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Lumbini

Coordinates: 27°28′53″N 83°16′33″E / 27.48139°N 83.27583°E / 27.48139; 83.27583
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This article is about the Buddhist pilgrimage site. For other uses, see Lumbini (disambiguation).

Lumbini
लुम्बिनी
City
Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini, marking the Buddha's birthplace
Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini, marking the Buddha's birthplace
Lumbini is located in Lumbini Province
Lumbini
Lumbini
Location of Lumbini in Nepal
Lumbini is located in Nepal
Lumbini
Lumbini
Lumbini (Nepal)
Coordinates: 27°28′53″N 83°16′33″E / 27.48139°N 83.27583°E / 27.48139; 83.27583
CountryNepal
ProvinceLumbini Province
DistrictRupandehi
MunicipalityLumbini Sanskritik
Government
 • TypeDevelopment trust
 • BodyLumbini Development Trust
Elevation
150 m (490 ft)
Time zoneUTC+05:45 (NST)
Postal code
32914
Websitewww.lumbinidevtrust.gov.np
Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha
UNESCO World Heritage Site
LocationRupandehi District, Nepal
CriteriaCultural: iii, vi
Reference666
Inscription1997 (21st Session)
Area198.95 ha
Buffer zone22.78 ha
Coordinates27°28′53″N 83°16′33″E / 27.48139°N 83.27583°E / 27.48139; 83.27583
Ashoka Pillar of Lumbini
Lumbini pillar inscription by King Ripumalla: "Om Mani Padme Hum Sri Ripu Malla Chiram Jayatu 1234 Saka Era" ("Om Mani Padme Hum May Prince Ripu Malla be long victorious")[1]
Pilgrimage to
Buddha's Holy Sites
The Four Main Sites
Four Additional Sites
Other Sites
Map of Lumbini in relation to other Eight Great Places Buddhist pilgrimage sites and notable nearby cities

Lumbinī (Lumbini, pronounced [ˈlumbini] ⓘ, "the lovely") is a Buddhist pilgrimage site in the Rupandehi District of Lumbini Province in Nepal. According to the sacred texts of the Buddhist Commentaries, Maya Devi gave birth to Siddhartha Gautama in Lumbini in c.624 BCE.[a][2][3] Siddhartha Gautama achieved Enlightenment, and became Shakyamuni Buddha who founded Buddhism.[4][5][6] He later passed into parinirvana at the age of 80 years, in c.544 BCE.[7][8] Lumbini is one of four most sacred pilgrimage sites pivotal in the life of the Buddha.[9]

Lumbini has a number of old temples, including the Mayadevi Temple, and several new temples, funded by Buddhist organisations from various countries. Most of the temples have already been completed and some are still under construction. Many monuments, monasteries, stupas, a museum, and the Lumbini International Research Institute are also near to the holy site. The Puskarini, or Holy Pond, is where Mayadevi, the Buddha's mother, is believed to have taken the ritual bath prior to his birth and where the Buddha also had his first bath. At other sites near Lumbini, earlier Buddhas were born, then achieved ultimate Enlightenment and finally relinquished their earthly forms.[10]

Lumbini was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997.[2][3][note 1]

In Buddha's time

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In the time of the Buddha, Lumbini was situated east of Kapilavastu and south-west of Devadaha of Shakya, an oligarchic republic.[12][13] According to the Buddhist tradition, it was there that the Buddha was born.[14] Ashoka Pillar of Lumbini, a monolithic column with an inscription in the ancient Brahmi script discovered at Rupandehi in 1896, is believed to mark the spot of Ashoka's visit to Lumbini. The site was not known as Lumbini before the pillar was discovered.[15] The translation of inscription (by Paranavitana) reads:

When King Devanampriya Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot) because the Buddha Shakyamuni was born here. (He) both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of Lumbini free of taxes, and paying (only) an eighth share (of the produce).[16][17][note 2]

The park was previously known as Rupandehi, 2 mi (3.2 km) north of Bhagavanpura. The Sutta Nipáta (vs. 683) states that the Buddha was born in a village of the Sákyans in the Lumbineyya Janapada. The Buddha stayed in Lumbinívana during his visit to Devadaha and there preached the Devadaha Sutta.[20]

Pillar of Ashoka

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Further information: Lumbini pillar inscription

In 1896, former Commander-In-Chief of the Nepalese Army General Khadga Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and Alois Anton Führer discovered a great stone pillar at Rupandehi, according to the crucial historical records made by the ancient Chinese monk-pilgrim Xuanzang in the 7th century CE and by another ancient Chinese monk-pilgrim Faxian in the early 5th century CE. The Brahmi inscription on the pillar gives evidence that Ashoka, emperor of the Maurya Empire, visited the place in 3rd-century BCE and identified it as the birth-place of the Buddha.

At the top of the pillar, there is a second inscription by king Ripumalla (1234 Saka Era, 13-14th century CE), who is also known from an inscription at the Nigali Sagar pillar:

Om mani padme hum May Prince Ripu Malla be long victorious 1234

— Inscription of King Ripumalla on the Lumbini pillar of Ashoka, 1234 Saka Era (13–14th century).[1]

A second pillar of Ashoka is located about 22 kilometers to the northwest of Lumbini, the Nigali Sagar pillar (with inscription), and a third one 24 kilometers to the west, the Gotihawa pillar (without inscription).

Lumbini complex

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World Peace Pagoda in Lumbini

Lumbini is 4.8 km (3 mi) in length and 1.6 km (1.0 mi) in width. The holy site of Lumbini is bordered by a large monastic zone in which only monasteries can be built, no shops, hotels or restaurants. It is separated into an eastern and western monastic zone, the eastern having the Theravadin monasteries, the western having Mahayana and Vajrayana monasteries. There is a long water filled canal separating the western and eastern zones, with a series of brick arch bridges joining the two sides along the length. The canal is serviced by simple outboard motor boats at the north end which provides tours. The holy site of Lumbini has ruins of ancient monasteries, a sacred Bodhi tree, an ancient bathing pond, the Ashokan pillar and the Mayadevi Temple, a site traditionally considered to be the birthplace of the Buddha. From early morning to early evening, pilgrims from various countries perform chanting and meditation at the site.

Lumbini complex is divided into three areas: the Sacred Garden, the Monastic Zone and the Cultural Center and New Lumbini Village. The Sacred Garden remains the epicenter of the Lumbini area and consists of the birthplace of Buddha and other monuments of archaeological and spiritual importance such as the Mayadevi Temple, the Ashoka Pillar, the Marker Stone, the Nativity Sculpture, Puskarini Sacred Pond and other structural ruins of Buddhist stupas and viharas. The Monastic Zone, spanning an area of one square mile is divided into two zones: the East Monastic Zone which represents Theravada school of Buddhism and the West Monastic Zone which represents Mahayana and Vajrayana school of Buddhism, with their respective monasteries on the either side of a long pedestrian walkway and canal. Marking the monastic spot as a sacred pilgrimage site, many countries have established Buddhist stupas and monasteries in the monastic zone with their unique historical, cultural and spiritual designs. The Cultural Center and New Lumbini Village comprises Lumbini Museum, Lumbini International Research Institute, World Peace Pagoda of Japan, Lumbini Crane Sanctuary and other administrative offices.[10] The Government of Bangladesh is currently[timeframe?] constructing a major Buddhist monastery in Lumbini.[21]

  • Nepalese Temple
    Nepalese Temple
  • Indian Temple
    Indian Temple
  • Japanese Stupa
    Japanese Stupa
  • Royal Thailand Monastery
    Royal Thailand Monastery
  • Chinese Monastery
    Chinese Monastery
  • German Monastery
    German Monastery
  • French Monastery
    French Monastery
  • Sri Lankan Temple
    Sri Lankan Temple
  • South Korean Temple
    South Korean Temple
  • Cambodian Monastery
    Cambodian Monastery
  • Austrian Monastery
    Austrian Monastery
  • Singapore Monastery
    Singapore Monastery
  • Canadian Temple
    Canadian Temple
  • Vietnamese Temple
    Vietnamese Temple
  • Urgen Dorjee Choling Centre
    Urgen Dorjee Choling Centre
  • Golden Temple of Myanmar
    Golden Temple of Myanmar
  • Russian Monastery (under construction, April 2024)
    Russian Monastery (under construction, April 2024)

Excavation at the Mayadevi Temple in 2013

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New excavations in the Mayadevi temple in Lumbini in 2013 revealed a series of the most ancient Buddhist shrines in South Asia extending the history of the site to a much earlier date.[22] According to Robin Coningham, excavations beneath existing brick structures at the Mayadevi Temple at Lumbini provide evidence for an older timber structure beneath the walls of a brick Buddhist shrine built during the Ashokan era (3rd-century BCE). The layout of the Ashokan shrine closely follows that of the earlier timber structure, which suggests a continuity of worship at the site. The pre-Mauryan timber structure appears to be an ancient tree shrine. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal from the wooden postholes and optically stimulated luminescence dating of elements in the soil suggests human activity began at Lumbini around 1000 BCE.[23] The site, states Coningham, may be a Buddhist monument from 6th-century BCE. Other scholars state that the excavations revealed nothing that is Buddhist, and they only confirm that the site predates the Buddha.[24][25]

Religious significance

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Before parinirvana at the age of eighty, Gautama Buddha gave a sermon to his disciples on the significance of Lumbini as a place of pilgrimage (Dīghanikāya, 16; Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta):[26]

There are, O monks, four places on earth which a believing householder's son or a believing householder's daughter should commemorate as long as they live. Which are those four? –here the Venerable One has been born –here the Venerable One has attained the unsurpassable complete enlightenment –here the Venerable One has turned the threefold-turning, twelve-spoked lawful wheel – here the Venerable One has gone to the realm of complete nirvāṇa.

— Dīgha Nikāya, 16; Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta

Along with Lumbini which is the Buddha's place of birth; Bodh Gaya where he attained enlightenment, Sarnath where he gave his first sermon and Kushinagar where he attained parinirvana are four most significant pilgrimage sites in Buddhism. These four places form a pilgrimage circuit along Buddha's Holy Sites.

Other developments

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António Guterres, secretary-general of the United Nations speaking in Lumbini on his Nepal visit (2023)
Prime Minister of Nepal Sher Bahadur Deuba with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at Lumbini on Buddha Purnima

Nepal's central bank has introduced a 100-rupee Nepali note featuring Lumbini, the birthplace of Buddha. The Nepal Rastra Bank said the new note would be accessible only during the Dashain, Nepal's major festival in the time of September/October. It displays the portrait of Mayadevi, Gautam Buddha's mother in silver metallic on the front. The note also has a black dot which would help the blind recognise the note. The name of the central bank in Roman script would be printed on the note along with the date of printing in both the Gregorian Era and the Bikram Era. The new note is being issued following a cabinet decision 27 August.[27]

Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the park in 2001, which is visited by many different cultures and religions every day. Because some Hindus regard the Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu, thousands of Hindus have begun to come here on pilgrimage during the full moon of the Nepali month of Baisakh (April–May) to worship Queen Mayadevi as Rupa Devi, the mother goddess of Lumbini. Lumbini was granted World Heritage status by UNESCO in 1997.[2][3]

In 2011, Lumbini Development National Director Committee wad formed under the leadership of Prime Minister Prachanda.The committee was given the authority to "draft a master plan to develop Lumbini as a peaceful and tourism area and table the proposal" and the responsibility to gather international support for the same.[28]

In 2022 on Buddha's Birthday, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Nepalese Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, jointly laid the foundation stone for the Indian monastery in Lumbini.[29] Nepal-India cultural events are held annually in Lumbini highlighting the close spiritual and cultural connection between the two countries.[30] António Guterres, secretary-general of the United Nations made a visit to Lumbini in the October of 2023 and "urged everyone to reflect on the core teachings of Buddhism and their relevance in today’s troubled world ", highlighting conflicts around the world from Middle East to Ukraine to Africa, undermining of global rules and their devastating impacts on ordinary people, especially women and children.[31]

Tourism

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In 2019, Lumbini received 1.5 million visitors from across the world.[32]

Transport

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Lumbini is a 10-hour drive from Kathmandu and a 30-minute drive from Bhairahawa. The closest airport is Gautam Buddha Airport at Bhairahawa, with flights to and from Kathmandu.[33]

Places to visit

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New hotel construction

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The nearest airport to Lumbini, Gautam Buddha Airport in Bhairahawa, is currently[timeframe?] undergoing expansion. This small domestic airport is soon expected to become an international airport, with latest deadline set for 2019. The airport expansion attracted investors and hoteliers, and a series of new hotels are being constructed in and around Lumbini, hoping to cash in on the expected international tourist boom once the airport expansion work is completed.[35]

Sister cities

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Lumbini has four official sister cities:

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Buddhist scriptures and travel accounts of Chinese monks, Faxian and Xuanzang, describe relative location of cities Lumbini, Sravasti, Kapilavastu and Rajgir. Based on these data, recent work [11] has used geometrical methods to pin-point the location of Lumbini. The results indicate that Kapilavastu and Lumbini were located to the south of Rajgir. Out of two historical Kosala's, South Koshala was located to the south of Rajgir. The results reject North Kosala as Gautama Buddha's native country.
  2. ^ Several alternative translations have been published.[18][19]
  1. ^ Joshua Mark, "World History Encyclopaedia", 2020: The dates of the Buddha['s life] have been derived from various chronologies which all recognize that Siddhartha Gautama lived for 80 years but disagree on the dates those 80 years encompass. The chronologies are: 1.) Sri Lanka's Long Chronology: c.624 - c.544 BCE (The Convention) 2.) Alternative Long Chronology: c.567 - c.487 BCE 3.) India's Short Chronology: c.448 - c.368 BCE 4.) Contemporary Chronology: c.563 - c.483 BCE

References

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  1. ^ a b Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist Architecture, p.269
  2. ^ a b c Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "World Heritage Committee Inscribes 46 New Sites on World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
  3. ^ a b c "Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha". UNESCO. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
  4. ^ "Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  5. ^ ""Gautama Buddha (B.C. 623-543)" by T.W. Rhys-Davids, The World's Great Events, B.C. 4004-A.D. 70 (1908) by Esther Singleton, pp. 124–35". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ "The Buddha (BC 623-BC 543) – Religion and spirituality Article – Buddha, Bc, 623". Booksie. 8 July 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  7. ^ Cousins, LS (1996). "The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (1): 57–63. doi:10.1017/s1356186300014760. JSTOR 25183119. S2CID 162929573. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010.
  8. ^ Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2003). The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass Press. pp. 10–13. ISBN 8120818172.
  9. ^ "The Eight Great Sacred Sites", Nekhor: Circling the Sacred, Samye Translations.
  10. ^ a b "Birthplace of Buddha, Historical Place of Nepal, The World Heritage SiteLumbini Development Trust". lumbinidevtrust.gov.np. Lumbini Development Trust. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  11. ^ Mishra, Ramakanta (December 2021). "Location of Kapilavastu: Resolving Contradictory Descriptions found in Buddhist Scriptures". Journal of the U.S. Sangha for Buddhist Studies. 02 (2): 64–76. ISSN 2692-7357.
  12. ^ "Ramagrama-Devadaha". lumbini.planetwebnepal.com. Lumbini Development Trust. 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  13. ^ Violatti, Cristian (12 December 2013). "Kapilavastu". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  14. ^ J.i.52, 54; Kvu.97, 559; AA.i.10; MA.ii.924; BuA.227; Cv.li.10, etc.
  15. ^ Sen, A. C. (2008). Buddhist shrines in India. Kolkota: Maha Bodhi Book Agency. p. 24. ISBN 978-81-87032-78-6.
  16. ^ See Mukerji: Asoka, p. 27; see p. 201f for details.
  17. ^ Paranavitana, S. (April–June 1962). "Rupandehi Pillar Inscription of Asoka", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 82 (2), 163–167
  18. ^ Weise, Kai; et al. (2013). "The Sacred Garden of Lumbini – Perceptions of Buddha's Birthplace" (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 47–48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2014.
  19. ^ Hultzsch, E. (1925). Inscriptions of Asoka. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 164-165
  20. ^ MA.ii.810
  21. ^ "Bangladesh to construct Buddhist Monastery in Nepal's Lumbini". The Business Standard. 8 October 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  22. ^ "Earliest Buddhist shrines in South Asia discovered in Lumbini, Buddha's birthplace in Nepal". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  23. ^ Coningham, R. A. E.; Acharya, K. P.; Strickland, K. M.; Davis, C. E.; Manuel, M. J.; Simpson, I. A.; Gilliland, K.; Tremblay, J.; Kinnaird, T. C.; Sanderson, D. C. W. (2013). "The earliest Buddhist shrine: excavating the birthplace of the Buddha, Lumbini (Nepal)". Antiquity. 87 (338): 1104–23. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00049899. S2CID 54601247.
  24. ^ Richard Gombrich (2013), "Pseudo-discoveries at Lumbini", Oxford Center for Buddhist Studies, Oxford University
  25. ^ Fogelin, Lars (2 March 2015). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-994822-2.
  26. ^ The Sacred garden of Lumbini. UNESCO. 2019. ISBN 978-92-3-001208-3. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  27. ^ "Buddha's birthplace in Nepal's 100-rupee note – Indistan News – National, Political and States News". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
  28. ^ "Lumbini Development Committee formed under Dahal's leadership". ekantipur. Archived from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  29. ^ "Lumbini Development Trust- Birthplace of Buddha, Historical Place of Nepal, The World Heritage SiteLumbini Development Trust". lumbinidevtrust.gov.np. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  30. ^ Republica. "Nepal-India cultural festival held in Lumbini". My Republica. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  31. ^ "On sacred ground in Nepal, UN chief calls for global action for peace | UN News". news.un.org. 31 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  32. ^ Sansar, Nepali (6 January 2020). "Lumbini Tourist Arrivals Reach 1.5 Million in 2019". Nepali Sansar. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  33. ^ "Lumbini". Welcome Nepal. Archived from the original on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  34. ^ "Things to do in Lumbini - birthplace of Buddha | Buddha Statues". www.buddha-statues.info.
  35. ^ "Airport construction triggers hotel boom in Rupandehi". Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  36. ^ "India-Nepal agree to establish sister-city relations between Lumbini and Kushinagar; check details of MoUs signed today".
  37. ^ "MoU on Twinning arrangements between Kathmandu-Varanasi, Janakpur-Ayodhya and Lumbini-Bodh Gaya as sister cities". mea.gov.in. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  38. ^ "CÁCERES Y LUMBINI RUBRICAN SU HERMANAMIENTO EN UN 'DÍA HISTÓRICO'". 8 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  39. ^ "Lumbini Development Trust- Birthplace of Buddha, Historical Place of Nepal, The World Heritage SiteLumbini Development Trust". lumbinidevtrust.gov.np. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

Further reading

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Bibliography

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lumbini.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Lumbinī".
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