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Orders of magnitude (energy)

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Different orders of magnitude of natural energy production for solar, wind and geothermal versus average global consumption rate (1 W = 1 J/s)

This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude.

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (Joules) SI prefix Value Item
10−31   3.0×10−31 J average kinetic energy of a molecule at the lowest temperature reached as of 2003[citation needed]
10−28   6.6×10−28 J energy of a typical AM radio photon (1 MHz) (4×10−9 eV)[1]
10−24 yocto- (yJ) 1.6×10−24 J energy of a typical microwave oven photon (2.45 GHz) (1×10−5 eV)[2][3]
10−23   1.5×10−23 J average kinetic energy[citation needed] of a molecule in the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest place known outside of a laboratory, at a temperature of 1 kelvin[4]
10−22   2-3000×10−22 J energy of infrared light photons[5]
10−21 zepto- (zJ) 1.7×10−21 J 1 kJ/mol, converted to energy per molecule[6]
2.1×10−21 J thermal energy in each degree of freedom of a molecule at 25 °C (kT/2) (0.01 eV)[7]
3-7×10−21 J energy of a van der Waals interaction between atoms (0.02-0.04 eV)[8][9]
4.1×10−21 J "kT" at 25 °C, a common rough approximation for the total thermal energy of each molecule in a system (0.03 eV)[10]
7-22×10−21 J energy of a hydrogen bond (0.04 to 0.13 eV)[8][11]
10−20   4.5×10−20 J upper bound of the mass-energy of a neutrino in particle physics (0.28 eV)[12][13]
10−19   1.6×10−19 J ≈1 electronvolt (eV)[14]
3–5×10−19 J energy range of photons in visible light[15][16]
3-14×10−19 J energy of a covalent bond (2-9 eV)[8][17]
5-200×10−19 J energy of ultraviolet light photons[5]
10−18 atto- (aJ)    
10−17   2-2000×10−17 J energy range of X-ray photons[5]
10−16      
10−15 femto- (fJ)    
10−14   > 2×10−14 J energy of gamma ray photons[5]
2.7×10−14 J upper bound of the mass-energy of a muon neutrino[18][19]
8.2×10−14 J rest mass-energy of an electron[20]
10−13   1.6×10−13 J 1 megaelectronvolt (MeV)[21]
10−12 pico- (pJ) 2.3×10−12 J kinetic energy of neutrons produced by D-T fusion, used to trigger fission (14.1 MeV)[22][23]
10−11   3.4×10−11 J average total energy released in the nuclear fission of one uranium-235 atom (215 MeV)[24][25]
10−10   1.503×10−10 J rest mass-energy of a proton[26]
1.505×10−10 J rest mass-energy of a neutron[27]
1.6×10−10 J 1 gigaelectronvolt (GeV)[28]
3.0×10−10 J rest mass-energy of a deuteron[29]
6.0×10−10 J rest mass-energy of an alpha particle[30]
10−9 nano- (nJ) 1.6×10−9 J 10 GeV[31]
8×10−9 J initial operating energy per beam of the CERN Large Electron Positron Collider in 1989 (50 GeV)[32][33]
10−8   1.3×10−8 J mass-energy of a W boson (80.4 GeV)[34][35]
1.5×10−8 J mass-energy of a Z boson (91.2 GeV)[36][37]
1.6×10−8 J 100 GeV[38]
6.4×10−8 J operating energy per proton of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator in 1976[39][40]
10−7   1×10−7 J ≡ 1 erg[41]
1.6×10−7 J 1 TeV (teraelectronvolt)[42], about the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito[43]
5.6×10−7 J energy per proton beam in the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2011 (3.5 TeV)[44][45]
10−6 micro- (µJ)    
10−5      
10−4      
10−3 milli- (mJ)    
10−2 centi- (cJ)    
10−1 deci- (dJ) 1×10−1 J energy of an American half-dollar falling 1 metre[46][47]
100 J 1 J ≡ 1 N·m (newton–metre)
1 J ≡ 1 W·s (watt-second)
1 J kinetic energy produced as an extra small apple (~100 grams[48]) falls 1 meter against Earth's gravity[49]
1 J energy required to heat 1 gram of dry, cool air by 1 degree Celsius[50]
1.4 J ≈ 1 ft·lbf (foot-pound force)[41]
4.184 J ≡ 1 thermochemical calorie (small calorie)[41]
4.1868 J ≡ 1 International (Steam) Table calorie[51]
8 J Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin theoretical upper limit for the energy of a cosmic ray coming from a distant source[52][53]
101 deca- (daJ) 1×101 J flash energy of a typical pocket camera photoflash capacitor (100-400 µF @ 330 V)[54]
5×101 J most energetic cosmic ray ever detected, in 1991[55]
102 hecto- (hJ) 3×102 J energy of a lethal dose of X-rays[56]
3×102 J kinetic energy of an average person jumping as high as they can[57][58][59]
> 3.6×102 J kinetic energy of 800 g[60] standard men's javelin thrown at > 30 m/s[61] by elite javelin throwers[62]
5-20×102 J energy output of a typical photography studio strobe light in a single flash[63]
6.0×102 J kinetic energy of 2 kg[64] standard men's discus thrown at 24.4 m/s[citation needed] by the world record holder Jürgen Schult[65]
6×102 J use of a 10-watt flashlight for 1 minute
7.5×102 J a power of 1 horsepower applied for 1 second[41]
7.8×102 J kinetic energy of 7.26 kg[66] standard men's shot thrown at 14.7 m/s[citation needed] by the world record holder Randy Barnes[67]
103 kilo- (kJ) 1.1×103 J ≈ 1 British thermal unit (BTU), depending on the temperature[41]
1.4×103 J total solar radiation received from the Sun by 1 square meter at the altitude of Earth's orbit per second (solar constant)[68]
1.8×103 J kinetic energy of M16 rifle bullet (5.56x45mm NATO M855, 4.1 g fired at 930 m/s)[69]
3.4×103 J kinetic energy of world-record men's hammer throw (7.26 kg[70] thrown at 30.7 m/s[71] in 1986)[72]
3.6×103 J ≡ 1 W·h (watt-hour)[41]
4.2×103 J energy released by explosion of 1 gram of TNT[41][73]
4.2×103 J ≈ 1 food Calorie (large calorie)
~7×103 J muzzle energy of an elephant gun, e.g. firing a .458 Winchester Magnum[74]
9×103 J energy in an alkaline AA battery[75]
104   1.7×104 J energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of carbohydrates[76] or protein[77]
3.8×104 J energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of fat[78]
4-5×104 J energy released by the combustion of 1 gram of gasoline[79]
5×104 J kinetic energy of 1 gram of matter moving at 10 km/s[80]
105   3×105 J—15×105 J kinetic energy of an automobile at highway speeds (1 to 5 tons[81] at 55 mph)[82]
5×105 J kinetic energy of 1 gram of a meteor hitting Earth[83]
106 mega- (MJ) 1×106 J kinetic energy of a 2 tonne[81] vehicle at 32 metres per second (72 miles per hour)[84]
1.2×106 J approximate food energy of a snack such as a Snickers bar (280 food calories)[85]
3.6×106 J = 1 kW·h (kilowatt-hour) (used for electricity)[41]
8.4×106 J recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active woman (2000 food calories)[86][87]
107   1×107 J kinetic energy of the armor-piercing round fired by the assault guns of the ISU-152 tank[88][citation needed]
1.1×107 J recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active man (2600 food calories)[86][89]
3.7×107 J $1 of electricity at a cost of $0.10/kWh (the US average retail cost in 2009)[90][91][92]
4×107 J energy from the combustion of 1 cubic meter of natural gas[93]
4.2×107 J caloric energy consumed by Olympian Michael Phelps on a daily basis during Olympic training[94]
6.3×107 J theoretical minimum energy required to accelerate 1 kg of matter to escape velocity from Earth's surface (ignoring atmosphere)[95]
108   1×108 J kinetic energy of a 55 tonne aircraft at typical landing speed (59 m/s or 115 knots)[citation needed]
1.1×108 J ≈ 1 therm, depending on the temperature[41]
1.1×108 J ≈ 1 Tour de France, or ~90 hours[96] ridden at 5 W/kg[97] by a 65 kg rider[98]
7.3×108 J ≈ energy from burning 16 kilograms of oil (using 135 kg per barrel of light crude)[citation needed]
109 giga- (GJ) 1-10×109 J energy in an average lightning bolt[99]
1.1×109 J magnetic stored energy in the world's largest toroidal superconducting magnet for the ATLAS experiment at CERN, Geneva[100]
1.4x109 J theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of steel (380 kW·h)[101][102]
2.0x109 J Energy of an ordinary 61 liter gasoline tank of a car.[79][103][104]
2.0×109 J Planck energy, the unit of energy in Planck units[105]
3.3×109 J approximate average amount of energy expended by a human heart muscle over an 80-year lifetime[106][107]
4.5×109 J average annual energy usage of a standard refrigerator[108][109]
6.1×109 J ≈ 1 bboe (barrel of oil equivalent)[110]
1010   2.3×1010 J kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 at cruising speed (560 tonnes at 562 knots or 289 m/s)[citation needed]
4.2×1010 J ≈ 1 toe (ton of oil equivalent)[110]
5×1010 J yield energy of a Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, the second most powerful non-nuclear weapon ever designed[111][112]
7.3×1010 J energy consumed by the average U.S. automobile in the year 2000[113][114][115]
8.6×1010 J ≈ 1 MW·d (megawatt-day), used in the context of power plants[116]
8.8×1010 J total energy released in the nuclear fission of one gram of uranium-235[117][118][119]
1011  
1012 tera- (TJ) 3.4×1012 J max fuel energy of an Airbus A330-300 (97,530 liters[120] of Jet A-1[121])[122]
3.6×1012 J 1 GW·h (gigawatt-hour)[123]
4×1012 J electricity generated by one 20-kg CANDU fuel bundle assuming ~29%[124] thermal efficiency of reactor[125][126]
6.4×1012 J energy contained in jet fuel in a Boeing 747-100B aircraft at max fuel capacity (183,380 liters[127] of Jet A-1[121])[128]
1013   1.1×1013 J energy of the maximum fuel an Airbus A380 can carry (320,000 liters[129] of Jet A-1[121])[130]
1.2×1013 J orbital kinetic energy of the International Space Station (417 tonnes[131] at 7.7 km/s[132])[133]
8.8×1013 J yield of the Fat Man atomic bomb used in World War II (21 kilotons)[134][135]
9.0×1013 J theoretical total mass-energy of 1 gram of matter[136]
1014   6×1014 J energy released by an average hurricane in 1 second[137]
1015 peta- (PJ) > 1015 J energy released by a severe thunderstorm[138]
1.0×1015 J yearly electricity consumption in Greenland as of 2008[139][140]
4.2×1015 J energy released by explosion of 1 megaton of TNT[41][141]
1016   1×1016 J estimated impact energy released in forming Meteor Crater[citation needed]
1.1×1016 J yearly electricity consumption in Mongolia as of 2010[139][142]
9.0×1016 J mass-energy in 1 kilogram of antimatter (or matter)[143]
1017   1×1017 J energy released on the Earth's surface by the magnitude 9.1-9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[144]
1.7×1017 J total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each second[145]
2.1×1017 J yield of the Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever tested (50 megatons)[146][147]
4.2×1017 J yearly electricity consumption of Norway as of 2008[139][148]
8×1017 J estimated energy released by the eruption of the Indonesian volcano, Krakatoa, in 1883[149][150]
1018 exa- (EJ) 1.4×1018 J yearly electricity consumption of South Korea as of 2009[139][151]
1019   1.4×1019 J yearly electricity consumption in the U.S. as of 2009[139][152]
1.4×1019J yearly electricity production in the U.S. as of 2009[153][154]
5×1019 J energy released in 1 day by an average hurricane in producing rain (400 times greater than the wind energy)[137]
6.4×1019 J yearly electricity consumption of the world as of 2008[155][156]
6.8×1019 J yearly electricity generation of the world as of 2008[155][157]
1020   5.0x1020 J total world annual energy consumption in 2010[158][159]
8.0×1020 J estimated global uranium resources for generating electricity 2005[160][161][162][163]
1021 zetta- (ZJ) 6.9×1021 J estimated energy contained in the world's natural gas reserves as of 2010[158][164]
7.9×1021 J estimated energy contained in the world's petroleum reserves as of 2010[158][165]
1022   1.5×1022J total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each day[145][166]
2.4×1022 J estimated energy contained in the world's coal reserves as of 2010[158][167]
2.9×1022 J identified global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[160]
3.9×1022 J estimated energy contained in the world's fossil fuel reserves as of 2010[158][168]
4×1022 J estimated total energy released by the magnitude 9.1-9.3 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake[169]
1023   2.2×1023 J total global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[160]
5×1023 J approximate energy released in the formation of the Chicxulub Crater in the Yucatán Peninsula[170]
1024 yotta- (YJ) 5.5×1024 J total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each year[145][171]
1025      
1026   1.3×1026 J conservative estimate of the energy released by the impact that created the Caloris basin on Mercury[citation needed]
3.8×1026 J total energy output of the Sun each second[172]
1027      
1028   3.8×1028 J kinetic energy of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth (counting only its velocity relative to the Earth)[173][174]
1029   2.1×1029 J rotational energy of the Earth[175][176][177]
1030   1.8×1030 J gravitational binding energy of Mercury
1031   3.3×1031 J total energy output of the Sun each day[172][178]
1032   2×1032 J gravitational binding energy of the Earth[179]
1033   2.7×1033 J Earth's kinetic energy in its orbit[180]
1034   1.2×1034 J total energy output of the Sun each year[172][181]
1039   6.6×1039 J theoretical total mass-energy of the Moon
1041   5.4×1041 J theoretical total mass-energy of the Earth[182][183]
6.9×1041 J gravitational binding energy of the Sun[184] 1044   1-2×1044 J estimated energy released in a supernova;[185] sometimes referred to as a foe
1046   1×1046 J estimated energy released in a hypernova[186]
1047   1×1047 J total energy of a powerful gamma-ray burst   1.8×1047 J theoretical total mass-energy of the Sun[187][188]
1058   4×1058 J visible mass-energy in our galaxy, the Milky Way[189][190]
1059   1×1059 J total mass-energy of the galaxy, including dark matter and dark energy[191][192]
1062   1-2×1062 J total mass-energy of the Local Supercluster, including dark matter[193]
1069   4×1069 J estimated total mass-energy of the observable universe[194]

SI multiples

SI multiples of joule (J)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 J dJ decijoule 101 J daJ decajoule
10−2 J cJ centijoule 102 J hJ hectojoule
10−3 J mJ millijoule 103 J kJ kilojoule
10−6 J μJ microjoule 106 J MJ megajoule
10−9 J nJ nanojoule 109 J GJ gigajoule
10−12 J pJ picojoule 1012 J TJ terajoule
10−15 J fJ femtojoule 1015 J PJ petajoule
10−18 J aJ attojoule 1018 J EJ exajoule
10−21 J zJ zeptojoule 1021 J ZJ zettajoule
10−24 J yJ yoctojoule 1024 J YJ yottajoule
10−27 J rJ rontojoule 1027 J RJ ronnajoule
10−30 J qJ quectojoule 1030 J QJ quettajoule

The joule is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every SI unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an upper case letter (J), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun; i.e., joule becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Calculated: E_photon = hv = 6.626e-34 J-s * 1e6 Hz = 6.6e-28 J. In eV: 6.6e-28 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 4.1e-9 eV.
  2. ^ "Frequency of a Microwave Oven". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  3. ^ Calculated: E_photon = hv = 6.626e-34 J-s * 2.45e8 Hz = 1.62e-24 J. In eV: 1.62e-24 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 1.0e-5 eV.
  4. ^ "Boomerang Nebula boasts the coolest spot in the Universe". JPL. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d "Wavelength, Frequency, and Energy". Imagine the Universe. NASA. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  6. ^ Calculated: 1e3 J / 6.022e23 entities per mole = 1.7e-21 J per entity
  7. ^ Calculated: 1.381e-23 J/K * 298.15 K / 2 = 2.1e-21 J
  8. ^ a b c "Bond Lengths and Energies". Chem 125 notes. UCLA. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  9. ^ Calculated: 2 to 4 kJ/mol = 2e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 3.3e-21 J. In eV: 3.3e-21 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 0.02 eV. 4e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 6.7e-21 J. In eV: 6.7e-21 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 0.04 eV.
  10. ^ Ansari, Anjum. "Basic Physical Scales Relevant to Cells and Molecules". Physics 450. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  11. ^ Calculated: 4 to 13 kJ/mol. 4 kJ/mol = 4e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 6.7e-21 J. In eV: 6.7e-21 J / 1.6e-19 eV/J = 0.042 eV. 13 kJ/mol = 13e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 2.2e-20 J. In eV: 13e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol / 1.6e-19 eV/J = 0.13 eV.
  12. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.031301, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.031301 instead.
  13. ^ Calculated: 0.28 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 4.5e-20 J
  14. ^ "CODATA Value: electron volt". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  15. ^ "BASIC LAB KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS". Retrieved 5 November 2011. Visible wavelengths are roughly from 390 nm to 780 nm
  16. ^ Calculated: E = h * c / lambda. E_780_nm = 6.6e-34 kg-m^2/s * 3e8 m/s / (780e-9 m) = 2.5e-19 J. E_390 _nm = 6.6e-34 kg-m^2/s * 3e8 m/s / (390e-9 m) = 5.1e-19 J
  17. ^ Calculated: 50 kcal/mol * 4.184 J/calorie / 6.0e22e23 molecules/mol = 3.47e-19 J. (3.47e-19 J / 1.60e-19 eV/J = 2.2 eV.) and 200 kcal/mol * 4.184 J/calorie / 6.0e22e23 molecules/mol = 1.389e-18 J. (7.64e-19 J / 1.60e-19 eV/J = 8.68 eV.)
  18. ^ Thomas J Bowles (2000). P. Langacker (ed.). Neutrinos in physics and astrophysics: from 10−33 to 1028 cm: TASI 98 : Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1-26 June 1998. World Scientific. p. 354. ISBN 978-981-02-3887-2. Retrieved 11 November 2011. an upper limit ov m_v_u < 170 keV
  19. ^ Calculated: 170e3 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 2.7e-14 J
  20. ^ "electron mass energy equivalent". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  21. ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  22. ^ Muller, Richard A. (2002). "The Sun, Hydrogen Bombs, and the physics of fusion". Retrieved 5 November 2011. The neutron comes out with high energy of 14.1 MeV
  23. ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  24. ^ "Energy From Uranium Fission". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  25. ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  26. ^ "proton mass energy equivalent". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  27. ^ "neutron mass energy equivalent". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  28. ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  29. ^ "deuteron mass energy equivalent". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  30. ^ "alpha particle mass energy equivalent". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  31. ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  32. ^ Myers, Stephen. "The LEP Collider". CERN. Retrieved 14 November 2011. the LEP machine energy is about 50 GeV per beam
  33. ^ Calculated: 50e9 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 8e-9 J
  34. ^ "W". PDG Live. Particle Data Group. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  35. ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  36. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018 instead.
  37. ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  38. ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  39. ^ Adams, John. "400 GeV Proton Synchrotron". Excertp from the CERN Annual Report 1976. CERN. Retrieved 14 November 2011. A circulating proton beam of 400 GeV energy was first achieved in the SPS on 17 June 1976
  40. ^ Calculated: 400e9 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 6.4e-8 J
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Appendix B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically". NIST Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011. 1.355818
  42. ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  43. ^ "Electronvolt (eV)". Glossary. CERN. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  44. ^ "LHC will run at 7 TeV in 2012". Physics World. Retrieved 12 November 2011. 3.5 TeV per proton beam
  45. ^ Calculated: 3.5e12 eV per beam * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 5.6e-7 J
  46. ^ "Coin specifications". United States Mint. Retrieved 2 November 2011. 11.340 g
  47. ^ Calculated: m*g*h = 11.34e-3 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 1 m = 1.1e-1 J
  48. ^ "Apples, raw, with skin (NDB No. 09003)". USDA Nutrient Database. USDA. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  49. ^ Calculated: m*g*h = 1e-1 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 1 m = 1 J
  50. ^ "Specific Heat of Dry Air". Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  51. ^ "Footnotes". NIST Guide to the SI. NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  52. ^ "Physical Motivations". ULTRA Home Page (EUSO project). Dipartimento di Fisica di Torino. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  53. ^ Calculated: 5e19 eV * 1.6e-19 J/ev = 8 J
  54. ^ "Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Electronic Flash Units and Strobe Lights and Design Guidelines, Useful Circuits, and Schematics". Retrieved 8 December 2011. The energy storage capacitor for pocket cameras is typically 100 to 400 uF at 330 V (charged to 300 V) with a typical flash energy of 10 W-s.
  55. ^ "The Fly's Eye (1981-1993)". HiRes. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  56. ^ "Ionizing Radiation". General Chemistry Topic Review: Nuclear Chemistry. Bodner Research Web. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  57. ^ "Vertical Jump Test". Topend Sports. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 41-50 cm (males) 31-40 cm (females)
  58. ^ "Mass of an Adult". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 13 December 2011. 70 kg
  59. ^ Kinetic energy at start of jump = potential energy at high point of jump. Using a mass of 70 kg and a high point of 40 cm => energy = m*g*h = 70 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 40e-2 m = 274 J
  60. ^ "Javelin Throw - Introduction". IAAF. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  61. ^ Young, Michael. "Developing Event Specific Strength for the Javelin Throw" (PDF). Retrieved 13 December 2011. For elite athletes, the velocity of a javelin release has been measured in excess of 30m/s
  62. ^ Calculated: 1/2 * 0.8 kg * (30 m/s)^2 = 360 J
  63. ^ Greenspun, Philip. "Studio Photography". Retrieved 13 December 2011. Most serious studio photographers start with about 2000 watts-seconds
  64. ^ "Discus Throw - Introduction". IAAF. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  65. ^ Calculated: 1/2 * 2 kg * (24.4 m/s)^2 = 595.4 J
  66. ^ "Shot Put - Introduction". IAAF. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  67. ^ Calculated: 1/2 * 7.26 kg * (14.7 m/s)^2 = 784 J
  68. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1029.2F2010GL045777, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1029.2F2010GL045777 instead.
  69. ^ "Intermediate power ammunition for automatic assault rifles". Modern Firearms. World Guns. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  70. ^ "Hammer Throw - Introduction". IAAF. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  71. ^ Otto, Ralf M. "HAMMER THROW WR PHOTOSEQUENCE - YURIY SEDYKH" (pdf). Retrieved 4 November 2011. The total release velocity is 30.7 m/sec
  72. ^ Calculated: 1/2 * 7.26 kg * (30.7 m/s)^2 = 3420 J
  73. ^ 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent * (1 ton/1e6 grams) = 4.2e3 J/gram of TNT-equivalent
  74. ^ ".458 Winchester Magnum" (pdf). Accurate Powder. Western Powders Inc. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  75. ^ "Battery energy storage in various battery sizes". AllAboutBatteries.com. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  76. ^ "Energy Density of Carbohydrates". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  77. ^ "Energy Density of Protein". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  78. ^ "Energy Density of Fats". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  79. ^ a b "Energy Density of Gasoline". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  80. ^ Calculated: E = 1/2 m*v^2 = 1/2 * (1e-3 kg) * (1e4 m/s)^2 = 5e4 J.
  81. ^ a b "List of Car Weights". LoveToKnow. Retrieved 13 December 2011. 3000 to 12000 pounds
  82. ^ Calculated: Using car weights of 1 ton to 5 tons. E = 1/2 m*v^2 = 1/2 * (1e3 kg) * (55 mph * 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 3.0e5 J. E = 1/2 * (5e3 kg) * (55 mph * 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 15e5 J.
  83. ^ Muller, Richard A. "Kinetic Energy in a meteor". Old Physics 10 notes.
  84. ^ Calculated: KE = 1/2 * 2e3 kg * (32 m/s)^2 = 1.0e6 J
  85. ^ "Candies, MARS SNACKFOOD US, SNICKERS Bar (NDB No. 19155)". USDA Nutrient Database. USDA. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  86. ^ a b "How to Balance the Food You Eat and Your Physical Activity and Prevent Obesity". Healthy Weight Basics. National Heart Lung and Blood Institutde. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  87. ^ Calculated: 2000 food calories = 2.0e6 cal * 4.184 J/cal = 8.4e6 J
  88. ^ Calculated: 1/2 * m * v^2 = 1/2 * 48.78 kg * (655 m/s)^2 = 1.0e7 J.
  89. ^ Calculated: 2600 food calories = 2.6e6 cal * 4.184 J/cal = 1.1e7 J
  90. ^ "Table 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by Source, 1970-2009". Annual Energy Review. US Energy Information Administration. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011. $28.90 per million BTU
  91. ^ Calculated J per dollar: 1 million BTU/$28.90 = 1e6 BTU / 28.90 dollars * 1.055e3 J/BTU = 3.65e7 J/dollar
  92. ^ Calculated cost per kWh: 1 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh / 3.65e7 J/dollar = 0.0986 dollar/kWh
  93. ^ "Energy in a Cubic Meter of Natural Gas". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  94. ^ "The Olympic Diet of Michael Phelps". WebMD. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  95. ^ Cline, James E. D. "Energy to Space". Retrieved 13 November 2011. 6.27E7 Joules / Kg
  96. ^ "Tour de France Winners, Podium, Times". Bike Race Info. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  97. ^ "Watts/kg". Flamme Rouge. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  98. ^ Calculated: 90 hr * 3600 seconds/hr * 5 W/kg * 65 kg = 1.1e8 J
  99. ^ Smith, Chris. "How do Thunderstorms Work?". The Naked Scientists. Retrieved 15 November 2011. It discharges about 1-10 billion joules of energy
  100. ^ "Powering up ATLAS's mega magnet". Spotlight on... CERN. Retrieved 10 December 2011. magnetic energy of 1.1 Gigajoules
  101. ^ "ITP Metal Casting: Melting Efficiency Improvement" (PDF). ITP Metal Casting. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 14 November 2011. 377 kWh/mt
  102. ^ Calculated: 380 kW-h * 3.6e6 J/kW-h = 1.37e9 J
  103. ^ Bell Fuels. "Lead-Free Gasoline Material Safety Data Sheet". NOAA. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
  104. ^ thepartsbin.com - Volvo Fuel Tank: Compare at The Parts Bin, 2012-05-06
  105. ^
  106. ^ "Power of a Human Heart". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 10 December 2011. The mechanical power of the human heart is ~1.3 watts
  107. ^ Calculated: 1.3 J/s * 80 years * 3.16e7 s/year = 3.3e9 J
  108. ^ "U.S. Household Electricity Uses: A/C, Heating, Appliances". U.S. HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY REPORT. EIA. Retrieved 13 December 2011. For refrigerators in 2001, the average UEC was 1,239 kWh
  109. ^ Calculated: 1239 kWh * 3.6e6 J/kWh = 4.5e9 J
  110. ^ a b Energy Units, by Arthur Smith, 21 January 2005
  111. ^ "Top 10 Biggest Explosions". Listverse. Retrieved 10 December 2011. a yield of 11 tons of TNT
  112. ^ Calculated: 11 tons of TNT-equivalent * 4.184e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent = 4.6e10 J
  113. ^ "Emission Facts: Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks". EPA. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 581 gallons of gasoline
  114. ^ "200 Mile-Per-Gallon Cars?". Retrieved 12 December 2011. a gallon of gas ... 125 million joules of energy
  115. ^ Calculated: 581 gallons * 125e6 J/gal = 7.26e10 J
  116. ^ Calculated: 1e6 Watts * 86400 seconds/day = 8.6e10 J
  117. ^ "Energy From Uranium Fission". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  118. ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  119. ^ Calculated: 3.44e-10 J/U-235-fission * 1e-3 kg / (235 amu per U-235-fission * 1.66e-27 amu/kg) = 8.82e-10 J
  120. ^ "A330-300 Dimensions & key data". Airbus. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 97530 litres
  121. ^ a b c http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/aviation/air_bp/STAGING/local_assets/downloads_pdfs/a/air_bp_products_handbook_04004_1.pdf
  122. ^ Calculated: 97530 liters * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15 MJ/kg = 3.38e12 J
  123. ^ Calculated: 1e9 Watts * 3600 seconds/hour
  124. ^ Weston, Kenneth. "Chapter 10. Nuclear Power Plants" (pdf). Energy Conversion. Retrieved 13 December 2011. The thermal efficiency of a CANDU plant is only about 29%
  125. ^ "CANDU and Heavy Water Moderated Reactors". Retrieved 12 December 2011. fuel burnup in a CANDU is only 6500 to 7500 MWd per metric ton uranium
  126. ^ Calculated: 7500e6 Watt-days/tonne * (0.020 tonnes per bundle) * 86400 seconds/day = 1.3e13 J of burnup energy. Electricity = burnup * ~29% efficiency = 3.8e12 J
  127. ^ "747 Classics Technical Specs". Boeing. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 183,380 L
  128. ^ Calculated: 183380 liters * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15 MJ/kg = 6.36e12 J
  129. ^ "A380-800 Dimensions & key data". Airbus. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 320,000 L
  130. ^ Calculated: 320,000 l * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15  MJ/kg = 11.1e12 J
  131. ^ "International Space Station: The ISS to Date". NASA. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  132. ^ "The wizards of orbits". European Space Agency. Retrieved 10 December 2011. The International Space Station, for example, flies at 7.7 km/s in one of the lowest practicable orbits
  133. ^ Calculated: E = 1/2 m.v² = 1/2 * 417000 kg * (7700m/s)² = 1.2e13 J
  134. ^ "What was the yield of the Hiroshima bomb?". Warbird's Forum. Retrieved 4 November 2011. 21 kt
  135. ^ Calculated: 21 kt = 21e9 grams of TNT-equivalent * 4.2e3 J/gram TNT-equivalent = 8.8e13 J
  136. ^ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  137. ^ a b "How much energy does a hurricane release?". FAQ : HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, AND TROPICAL CYCLONES. NOAA. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  138. ^ "The Gathering Storms". COSMOS. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  139. ^ a b c d e "Country Comparison :: Electricity - consumption". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  140. ^ Calculated: 288.6e6 MWh * 3.60e6 J/MWh = 1.04e15 J
  141. ^ Calculated: 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent * 1e6 tons/megaton = 4.2e15 J/megaton of TNT-equivalent
  142. ^ Calculated: 3.02e9 MWh * 3.60e6 J/MWh = 1.09e16 J
  143. ^ Calculated: E = mc^2 = 1 kg * (2.998e8 m/s)^2 = 8.99e16 J
  144. ^ "USGS Energy and Broadband Solution". National Earthquake Information Center, US Geological Survey. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  145. ^ a b c The Earth has a cross section of 1.274×1014 square meters and the solar constant is 1366 watts per square meter.
  146. ^ "The Soviet Weapons Program - The Tsar Bomba". The Nuclear Weapon Archive. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  147. ^ Calculated: 50e6 tons TNT-equivalent * 4.2e9 J/ton TNT-equivalent = 2.1e17 J
  148. ^ Calculated: 115.6e9 MWh * 3.60e6 J/MWh = 4.16e17 J
  149. ^ Alexander, R. McNeill (1989). [books.google.com/books?id=0q_1xk3SVKEC Dynamics of Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Giants]. Columbia University Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-231-06667-8. the explosion of the island volcano Krakatoa in 1883, had about 200 megatonnes energy. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  150. ^ Calculated: 200e6 tons of TNT equivalent * 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT equivalent = 8.4e17 J
  151. ^ Calculated: 402e9 MWh * 3.60e6 J/MWh = 1.45e17 J
  152. ^ Calculated: 3.741e12 MWh * 3.600e6 J/MWh = 1.347e19 J
  153. ^ "United States". The World Factbook. USA. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  154. ^ Calculated: 3.953e12 MWh * 3.600e6 J/MWh = 1.423e19 J
  155. ^ a b "World". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  156. ^ Calculated: 17.8e12 MWh * 3.60e6 J/MWh = 6.41e19 J
  157. ^ Calculated: 18.95e12 MWh * 3.60e6 J/MWh = 6.82e19 J
  158. ^ a b c d e "Statistical Review of World Energy 2011" (PDF). BP. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  159. ^ Calculated: 12002.4e6 tonnes of oil equivalent * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 5.0e20 J
  160. ^ a b c Global Uranium Resource
  161. ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Generation
  162. ^ U.S. EIA International Energy Outlook 2007.
  163. ^ Final number is computed. Energy Outlook 2007 shows 15.9% of world energy is nuclear. IAEA estimates conventional uranium stock, at today's prices is sufficient for 85 years. Convert billion kilowatt-hours to joules then: 6.25×1019×0.159×85 = 8.01×1020.
  164. ^ Calculated: "6608.9 trillion cubic feet" => 6608.9e3 billion cubic feet * 0.025 million tonnes of oil equivalent/billion cubic feet * 1e6 tonnes of oil equivalent/million tonnes of oil equivalent * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 6.9e21 J
  165. ^ Calculated: "188.8 thousand million tonnes" => 188.8e9 tonnes of oil * 42e9 J/tonne of oil = 7.9e21 J
  166. ^ Calculated: 1.27e14 m^2 * 1370 W/m^2 * 86400 s/day = 1.5e22 J
  167. ^ Calculated: 860938 million tonnes of coal => 860938e6 tonnes of coal * (1/1.5 tonne of oil equivalent / tonne of coal) * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 2.4e22 J
  168. ^ Calculated: natural gas + petroleum + coal = 6.9e21 J + 7.9e21 J + 2.4e22 J = 3.9e22 J
  169. ^ "USGS, Harvard Moment Tensor Solution". National Earthquake Information Center, US Geological Survey. 26 December 2004. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  170. ^ http://www.geosc.psu.edu/people/faculty/personalpages/tbralower/Braloweretal1998.pdf
  171. ^ Calculated: 1.27e14 m^2 * 1370 W/m^2 * 86400 s/day = 5.5e24 J
  172. ^ a b c "Ask Us: Sun: Amount of Energy the Earth Gets from the Sun". Cosmicopia. NASA. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  173. ^ "Moon Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  174. ^ Calculated: KE = 1/2 * m * v^2. v = 1.023e3 m/s. m = 7.349e22 kg. KE = 1/2 * (7.349e22 kg) * (1.023e3 m/s)^2 = 3.845e28 J.
  175. ^ "Moment of Inertia--Earth". Eric Weisstein's World of Physics. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  176. ^ Allain, Rhett. "Rotational energy of the Earth as an energy source". .dotphysics. Science Blogs. Retrieved 5 November 2011. the Earth takes 23.9345 hours to rotate
  177. ^ Calculated: E_rotational = 1/2 * I * w^2 = 1/2 * (8.0e37 kg m^2) * (2*pi/(23.9345 hour period * 3600 seconds/hour))^2 = 2.1e29 J
  178. ^ Calculated: 3.8e26 J/s * 86400 s/day = 3.3e31 J
  179. ^ "Earth's Gravitational Binding Energy". Retrieved 19 March 2012. Variable Density Method: the Earth's gravitational binding energy is -1.711×10^32 J
  180. ^ http://www.uwgb.edu/DutchS/pseudosc/flipaxis.htm
  181. ^ Calculated: 3.8e26 J/s * 86400 s/day * 365.25 days/year = 1.2e34 J
  182. ^ "Earth: Facts & Figures". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  183. ^ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  184. ^
    Chandrasekhar, S. 1939, An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure (Chicago: U. of Chicago; reprinted in New York: Dover), section 9, eqs. 90–92, p. 51 (Dover edition)
    Lang, K. R. 1980, Astrophysical Formulae (Berlin: Springer Verlag), p. 272
  185. ^ Khokhlov, A.; Mueller, E.; Hoeflich, P.; Mueller; Hoeflich (1993). "Light curves of Type IA supernova models with different explosion mechanisms". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 270 (1–2): 223–248. Bibcode:1993A&A...270..223K.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  186. ^ "A Hypernova: The Super-charged Supernova and its link to Gamma-Ray Bursts". Imagine the Universe!. NASA. Retrieved 9 December 2011. With a power about 100 times that of the already astonishingly powerful "typical" supernova
  187. ^ "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  188. ^ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  189. ^ Jim Brau. "The Milky Way Galaxy". Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  190. ^ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  191. ^ Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics 49(1): 3–18. doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6.
  192. ^ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  193. ^ Einasto, M.; et al. (December 2007). "The richest superclusters. I. Morphology". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (2): 697–711. Bibcode:2007A&A...476..697E. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078037.
  194. ^ http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/980211b.html

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