Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign

Ronald Reagan for President 1980
Reagan–Bush campaign logo.
Campaign	1980 Republican primaries 1980 U.S. presidential election
Candidate	Ronald Reagan 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975) George H. W. Bush 11th Director of Central Intelligence (1976–1977)
Affiliation	Republican Party
Status	Announced: November 13, 1979 Presumptive nominee: May 24, 1980 Official nominee: July 17, 1980 Won election: November 4, 1980 Inaugurated: January 20, 1981
Key people	William J. Casey (Manager) Edwin Meese III (Chief of Staff) Richard Wirthlin (Pollster) Richard V. Allen (Foreign Policy Adviser)
Slogan	Let's Make America Great Again Are You Better Off Than You Were Four Years Ago? The Time Is Now for Strong Leadership

In 1980, Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush were elected president and vice president of the United States. They defeated the incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter and Vice President Walter Mondale.

Reagan, a Republican and former governor of California, announced his third presidential bid in a nationally televised speech from New York City in 1979. He campaigned extensively for the primaries after losing the Iowa caucus to Bush. In the primaries, he won 44 states and 59.8% of the vote. He decided initially to nominate former president Gerald Ford as his running mate, but Ford wanted such extended powers as vice president, especially over the foreign policy, that their ticket would effectively amount to a "co-presidency". As a result, negotiations to form a Reagan–Ford ticket ceased. Reagan then selected former Congressman and director of the Central Intelligence Agency Bush as his vice-presidential running mate.

At the 1980 Republican National Convention, Reagan garnered the required delegates to be the official nominee. With Carter's declining approval ratings and popularity, Ted Kennedy challenged him at the Democratic primaries, but Carter was re-nominated. John B. Anderson, who was a presidential candidate for the Republican Party, left the party and entered the race as an independent candidate. On July 19, Reagan opened his campaign with a tumultuous rally in Texas. There he proclaimed the campaign slogan, "We Can Make America Great Again." He called for a drastic cut in "big government" and pledged to deliver a balanced budget for the first time since 1969. At a rally in New York on August 5, Reagan proposed a youth differential in the minimum wage law, for encouraging businesses to hire unskilled and unemployed black youths. Appealing to black voters, he said, "What I want for America is ... pretty much what the overwhelming majority of black Americans also want."

Two presidential debates were conducted, but Carter refused to take part if Anderson was included; the first debate was between only Reagan and Anderson. A week before election day, another debate was organized between President Carter and Reagan; Anderson was not invited. On election day, Reagan won the election by a landslide winning 51% percent of the popular vote with 489 electoral votes to Carter's 49 electoral votes. At 69 years old, Reagan was then the oldest non-incumbent presidential candidate to win a presidential election. He was inaugurated on January 20, 1981.

Background

Ronald Reagan in 1976

Ronald Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois, in 1911. After graduating from Eureka College in 1932, he worked as a radio commentator and later became a Hollywood movie actor and union leader. Initially a Democrat, he became a Republican in 1962. While endorsing the Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater, he gave his famous "A Time for Choosing" speech, which earned him national attention as a new conservative spokesman. In late 1965, he announced his campaign for governor of California in the 1966 gubernatorial election. He won the election, becoming the 33rd governor of California. He was a presidential candidate in the 1968 Republican presidential primaries, but lost to former vice president Richard Nixon in the delegate count, despite winning the popular vote. He was re-elected as governor in 1970 with almost 53% of the vote.

After leaving office in 1975, he began his 1976 presidential campaign against the incumbent President Gerald Ford. They were neck and neck in the primaries, but in the end, Ford won more primary delegates than Reagan, but he did not have enough (1,130) delegates to secure the nomination. Both campaigns relied on votes from un-pledged delegates to secure the nomination. Shortly before the 1976 Republican National Convention, Reagan announced Senator Richard Schweiker as his running mate, hoping to pry loose some delegates from Schweiker's home state of Pennsylvania; Ford ultimately won the nomination with 1,187 delegates to Reagan's 1,070. He considered Reagan as his possible running mate, but after Reagan told a caucus of the Kansas delegation that he would not accept the vice-presidential nomination, Ford selected Bob Dole. Ford later lost the election to Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter. Reagan received an electoral college vote by a faithless elector from Washington.

Gaining the nomination

Preparing for a run

On November 13, 1979, Reagan announced his third presidential bid in a nationally televised speech from New York City, the tenth Republican to do so. His campaign capitalized on his acting skills, showing Reagan speaking in a presidential-looking room. During the speech, he never directly mentioned President Carter but called the current administration's energy policies an "utter fiasco" and blamed government spending and deficits for high inflation. He borrowed the phrase "rendezvous with destiny" from Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1936 acceptance speech. He said:

We, today's living Americans have in our lifetime fought harder, paid a higher price for freedom and done more to advance the dignity of man than any people who have ever lived on this Earth. The citizens of this great nation want leadership, yes but not a "man on a white horse" demanding obedience to his commands. They want someone who believes they can "begin the world over again." A leader who will unleash their great strength and remove the roadblocks government has put in their way. I want to do that more than anything I've ever wanted. And it's something that I believe with God's help I can do.

Reagan's Republican primaries campaign logo.

In a press conference the same day, Reagan named a young representative, Jack Kemp, as one of his chief campaign spokespersons. This likely helped him counteract the issue of his age. After the speech, Reagan went on a five-day campaign trip to visit 12 cities. He repeated his 1976 proposal to shift some functions of government away from Washington, but his press secretary, James Lake, said that, unlike the earlier version, the new proposal was general and did not spell out programs that would be transferred. He was the front-runner candidate when he announced his campaign.

Republican presidential primaries

Main article: 1980 Republican Party presidential primaries

The primary elections and caucuses were held for all 50 states and the Washington, D.C. from January 21 to June 3, 1980. In addition to Reagan, the major candidates were George H. W. Bush, John Anderson, Howard Baker, John Connally, and Bob Dole. There was speculation about the potential candidacy of former President Gerald Ford, but he declined to run against Reagan. In an upset defeat in the Iowa caucus held on January 21, Reagan narrowly lost to Bush. After the win, Bush said his campaign was full of momentum, or "the Big Mo", and they would perform even better in the New Hampshire primary.

Three days before the New Hampshire primary, the Reagan and Bush campaigns agreed to a one-on-one debate sponsored by The Telegraph at Nashua, New Hampshire, but hours before the debate, the Reagan campaign invited other candidates including Dole, Anderson, Baker and Phil Crane. Debate moderator John Breen denied seats to the other candidates, asserting that The Telegraph would violate federal campaign contribution laws if it sponsored the debate and changed the ground rules hours before the debate. As a result, the Reagan campaign agreed to pay for the debate. Reagan said that as he was footing the bills, he could decide who would debate. During the debate, when Breen was laying out the ground rules, Reagan interrupted in protest to make an introductory statement and wanted other candidates to be included. The moderator asked for Reagan's microphone to be turned off. Reagan furiously replied, "I am paying for this microphone, Mr. Green! [sic]". This turned out to be the turning point of the debate and the primary campaign. Ultimately, the four additional candidates left, and the debate continued between Reagan and Bush. Reagan's polling numbers improved, and he won the New Hampshire primary by more than 39,000 votes.

Republican Debate with Philip Crane, George H. W. Bush, moderator Eric Sevareid, Ronald Reagan, and John B. Anderson in Chicago, Illinois

Bush defeated Anderson and won the Massachusetts primary with a margin of 0.34%, although both received equal numbers of delegates. With the South Carolina primary approaching, political operative Lee Atwater leaked a story to Lee Bandy, a writer for The State newspaper that John Connally had tried to buy the black vote, which nearly destroyed Conally's campaign. Reagan swept to victory in South Carolina, defeating Connally by 14%. The next day, Connally formally withdrew from the campaign and endorsed Reagan. With the Illinois primary approaching, the League of Women Voters sponsored a debate between Reagan, Bush, Anderson, and Crane. The candidates criticized Anderson for signing a fund-raising letterseeking supports for liberal Democratic senators, and Reagan questioned whether Anderson was really running as a Republican. Reagan won the Illinois primary with 48% of the votes to Anderson's 37%.

Reagan continued to win many other primaries and caucuses, although Bush won states like Connecticut, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. After the Pennsylvania primary, Anderson withdrew from the Republican race and re-entered the race as an independent candidate. On May 20, 1980, after the Michigan and Oregon primaries, Reagan secured enough delegates to clinch the nomination for the Republican Party. Reagan said he would always be grateful to the people of Iowa for giving him "the kick in the pants" he needed. On May 26, Bush; Reagan's remaining opponent for the Republican nomination conceded defeat and urged his supporters to support Reagan. On June 3 (Super Tuesday), Reagan won all nine primaries. With the end of the primaries, Reagan had won 59.8% votes to Bush's 23.8% and Anderson's 12.2%.

Republican National Convention

Main articles: 1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection and 1980 Republican National Convention

On July 16 (day 3 of the RNC) Gerald Ford consults with Bob Dole, Howard Baker and Bill Brock before ultimately making a decision to decline the offer to serve as Reagan's running mate

Reagan giving his acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention.

With the Republican National Convention approaching, Reagan prepared to select his running mate. Columnist Jack Germond and Jules Witcover wrote in their book Blue Smoke & Mirrors that Reagan's vice-presidential selection began as early as May 1980. His choice for vice presidential running mate included former president Gerald Ford, who revealed it in a CBS interview with Walter Cronkite, saying he was seriously considering the vice presidency. In late May and early June, Dick Wirthlin conducted polls showing that in each category tested Ford rated ahead of all other Republicans being mentioned as possible running mates. Ford's representatives in these negotiations reportedly included Henry Kissinger, Alan Greenspan, and Dick Cheney, who had been Ford's White House chief of staff.

However, after Ford suggested the possibility of a "co-presidency" and also insisted that Kissinger be re-appointed as Secretary of State with Alan Greenspan to be appointed as Secretary of the Treasury, negotiations to form a Reagan-Ford ticket ceased. Reagan's other prospects were Bush, Howard Baker, William Simon, Donald Rumsfeld, Richard Lugar, Jack Kemp, Guy Vander Jagt, and Paul Laxalt. Less than twenty-four hours before Reagan had formally accepted the Republican nomination, he telephoned Bush to inform him of his intention to nominate him. On the following day, July 17, the final day of the Republican National Convention, Reagan officially announced Bush as his running mate.

The 1980 Republican National Convention convened at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. Notable speakers included Guy Vander Jagt, former treasury secretary William E. Simon, former defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld and former president Gerald Ford. In the roll call vote, Reagan received 1,939 delegates to Anderson's 37 and Bush's 13. Anne Armstrong received one vote. Bush was nominated as the vice-presidential candidate. Reagan accepted the Republican nomination on the final day of the convention. He said:

With a deep awareness of the responsibility conferred by your trust, I accept your nomination for the presidency of the United States. I do so with deep gratitude, and I think also I might interject on behalf of all of us, our thanks to Detroit and the people of Michigan and to this city for the warm hospitality they have shown. And I thank you for your wholehearted response to my recommendation in regard to George Bush as a candidate for vice president.

Opponents

Main articles: 1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries and John B. Anderson 1980 presidential campaign

Jimmy Carter's first term began with a high approval rating reaching 66%, but it soon began to fall; his lowest approval rating was 28%. This likely helped other Democrats like Massachusetts senator Ted Kennedy (Former President John F. Kennedy's brother), and Governor Jerry Brown seek the nomination against an incumbent president in the Democratic presidential primaries. Kennedy launched his campaign in late 1979. Momentum built for Kennedy after the attempt to rescue 52 embassy staff held captive at the Embassy of the United States in Tehran on April 25 ended in disaster and increased skepticism of Carter's leadership ability. Although Carter won 32 state primaries including the early states like Iowa and New Hampshire, Kennedy’s 12 victories included some crucial states like Massachusetts, New York and California. Kennedy did not concede to Carter until August 11, 1980, at the Democratic National Convention in New York City.

Anderson was a presidential candidate from the Republican party, but after the Pennsylvania primary, he withdrew from the race and re-entered it as an independent candidate. In a 1992 interview, he recalled the biggest obstacle he faced as an independent candidate was having to qualify for ballot access in 50 states and the District of Columbia. He selected former Wisconsin Governor Patrick Lucey as his running mate. In April 1980, he was polling at 21%, which was relatively high for an independent candidate. This remained constant, with little fluctuation, until late July 1980, after which his ratings began to drop. Anderson received endorsements from various newspapers including the Minneapolis Star Tribune, The Boston Globe, the Hartford Courant, the San Jose Mercury News, the Austin American-Statesman, and Florida's largest newspaper the Miami Herald. Most of Anderson's support came from Liberal Republicans who were suspicious of, or even hostile to Reagan's conservative supporters. In late August, he was polling just 14%, which later continued to drop to eight percent just before election day.

Campaign

Initial developments

Reagan's 1980 campaign button with "Let's make America great again" written.

Reagan campaigning in Florida.

Reagan remembered that Franklin D. Roosevelt won the 1932 presidential election because he successfully proved he was not Herbert Hoover. Reagan guessed he would similarly benefit from not being Jimmy Carter. He began his campaign with a tumultuous rally in Texas on July 19 with Bush, where he proclaimed the campaign slogan, "We can make America great again." The Carter campaign attempted to deny the Reagan campaign $29.4 million (equivalent to $108,718,255 in 2023) in federal campaign funds, the legal limit for campaign spending. They claimed he was ineligible for the cash as independent groups with well-known Republican members had donated up to $60 million (equivalent to $221,873,990 in 2023) for Reagan's campaign. The Federal Election Commission unanimously rejected the plea and approved the payment. At the same time, late July, President Carter's brother, Billy Carter, was being investigated for receiving funds from Libya. In late June and in July, Reagan began to lead Carter in polls. In early August, his lead polling numbers reached 45% to Carter's 39% and Anderson's 14%. On July 30, 1980, a Senate committee concluded that Billy had lied to justice examiners, but ultimately found no evidence that he had influenced American policy.

Reagan promised a restoration of the nation's military strength at a time when 60% of Americans polled felt defense spending was too low. Reagan also promised an end to "trust me government", and to restore economic health by implementing a supply-side economic policy. At a rally in New York on August 5, Reagan proposed a youth differential in the minimum wage law to encourage businesses to hire unskilled and unemployed black youths. Appealing to black voters, he said, "What I want for America is, I think, pretty much what the overwhelming majority of black Americans also want."

The 1980 campaign has been used as an example of dog-whistle rhetoric. While giving a speech at the Neshoba County Fair in early August, Reagan used the term 'state's rights', and also referred to 'Cadillac-driving welfare queens' and 'strapping young bucks buying T-bone steaks with food stamps'. Some also saw these actions as an extension of the "southern strategy" developed by President Richard Nixon to garner white support for Republican candidates. According to the historian Joseph Crespino, the speech was pre-written, and Reagan's visit to the Neshoba County was designed to reach out to the voters inclined toward segregationist George Wallace. Reagan's supporters, however, have pointed out their belief that this was his typical anti-big government rhetoric, with no racial context or intent.

Campaign commercials
Presidential Campaign Commercials 1980 – C-SPAN

Advertising his campaign was crucial for Reagan. Polls showed that almost 40% of the voters knew very little about him or what he stood for. He campaigned extensively, and his political advertisements were broadcast on various television channels. Reagan was an adherent of supply-side economics, which argues that economic growth can be most effectively created using incentives for people to produce (supply) goods and services, such as adjusting income tax and capital gains tax rates. Accordingly, Reagan promised an economic revival that would affect all sectors of the population.

Rallies and debates; the final days

Further information: 1980 United States presidential debates

Debate between Ronald Reagan and John Anderson on September 21, 1980

Reagan called for a drastic cut in "big government" and pledged to deliver a balanced budget. In the primaries, Bush famously called Reagan's economic policy "voodoo economics" because it promised to lower taxes and increase revenues at the same time. In his campaign speeches, Reagan presented his economic proposals as a return to free enterprise principles, a free market economy that had been in favor before the Great Depression and Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal policies. At the same time, he attracted a following from the supply-side economics movement, which formed in opposition to Keynesian demand-stimulus economics. This movement produced some of the strongest Reagan supporters of the campaign.

The League of Women Voters announced they would sponsor three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate. They specified John Anderson would be included if he attained an average of 15% support in the major national opinion polls. Carter and his advisers were adamant in their refusal to allow Anderson to take part. Although the poll figures were ambiguous, they seemed to suggest that Anderson would cut more deeply into Carter's votes than into Reagan's. Carter's campaign went through the motions of sending a team of negotiators led by Bob Strauss to discuss the debate, but the bottom line remained that there would be no three-way debate. "We just can't do it," Strauss said. "Whatever it costs, we'll have to take it."

Newspaper endorsements Chicago Tribune in Chicago, Illinois New York Post in New York City Albany Democrat-Herald in Albany, Oregon San Diego Union Tribune in San Diego, California Norfolk Virginian-Pilot in Norfolk, Virginia The Detroit News in Detroit, Michigan San Antonio Express-News in San Antonio, Texas Grand Rapids Press in Grand Rapids, Michigan The Telegraph in Alton, Illinois El Paso Times in El Paso, Texas Ada Evening News in Ada, Oklahoma The Plain Dealer in Cleveland, Ohio Alexandria Gazette in Alexandria, Virginia Atlantic News-Telegraph in Atlantic, Iowa Farmington Daily Times in Farmington, New Mexico

Meanwhile, the Reagan campaign refused to debate without Carter, while Anderson himself said, "As far as I'm concerned, any debate is better than no debate." After months of negotiations, the league held a debate between Reagan and Anderson, as Carter still refused to participate. On September 21, 1980, Reagan and Anderson participated in a presidential debate moderated by Bill Moyers in Maryland. During the debate, Anderson started by criticizing Carter and saying, "Governor Reagan is not responsible for what has happened over the last four years, nor am I. The man who should be here tonight to respond to those charges chose not to attend." Reagan added: "It's a shame now that there are only two of us here debating, because the two that are here are in more agreement than disagreement." Reagan repeated his pledge to balance the federal budget, saying he believed that "the budget can be balanced by 1982 or 1983".

Both candidates strongly disagreed on abortion, with Reagan memorably saying, "I've noticed that everyone who is for abortion has already been born." In the first post-debate survey by ABC–Harris, 36% of the viewers thought Anderson had performed better, 30% favored Reagan and 17% thought they were equally effective. CBS took a survey just before the debate; the results were Carter 40%, Reagan 36%, and Anderson nine percent. Just after the debate, its poll found Reagan at 40%, Carter at 35%, and Anderson unchanged at nine percent. On October 14, Wirthlin concluded from his polls that Carter had moved ahead of Ronald Reagan by two percent for the first time. Reagan himself sensed that his bid for the presidency now seemed to be winding down. While traveling during his campaign in South Dakota, Reagan told his press secretary Lyn Nofziger, "I think it's about time we consider a debate."

Three weeks before the election, Yankelovich, Skelly and White produced a survey of 1,632 registered voters showing the race almost dead even, as did a private survey by Caddell. Two weeks later, a survey by CBS News and The New York Times showed a similar situation. Although some pollsters reported a slight Reagan lead, ABC–Harris surveys consistently gave Reagan a lead of a few points until the last week of October. Thereafter, Reagan trailed Carter in most polls. In the Gallup poll on October 26, Jimmy Carter was at 47% and Ronald Reagan at 39%. On October 31, Reagan campaigned in four states – Pennsylvania, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan, which were properly considered "battleground" states.

Debate between Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter on October 28, 1980.

A week before election day, the League of Women Voters organized a debate between President Carter and Reagan. John Anderson was not invited because his polling numbers were below 15%. Howard K. Smith moderated the debate, and the showdown resulted in among the highest ratings of any television program in the previous decade. Debate topics included the Iranian hostage crisis, and nuclear arms treaties and proliferation. As the debate continued, Carter repeatedly pressed Reagan to explain his earlier statements opposing Social Security. When Carter accurately pointed out that Reagan "began his career campaigning around this nation against Medicare," Reagan looked over at him and said, "There you go again" intending to disarm Carter. It emerged as the defining moment of the 1980 presidential election.

In his closing remarks, Reagan asked viewers:

Are you better off now than you were four years ago? Is it easier for you to go and buy things in the stores than it was four years ago? Is there more or less unemployment in the country than there was four years ago? Is America as respected throughout the world as it was? Do you feel that our security is as safe, that we're as strong as we were four years ago? And if you answer all of those questions 'yes', why then, I think your choice is very obvious as to whom you will vote for. If you don't agree, if you don't think that this course that we've been on for the last four years is what you would like to see us follow for the next four, then I could suggest another choice that you have.

CNN attempted to include Anderson in the debate from the Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. CNN's Daniel Schorr read the same questions to Anderson. They then aired Anderson's live responses along with a tape delay of Carter and Reagan's responses, despite technical difficulties. Following his solo debate with President Carter on October 28, Reagan overcame the largest deficit since Gallup polling began in 1936. Within one week, the Associated Press reported that the race was "too close to call". No vice presidential debates were conducted. It was later discovered that the Reagan campaign had somehow acquired President Carter's briefing papers, classified top secret.

In his Election Eve Address "A Vision for America" a day before the election day, Reagan said:

I have quoted John Winthrop's words more than once on the campaign trail this year—for I believe that Americans in 1980 are every bit as committed to that vision of a shining city on a hill, as were those long ago settlers ... These visitors to that city on the Potomac do not come as white or black, red or yellow; they are not Jews or Christians; conservatives or liberals; or Democrats or Republicans. They are Americans awed by what has gone before, proud of what for them is still ... a shining city on a hill.

Election day

Main article: 1980 United States presidential election § Results

1980 electoral college vote

NBC news projects Reagan wins the 1980 election at 08:15 p.m. EST.

On November 4, Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush defeated Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale in a landslide victory. Reagan received 489 electoral votes to Carter's 49; the popular vote was approximately 51% to 41%. Reagan won every state except Georgia (Carter's home state), Maryland, Minnesota (Mondale's home state), Hawaii, West Virginia, Rhode Island, and the District of Columbia. John Anderson won 6.6% of the popular vote but won no state outright. Republicans also gained control of the Senate on Reagan's coattails for the first time since 1952.

Carter's loss was the worst performance by an incumbent president since Herbert Hoover lost to Franklin D. Roosevelt by a margin of 18% in 1932, and his 49 electoral college votes were the fewest won by an incumbent since William Howard Taft won only eight in 1912. At 69 years old, Ronald Reagan was the oldest non-incumbent presidential candidate to win a presidential election. Thirty-six years later, in 2016, this record was surpassed by Donald Trump at 70 years old. It was surpassed again by Joe Biden who was elected at 77 years old in 2020. Jimmy Carter conceded to Reagan and said:

The people of the United States have made their choice, and, of course, I accept that decision but, I have to admit, not with the same enthusiasm that I accepted the decision 4 years ago. I have a deep appreciation of the system, however, that lets people make the free choice about who will lead them for the next 4 years. About an hour ago I called Governor Reagan in California, and I told him that I congratulated him for a fine victory. I look forward to working closely with him during the next few weeks.

Results

Electoral results

Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote		Electoral vote	Running mate
			Count	Percentage		Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Electoral vote
Ronald Wilson Reagan	Republican	California	43,903,230	50.75%	489	George Herbert Walker Bush	Texas	489
James Earl Carter, Jr. (incumbent)	Democratic	Georgia	35,480,115	41.01%	49	Walter Frederick Mondale	Minnesota	49
John Bayard Anderson	Independent	Illinois	5,719,850	6.61%	0	Patrick Joseph Lucey	Wisconsin	0
Edward E. Clark	Libertarian	California	921,128	1.06%	0	David Hamilton Koch	Kansas	0
Barry Commoner	Citizens	Missouri	233,052	0.27%	0	LaDonna Vita Tabbytite Harris	Oklahoma	0
Gus Hall	Communist	New York	44,933	0.05%	0	Angela Yvonne Davis	California	0
John Richard Rarick	American Independent	Louisiana	40,906	0.05%	0	Eileen Shearer	California	0
Clifton DeBerry	Socialist Workers	California	38,738	0.04%	0	Matilde Zimmermann	New York	0
Ellen Cullen McCormack	Right to Life	New York	32,320	0.04%	0	Carroll Driscoll	New Jersey	0
Maureen Smith	Peace and Freedom	California	18,116	0.02%	0	Elizabeth Cervantes Barron	California	0
Other			77,290	0.09%	—	Other		—
Total			86,509,678	100%	538			538
Needed to win					270			270

• Source (popular vote): Leip, David. "1980 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
• Source (electoral vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2005.

Aftermath and legacy

Further information: Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan

President-elect Reagan and Nancy Reagan meets with outgoing President Jimmy Carter.

After his defeat in the election, President Carter proclaimed his desire for a smooth transition between his outgoing and the incoming administrations. The Reagan transition team was led by Edwin Meese and was headquartered in Washington, D.C. The transition team worked closely with conservative organizations such as the Heritage Foundation, the American Enterprise Institute, and the Hoover Institution, which provided the Reagan transition team with extensive plans for the new administration. President Carter hosted Reagan at the White House on November 20, two months before his inauguration.

Reagan was inaugurated on January 20, 1981. Later, it was discovered that the Reagan campaign had acquired President Carter's briefing documents. This leak of campaign papers was not divulged to the public until late June 1983. Carter said that he remained "completely aloof" from the investigation within the Reagan administration, while Reagan claimed he had no knowledge of any involvement in any transactions involving materials produced for President Carter. The matter was never resolved as both the FBI and a congressional subcommittee reporting in May 1984 failed to determine how or through whom the briefing book came to the Reagan campaign. The Justice Department, in closing its investigation, cited "the professed lack of memory or knowledge on the part of those in possession of the documents".

Reagan was re-elected in 1984 with an overwhelming majority winning every state except Minnesota and the District of Columbia, which were won by his opponent, Walter Mondale. During his term as president, Reagan pursued policies that reflected his personal belief in individual freedom, brought economic changes, expanded the military, and contributed to the end of the Cold War. Termed the "Reagan Revolution", his presidency would boost American morale, reinvigorate the U.S. economy and reduce reliance upon government.

George H. W. Bush, his vice president, was elected as president in 1988, and became the first incumbent vice president to be elected president since Martin Van Buren in 1836. One of the legacies of the campaign was the auditory skills of Ronald Reagan, which earned him the title "The Great Communicator". In 2008, the Associated Press wrote, "Reagan was a master at capturing a debate moment that everyone will remember. His 'there you go again' line defused his opponent's attack." David Broder, a political reporter and columnist for The Washington Post, summed up the result of the Nashua debate in a campaign song "Joshua Fit the Battle". He wrote:

"Nashua was the battle that lost the war,
To Reagan and the Gang of Four."

The campaign slogan popularized by him – "Let's Make America Great Again" was subsequently used by candidates such as Bill Clinton in his 1992 campaign and Donald Trump as "Make America Great Again" in his 2016 presidential campaign, each of which proved successful.

See also

• Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign
• 1980 Democratic National Convention
• First inauguration of Ronald Reagan

Notes and references

Works cited

• Anderson, Totton J.; Lee, Eugene C. (1967). "The 1966 Election in California". The Western Political Quarterly. 20 (2): 535–554. doi:10.2307/446081. JSTOR 446081.
• Brands, H. W. (2016). Reagan: The Life. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-307-95114-4. OL 27702087M.
• Birkner, Michael J. (1987). "The Defining Moment: The 1980 Nashua Debate". Gettysburg College. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
• Broder, David S. (1987). Behind the Front Page. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-0550-4.
• Freidel, Frank; Sidey, Hugh (1995). The Presidents of the United States of America. White House Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-912308-57-9.
• Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04195-4.
• Germond, Jack W.; Witcover, Jules (1981). Blue Smoke and Mirror: How Reagan Won and Why Carter Lost the Election of 1980. The Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-51383-3. OL 3786565M.
• López, Ian Haney (2014). Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-996427-7.
• Mason, Jim (2011). No Holding Back: The 1980 John B. Anderson Presidential Campaign. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-5226-1.
• Morgan, Iwan (2019). "Make America Great Again: Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump: From Campaign Trail to World Stage". ResearchGate. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96325-9_4.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Rose, McDermott (2001). "The Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission". Risk-Taking in International Politics – Prospect Theory in American Foreign Policy. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08787-7.
• Schroeder, Alan (June 2016). Presidential Debates: Risky Business on the Campaign Trail. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54150-3.
• Shirley, Craig (2009). Rendezvous with Destiny: Ronald Reagan and the Campaign That Changed America. ISI Books. ISBN 978-1-933859-55-2.
• Skinner, Kiron K.; Anderson, Annelise; Anderson, Martin, eds. (2004). Reagan: A Life In Letters. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-1967-9.
• "Editor and Publisher". Editor & Publisher. November 1, 1980.
• Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2009. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.

External links

• Ronald Reagan announcement speech
• Ronald Reagan acceptance speech