflect the complex demographic dynamics of religion and ethnicity in the region".
  2. The Armenian Highlands, northern Iraq and western Iran. In this area, Chiaroni 2009 recognize signs that J-M267 might have an older presence, and on balance they accept the evidence but note that it could be in error.
  3. The southern area of Oman, Yemen and Ethiopia. In this area, Chiaroni 2009 recognize similar signs, but reject it as possibly a result of "either sampling variability and/or demographic complexity associated with multiple founders and multiple migrations."

The "YCAII=22-22 and DYS388≥15" cluster

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Studies show that J-P58 group is not only in itself very dominant in many areas where J-M267 or J1 are common, but it also contains a large cluster which had been recognized before the discovery of P58. It is still a subject of research though.

This relatively young cluster, compared to J-M267 overall, was identified by STR markers haplotypes - specifically YCAII as 22-22, and DYS388 having unusual repeat values of 15 or higher, instead of more typical 13 (Chiaroni 2009) This cluster was found to be relevant in some well-publicized studies of Jewish and Palestinian populations (Nebel 2000 and Hammer 2009). More generally, since then this cluster has been found to be frequent among men in the Middle East and North Africa, but less frequent in areas of Ethiopia and Europe where J-M267 is nevertheless common. The genetical pattern is therefore similar to the pattern of J-P58 generally, described above, and may be caused by the same movements/migration of people (Chiaroni 2009).

Tofanelli 2009 refers to this overall cluster with YCAII=22-22 and high DYS388 values as an "Arabic" as opposed to a "Eurasian" type of J-M267. This Arabic type includes Arabic speakers from Maghreb, Sudan, Iraq and Qatar, and it is a relatively homogeneous group, implying that it might have dispersed relatively recently compared to J-M267 generally. The more diverse "Eurasian" group includes Europeans, Kurds, Iranians and Ethiopians (despite Ethiopia being outside of Eurasia), and is much more diverse. The authors also say that "Omanis show a mix of Eurasian pool-like and typical Arabic haplotypes as expected, considering the role of corridor played at different times by the Gulf of Oman in the dispersal of Asian and East African genes." Chiaroni 2009 also noted the anomalously high apparent age of Omani J-M267 when looking more generally at J-P58 and J-M267 more generally.

This cluster in turn contains three well-known related sub-clusters. First, it contains the majority of the Jewish "Cohen modal haplotype", found among Jewish populations, but especially in men with surnames related to Cohen. It also contains the "Galilee modal haplotype" (GMH) and "Palestinian & Israeli Arab modal haplotype", both of which are associated with Palestinian/Israeli Arabs by Nebel 2000 and Hammer 2009. Nebel 2002 then pointed out that the GMH is also the most frequent type of J-P209 haplotype found in north-west Africans and Yemenis, so it is not restricted to Israel and Palestine. However, this particular variant "is absent" from two particular "non-Arab Middle Eastern populations", namely "Jews and Muslim Kurds" (even though both of these populations do have high levels of J-P209). Nebel 2002 noted not only the presence of the GMH in the Maghreb but also that J-M267 in this region had very little diversity. They concluded that J-M267 in this region is a result of two distinct migration events: "early Neolithic dispersion" and "expansions from the Arabian peninsula" during the 7th century.Semino 2004 later agreed that this seemed consistent with the evidence and generalized from this that distribution of the entire YCAII=22-22 cluster of J-M267 in the Arabic-speaking areas of the Middle East and North Africa might in fact mainly have an origin in historical times.

More recent studies have emphasized doubt that the Islamic expansions are old enough to completely explain the major patterns of J-M267 frequencies. Chiaroni 2009 rejected this for J-P58 as a whole, but accepted that "some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and UAE, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes suggesting founder effects with star burst expansion in the Arabian Desert". They did not comment on the Maghreb.

Tofanelli 2009 take a stronger position of rejecting any strong correlation between the Arab expansion and either the YCAII=22-22 STR-defined sub-cluster as discussed by Semino 2004 or the smaller "Galilee modal haplotype" as discussed by (Nebel 2002). They also estimate that the Cohen modal haplotype must be older than 4500 years old, and maybe as much as 8600 years old - well before the supposed origin of the Cohanim. Only the "Palestinian & Israeli Arab" modal had a strong correlation to an ethnic group, but it was also rare. In conclusion, the authors were negative about the usefulness of STR defined modals for any "forensic or genealogical purposes" because "they were found across ethnic groups with different cultural or geographic affiliation".

Hammer 2009 disagreed, at least concerning the Cohen modal haplotype. They said that it was necessary to look at a more detailed STR haplotype in order to define a new "Extended Cohen Modal Haplotype" which is extremely rare outside Jewish populations, and even within Jewish populations is mainly only found in Cohanim. They also said that by using more markers and a more restrictive definition, the estimated age of the Cohanim lineage is lower than the estimates of Tofanelli 2009, and it is consistent with a common ancestor at the approximate time of founding of the priesthood which is the source of Cohen surnames.

Tofanelli et al. 2014 responded by saying: "In conclusion, while the observed distribution of sub-clades of haplotypes at mitochondrial and Y chromosome non-recombinant genomes might be compatible with founder events in recent times at the origin of Jewish groups as Cohenite, Levite, Ashkenazite, the overall substantial polyphyletism as well as their systematic occurrence in non-Jewish groups highlights the lack of support for using them either as markers of Jewish ancestry or Biblical tales."[18]

J-M368

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The correspondence between P58 and high DYS388 values, and YCAII=22-22 is not perfect. For example the J-M267 subclade of J-P58 defined by SNP M368 has DYS388=13 and YCAII=19-22, like other types of J-M267 outside the "Arabic" type of J-M267, and it is therefore believed to be a relatively old offshoot of J-P58, that did not take part in the most recent waves of J-M267 expansion in the Middle East (Chiaroni 2009). These DYS388=13 haplotypes are most common in the Caucasus and Anatolia, but also found in Ethiopia (Tofanelli 2009).

Phylogenetics and distribution

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There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup J-M267. The following phylogeny or family tree of J-M267 haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG (2012) tree, which is in turn based upon the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

J1 (L255, L321, M267)

  • J1* J1* clusters are found in the Armenian Highlands and parts of the Caucasus.
  • J1a (M62) Found at very low frequency in Europe.
  • J1b (M365.1) Found at low frequency in the Armenian Highlands, Iran, Qatar and parts of Europe.
  • J1c (L136)
    • J1c* Found at low frequency in Europe.
    • J1c1 (M390)
    • J1c2 (P56) Found sporadically in Anatolia, East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and Europe.
    • J1c3
      • J1c3* Found at low frequency in the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula.
      • J1c3a (M367.1, M368.1) Previously known as J1e1.
      • J1c3b (M369) Previously known as J1e2.
      • J1c3c (L92, L93) Found at low frequency in South Arabia.
      • J1c3d (L147.1) Accounts for the majority of J1, the predominant haplogroup in the Arabian peninsula.
        • J1c3d* Accounts for the majority of J1 in Yemen, Cohen Jews (both Rabbinical and Karaitic).[19]
        • J1c3d1 (L174.1)
        • J1c3d2 (L222.2) Accounts for the majority of J1c3d in Saudi Arabia. An important element of J1c3d in North Africa.
          • J1c3d2*
            • J1c3d2a (L65.2/S159.2)

Ancient DNA

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Alalakh Amorite city-state

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Five out 12 male individuals from Alalakh who lived between 1930-1325 BC, belonged to haplogroup J1-P58.[20][21]

Arslantepe archaeological complex

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One out of 18 male individuals from Arslantepe who lived c. 3491-3122 BC, belonged to haplogroup J1-Z1824.[22][23]

Ancient city of Ebla

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Three out of 6 individuals from Ebla who lived between 2565-1896 BC, belonged to J1-P58.[24][25] Ebla was an ancient East Semitic-speaking city and kingdom in Syria in the early Bronze age that was destroyed by the Akkadians.

Karelia

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A member of haplogroup J1-M267 is found among eastern hunter-gatherers from Karelia, Northeast Europe living ~ 8.3 kya. This branch is absent in other ancient European hunter-gatherers. Unfortunately, it is not possible to put this sample in the context of the current haplogroup J1-M267 variation because of the poor quality of the DNA sequence.[3]

Sardinia

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Olivieri et al. found a J1c3 haplotype in one of their ancient samples from Sardinia, dated to 6190–6000 calBP.[26]

Satsurblia

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An ancient sample of J1 was found at Satsurblia Cave circa 11,000 BC, specifically belonging to the rare J1-FT34521 subclade.[27] The ancient individual from Satsurblia was male with black hair, brown eyes, and light skin.

Tell Kurdu

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One out of 4 male individuals from Tell Kurdu who lived circa 5706-5622 BC, belonged to J1-L620.[28][29]

See also

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Genetics

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Y-DNA J Subclades

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Y-DNA Backbone Tree

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References

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  1. ^ Singh S; Singh A; Rajkumar R; Sampath Kumar K; Kadarkarai Samy S; Nizamuddin S; et al. (2016). "Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup". Scientific Reports. 6: 19157. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619157S. doi:10.1038/srep19157. PMC 4709632. PMID 26754573.
  2. ^ J1
  3. ^ a b c Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Margaryan, Ashot; Saag, Lauri; Karmin, Monika; Flores, Rodrigo; Haber, Marc; Kushniarevich, Alena; Khachatryan, Zaruhi; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Parik, Jüri; Karafet, Tatiana; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Reisberg, Tuuli; Solnik, Anu; Metspalu, Ene (2021-03-23). "Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 6659. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.6659S. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85883-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7987999. PMID 33758277.
  4. ^ Rebai, Ahmed. "Synthetic review on the genetic relatedness between North Africa and Arabia deduced from paternal lineage distributions".
  5. ^ Rebai, Ahmed. "Synthetic review on the genetic relatedness between North Africa and Arabia deduced from paternal lineage distributions".
  6. ^ Chiaroni, Jacques; King, Roy J.; Myres, Natalie M.; Henn, Brenna M.; Ducourneau, Axel; Mitchell, Michael J.; Boetsch, Gilles; Sheikha, Issa; Lin, Alice A.; Nik-Ahd, Mahnoosh; Ahmad, Jabeen; Lattanzi, Francesca; Herrera, Rene J.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E.; Brody, Aaron; Semino, Ornella; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A. (2010). "The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (3): 348–353. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.166. PMC 2987219. PMID 19826455.
  7. ^ Alvarez, Luis; Ciria, Estela; Marques, Sofia L.; Santos, Cristina; Aluja, Maria Pilar (2014). "Y-chromosome analysis in a Northwest Iberian population: Unraveling the impact of Northern African lineages". American Journal of Human Biology. 26 (6): 740–746. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22602. PMID 25123837. S2CID 205303372.
  8. ^ Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Haber, Marc; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Zalloua, Pierre; Benammar Elgaaied, Amel; Comas, David (2013-11-27). "Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80293. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880293F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080293. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3842387. PMID 24312208.
  9. ^ Underhill, Peter A (December 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 360. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. S2CID 12893406.
  10. ^ Francalacci, Paolo (2008). "History and geography of human Y-chromosome in Europe: a SNP perspective" (PDF). Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 86: 59–89. PMID 19934469. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  11. ^ Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (2013-02-19). "Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.
  12. ^ Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima (2014). "Sousse: extreme genetic heterogeneity in North Africa". Journal of Human Genetics. 60 (1): 41–49. doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.99. PMID 25471516. S2CID 25186140.
  13. ^ Eaaswarkhanth, M; Haque, I; Ravesh, Z; et al. (March 2010). "Traces of sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern lineages in Indian Muslim populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (3): 354–63. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.168. PMC 2859343. PMID 19809480.
  14. ^ Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud; Sanati, Mohammad Hossein; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella (2012-07-18). "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741252G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981.
  15. ^ Triki-Fendri, Soumaya; Sánchez-Diz, Paula; Rey-González, Danel; Alfadhli, Suad; Ayadi, Imen; Ben Marzoug, Riadh; Carracedo, Ángel; Rebai, Ahmed (4 March 2016). "Genetic structure of the Kuwaiti population revealed by paternal lineages: Genetic Structure of Kuwait". American Journal of Human Biology. 28 (2): 203–212. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22773.
  16. ^ Finocchio, Andrea; Trombetta, Beniamino; Messina, Francesco; D’Atanasio, Eugenia; Akar, Nejat; Loutradis, Aphrodite; Michalodimitrakis, Emmanuel I.; Cruciani, Fulvio; Novelletto, Andrea (2018-05-10). "A finely resolved phylogeny of Y chromosome Hg J illuminates the processes of Phoenician and Greek colonizations in the Mediterranean". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 7465. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.7465F. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25912-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5945646. PMID 29748665.
  17. ^ El-Sibai et al.,2009, Percentage of haplogroups
  18. ^ Tofanelli, Sergio (10 November 2014). "Mitochondrial and Y chromosome haplotype motifs as diagnostic markers of Jewish ancestry: a reconsideration". Frontiers in Genetics. 5: 384. doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00384. PMC 4229899. PMID 25431579.
  19. ^ Brook, Kevin A. (Summer 2014). "The Genetics of Crimean Karaites" (PDF). Karadeniz Araştırmaları (Journal of Black Sea Studies). 11 (42): 69–84 on page 83. doi:10.12787/KARAM859.
  20. ^ "J-P58 YTree".
  21. ^ Skourtanioti, Eirini; Erdal, Yilmaz S.; Frangipane, Marcella; Balossi Restelli, Francesca; Yener, K. Aslıhan; Pinnock, Frances; Matthiae, Paolo; Özbal, Rana; Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich; Guliyev, Farhad; Akhundov, Tufan; Lyonnet, Bertille; Hammer, Emily L.; Nugent, Selin E.; Burri, Marta; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Penske, Sandra; Ingman, Tara; Akar, Murat; Shafiq, Rula; Palumbi, Giulio; Eisenmann, Stefanie; d'Andrea, Marta; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Krause, Johannes (2020). "Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus". Cell. 181 (5): 1158–1175.e28. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.044. hdl:20.500.12154/1254. PMID 32470401. S2CID 219105572.
  22. ^ "J-Z1842 YTree".
  23. ^ Skourtanioti, Eirini; Erdal, Yilmaz S.; Frangipane, Marcella; Balossi Restelli, Francesca; Yener, K. Aslıhan; Pinnock, Frances; Matthiae, Paolo; Özbal, Rana; Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich; Guliyev, Farhad; Akhundov, Tufan; Lyonnet, Bertille; Hammer, Emily L.; Nugent, Selin E.; Burri, Marta; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Penske, Sandra; Ingman, Tara; Akar, Murat; Shafiq, Rula; Palumbi, Giulio; Eisenmann, Stefanie; d'Andrea, Marta; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Krause, Johannes (2020). "Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus". Cell. 181 (5): 1158–1175.e28. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.044. hdl:20.500.12154/1254. PMID 32470401. S2CID 219105572.
  24. ^ "J-P58 YTree".
  25. ^ Skourtanioti, Eirini; Erdal, Yilmaz S.; Frangipane, Marcella; Balossi Restelli, Francesca; Yener, K. Aslıhan; Pinnock, Frances; Matthiae, Paolo; Özbal, Rana; Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich; Guliyev, Farhad; Akhundov, Tufan; Lyonnet, Bertille; Hammer, Emily L.; Nugent, Selin E.; Burri, Marta; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Penske, Sandra; Ingman, Tara; Akar, Murat; Shafiq, Rula; Palumbi, Giulio; Eisenmann, Stefanie; d'Andrea, Marta; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Krause, Johannes (2020). "Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus". Cell. 181 (5): 1158–1175.e28. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.044. hdl:20.500.12154/1254. PMID 32470401. S2CID 219105572.
  26. ^ Olivieri, A.; Sidore, C.; Achilli, A.; Angius, A.; Posth, C.; Furtwängler, A.; Brandini, S.; Rosario Capodiferro, M.; Gandini, F.; Zoledziewska, M.; Pitzalis, M.; Maschio, A.; Busonero, F.; Lai, L.; Skeates, R. (2017-05-01). "Mitogenome diversity in Sardinians : a genetic window onto an island's past". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (5): 1230–1239. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx082. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 5400395. PMID 28177087.
  27. ^ "J-Y6313 YTree".
  28. ^ "J-L620 YTree".
  29. ^ Skourtanioti, Eirini; Erdal, Yilmaz S.; Frangipane, Marcella; Balossi Restelli, Francesca; Yener, K. Aslıhan; Pinnock, Frances; Matthiae, Paolo; Özbal, Rana; Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich; Guliyev, Farhad; Akhundov, Tufan; Lyonnet, Bertille; Hammer, Emily L.; Nugent, Selin E.; Burri, Marta; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Penske, Sandra; Ingman, Tara; Akar, Murat; Shafiq, Rula; Palumbi, Giulio; Eisenmann, Stefanie; d'Andrea, Marta; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Krause, Johannes (2020). "Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus". Cell. 181 (5): 1158–1175.e28. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.044. hdl:20.500.12154/1254. PMID 32470401. S2CID 219105572.

Footnotes

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Works cited

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Journals

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  • Onofri, Valerio; Alessandrini, Federica; Turchi, Chiara; Pesaresi, Mauro; Tagliabracci, Adriano (2008). "Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1: 235–236. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.173.
  • Ottoni, Claudio; Larmuseau, Maarten H.D.; Vanderheyden, Nancy; Martínez-Labarga, Cristina; Primativo, Giuseppina; Biondi, Gianfranco; Decorte, Ronny; Rickards, Olga (2011). "Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: A genetic survey of their paternal heritage". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (1): 118–124. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21473. PMID 21312181.
  • Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. (2006). "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration". Human Heredity. 61 (3): 132–143. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078. S2CID 7017701.
  • Repping, S; van Daalen, SK; Brown, LG; Korver, Cindy M; Lange, Julian; Marszalek, Janet D; Pyntikova, Tatyana; van der Veen, Fulco; et al. (2006). "High mutation rates have driven extensive structural polymorphism among human Y chromosomes". Nat Genet. 38 (4): 463–467. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.537.1822. doi:10.1038/ng1754. PMID 16501575. S2CID 17083896.
  • Robino, C.; Crobu, F.; Di Gaetano, C.; Bekada, A.; Benhamamouch, S.; Cerutti, N.; Piazza, A.; Inturri, S.; Torre, C. (2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 122 (3): 251–255. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5. PMID 17909833. S2CID 11556974.
  • Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; et al. (2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation". Human Mutation. 24 (3): 248–260. doi:10.1002/humu.20077. PMID 15300852. S2CID 1571356.

Websites

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Haplogroups/Phylogeny

Haplotype/SNP research Projects. See also Y-DNA haplogroup projects (ISOGG Wiki)

  • Schrack; Janzen; Rottensteiner; Ricci; Mas (2013). "Y-DNA J Haplogroup Project". Family Tree DNA. This is an ongoing research project by citizen scientists. Over 2300 members.
    • Givargidze; Hrechdakian (2013). "J1* Y-DNA Project". Family Tree DNA. This is an ongoing research project by citizen scientists. Over 150 members.
    • Al Haddad (2013). "J1c3 (J-L147)". Family Tree DNA. This is an ongoing research project by citizen scientists. Over 550 members.
    • Cone; Al Gazzah; Sanders (2013). "J-M172 Y-DNA Project (J2)". Family Tree DNA. This is an ongoing research project by citizen scientists. Over 1050 members.
    • Aburto; Katz; Al Gazzah; Janzen (2013). "J-L24-Y-DNA Haplogroup Project (J2a1h)". Family Tree DNA. This is an ongoing research project by citizen scientists. Over 450 members.

Haplogroup-Specific Ethnic/Geographical Group Projects

Further reading

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Phylogenetic Notes

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  1. ^ This table shows the historic names for J-M267 and its earlier discovered and named subclade J-M62 in published peer reviewed literature.
    YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) J-M267 J-M62
    Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 - 9
    Underhill 2000 - VI
    Hammer 2001 - Med
    Karafet 2001 - 23
    Semino 2000 - Eu10
    Su 1999 - H4
    Capelli 2001 - B
    YCC 2002 (Longhand) - J1
    YCC 2005 (Longhand) J1 J1a
    YCC 2008 (Longhand) J1 J1a
    YCC 2010r (Longhand) J1 J1a
  2. ^ This table shows the historic names for J-P209 (AKA J-12f2.1 or J-M304) in published peer reviewed literature. Note that in Semino 2000 Eu09 is a subclade of Eu10 and in Karafet 2001 24 is a subclade of 23.
    YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) J-P209
    (AKA J-12f2.1 or J-M304)
    Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 9
    Underhill 2000 VI
    Hammer 2001 Med
    Karafet 2001 23
    Semino 2000 Eu10
    Su 1999 H4
    Capelli 2001 B
    YCC 2002 (Longhand) J*
    YCC 2005 (Longhand) J
    YCC 2008 (Longhand) J
    YCC 2010r (Longhand) J
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