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Kumbhalgarh

Coordinates: 25°8′56″N 73°34′49″E / 25.14889°N 73.58028°E / 25.14889; 73.58028
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Kumbhalgarh Fort
Kumbhalgarh Fort in Rajsamand district (Rajasthan)
TypeFortress
LocationKumbhalgarh, Rajsamand district, Rajasthan, India
Coordinates25°8′56″N 73°34′49″E / 25.14889°N 73.58028°E / 25.14889; 73.58028
Area268 ha (1.03 sq mi) (662 acres)
Built15th century
TypeCultural
Criteriaii, iii
Designated2013 (36th session)
Part ofHill Forts of Rajasthan
Reference no.247
Country India
RegionSouth Asia
Kumbhalgarh is located in Rajasthan
Kumbhalgarh
Location of Kumbhalgarh Fort in Rajasthan
Kumbhalgarh is located in India
Kumbhalgarh
Kumbhalgarh (India)

Kumbhalgarh (lit. "Kumbhal fort"), also known as the Great Wall of India,[1] is a fortress on the westerly range of Aravalli Hills in Kumbhalgarh in the Rajsamand district of the Rajasthan state in India. Situated approximately 48 km (30 mi) from Rajsamand city, 84 km (52 mi) from Udaipur, it was built during the 15th century by Rana Kumbha.[2] The wall of Kumbhalgarh is one of the longest continuous walls in the world, spanning 38 kilometers.[3][4] It is also the birthplace of great king and military leader Maharana Pratap of Mewar.[5]

In 2013, at the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Kumbhalgarh Fort, along with five other forts of Rajasthan, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the group Hill Forts of Rajasthan.[6]

Etymology

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The etymology of "Kumbhalgarh" originates from "Kumbha," denoting the ruler Rana Kumbha who constructed it, and "Garh," meaning fort.[7]

History

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The fort was built by King Samprati of the Maurya, before Rana Kumbha built the new fort. Rana Lakha won this entire area and plains of Godwar from Chauhan Rajputs of Nadol in late 14th century.[8]

Kumbhalgarh, as the fort we see it was built by Rana Kumbha who was the Rana of Mewar from the Sisodia rajput clan. Rana Kumbha took the aid of the famous architect of the era, "Mandan". Rana Kumbha's kingdom of Mewar stretched from Ranthambore to Gwalior and included large tracts of what is now Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Out of the 84 forts in his dominion, Rana Kumbha is said to have built 32 of them, of which Kumbhalgarh is the largest and most elaborate.[9]

Kumbhalgarh also separated Mewar and Marwar from each other and was used as a place of refuge for the rulers of Mewar at times of danger. A notable instance was in the case of Prince Udai, the infant king of Mewar who was smuggled here in 1535, when Chittor was under siege. Prince Udai later succeeded to the throne. The fort remained impregnable to direct assault.[citation needed]

Ahmad Shah II of Gujarat attacked the fort in 1457, but found the effort futile. There was a local belief then that the Banmata deity in the fort protected it and hence he destroyed the temple. There were further attempts in 1458–59 and 1467 by Mahmud Khalji, but it also proved futile. Akbar's general, Shahbaz Khan, attacked this fort in October 1577 and after the siege of 6 months, he was able to capture the fort in April 1578. But it was recaptured by Pratap in 1583. In 1818, an armed band of sanyasis formed a garrison to protect the fort, but was convinced[clarification needed] by James Tod and the fort was taken over by the British and later returned to Udaipur State. There were additions made by Maharanas of Mewar, but the original structure built by Maharana Kumbha remains. The residential buildings and temples are well-preserved.[9] The fort is also known to be the birthplace of Maharana Pratap.[10]

Vedi Temple
Trikuta Temple, dedicated to Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva

Architecture

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The massive gate of Kumbhalgarh fort, called the Ram Pol (Ram Gate)

The chief architect who built this fort was Mandan, who documented his style of work in his text, Rajvallabh.[11] Built on a hilltop 1,100 m (3,600 ft) above sea level on the Aravalli range, the fort of Kumbhalgarh has perimeter walls that extend 36 km (22 mi), making it among the longest walls in the world.[12] The frontal walls are 4.5 m (15 ft). Kumbhalgarh has seven fortified gateways. There are over 360 temples within the fort, both Jain and Hindu Temples. [13] From the palace top, it is possible to see Kilometres into the Aravalli Range.

Important structures in the fort

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Aerial view of a portion of the Kumbhalgarh wall

Aaret Pol was the first entry gate of the fort. Halla Pol is on the downward slope from the entrance. Just after Halla Pol is Badshahi Bavdi, a stepped tank, built after the invasion of Shahbaz Khan in 1578, the general of Mughal emperor Akbar to provide water to the troops.[14]

Hanuman Pol, the next gate is half a KM away from Halla Pol. Hanuman Pol is a double-storeyed gate with octagonal bastions. The gate got its name from the stone image of Hanuman located in front of the gate, which was brought by Maharana Kumbha.[15]

Ram Pol is the main entrance of the fort, there is another entrance towards the east, called Vijay Pol.[16]

There are five more gates between Ram Pol to Badal Mahal, the Palace built on the highest point of the fort. Names of these gates are Bhairon Pol, Nimboo Pol, Chaugan Pol, Pagda Pol and Ganesh Pol.[17]

Most buildings are visible from the Ram Pol. [citation needed]

Hindu Temple
  • Ganesha temple - Situated on the left of the Ram Pol, this temple was built by Maharana Kumbha and the image of Ganesha is enshrined in the sanctum. Standing on a high platform entered through a flight of steps from the south. The sanctum has decorated curvilinear brick sikhar while mandapa and mukhamandapa have a domical ceiling. [18]
  • Charbhuja temple - Dedicated to the four-armed goddess, this temple is just on the hill slope on the right side of Ganesha Temple. It is raised over a high platform and enclosed by a wall with an entrance from the east.[19]
  • Neel Kanth Mahadeva temple is located on the eastern side of the fort built during 1458 CE. The central shrine of Shiva is approached through a rectangular enclosure and through a structure supported by 24 huge pillars. The idol of Shiva is made of black stone and is depicted with 12 hands. The inscriptions indicate that the temple was renovated by Rana Sanga.[20]
  • Mataji temple, also called Kheda Devi temple is located on the southern side of Neela Kanth temple.[21]
  • There are 5 Hindu temples in Golera group of temples. [22]
  • Surya Mandir (Sun temple)[24]
Śvetāmbara Jain Temples
  • Parsva Natha temple (built during 1513), Jain temple on the eastern side and Bawan (52) Jain temples.
  • There are 4 Jain Temples in the Golera group of temples.
  • 2 Jain Temples near Vijay Pol[25]
  • Juna Bhilwara Temple[26]
  • Pital Shah Jain temple[27]
  • Vedi Temple - A Jain Temple that was constructed by Rana Kumbha(1457AD).[28]

Culture

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The Rajasthan Tourism Department organises a three-day annual festival in the fort in remembrance of the passion of Maharana Kumbha towards art and architecture. Sound and light shows are organised with the fort as the background. Various concerts and dance events are also organised to commemorate the function. The other events during the festival are Heritage Fort Walk, turban tying, tug-of war and mehendi mandana among others.[29]

Six forts of Rajasthan, namely, Amber Fort, Chittor Fort, Gagron Fort, Jaisalmer Fort, Kumbhalgarh and Ranthambore Fort were included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list during the 37th meeting of the World Heritage Committee in Phnom Penh during June 2013. They were recognized as a serial cultural property and examples of Rajput military hill architecture.[30][31]

This fort (Kumbhalgarh) is previously described as The Fortress of Bowrie, in Rajpootana., as painted by William Westall with an engraving in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836[32]

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  • Fort Entrance
    Fort Entrance
  • Wall of Kumbhalgarh
    Wall of Kumbhalgarh
  • View from Fort
    View from Fort

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Pai, Sanjay A. "Kumbhalgarh, the Great Wall of India". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  2. ^ "Incredible India | Kumbhalgarh". www.incredibleindia.org. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  3. ^ Henbest, Nigel; Brew, Simon; Tomley, Sarah; Okona-Mensah, Ken; Parfitt, Tom; Davies, Trevor; Newkey-Burden, Chas (14 September 2023). The Colossal Book of Incredible Facts for Curious Minds: 5,000 staggering facts on science, nature, history, movies, music, the universe and more!. Octopus. ISBN 978-1-78840-470-9.
  4. ^ "Incredible India | Kumbhalgarh". www.incredibleindia.org. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  5. ^ Mayur, Dan (12 November 2020). Global Nomad: Travels and Travails. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-6641-3698-4.
  6. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Hill Forts of Rajasthan". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  7. ^ "Kumbhalgarh Fort – History of Kumbhalgarh Fort, Rajasthan". www.tourmyindia.com. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  8. ^ Ram Vallabh Somani (2018). Garh ki Kahani, Garh ki Jubani. RG Group. p. 5. ISBN 9788186103487. , Kumbhalgarh, R.V. Somani
  9. ^ a b Verma, Amrit (2003). Forts of India. New Delhi: The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 30–31. ISBN 81-230-1002-8.
  10. ^ "The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures". DNA : Daily News & Analysis. 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  11. ^ Pai, Sanjay A. "Kumbhalgarh, the Great Wall of India". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  12. ^ "View from the clouds". The Hindu. 7 May 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  13. ^ ASI 2012, p 10
  14. ^ Asawa 2004, pp. 13–15
  15. ^ ASI 2012, p10
  16. ^ ASI 2012, p10
  17. ^ ASI 2012, p10
  18. ^ Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012 p.12
  19. ^ Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012 p.13
  20. ^ Asawa 2004, p. 16
  21. ^ Asawa 2004, pp. 18–19
  22. ^ ASI 2012, p 16
  23. ^ ASI 2012, p 19
  24. ^ ASI 2012, p 17
  25. ^ ASI 2012, p 15
  26. ^ ASI 2012, p 16
  27. ^ Asawa 2004, pp. 22–23
  28. ^ Tejas, Bharat (13 February 2024). "Story of Kumbhalgarh Fort". Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  29. ^ "Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public". DNA : Daily News & Analysis. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  30. ^ "Heritage Status for Forts". Eastern Eye. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  31. ^ "Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List". New Delhi, India: Mail Today. 22 June 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  32. ^ Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1835). "picture". Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836. Fisher, Son & Co.Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1835). "text". Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836. Fisher, Son & Co.

References

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  • Asawa, Dr. Krishnadas Nair (2004). Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort (5th ed.). Jodhpur: Rajasthani Granthagar.
  • Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012 (1st ed.). New Delhi: The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011. 2012.
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