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Sandnes

Coordinates: 58°51′06″N 05°44′10″E / 58.85167°N 5.73611°E / 58.85167; 5.73611
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This article is about the municipality in Rogaland, Norway. For other uses, see Sandnes (disambiguation).

Sandnes
City & Municipality
Sandnes kommune
View of the city from the south, with Stavanger in the background
View of the city from the south, with Stavanger in the background
Flag of Sandnes
Flag
Coat of arms of Sandnes
Coat of arms
Sandnes is located in Rogaland
Sandnes
Sandnes
Sandnes is located in Norway
Sandnes
Sandnes
Sandnes is located in Europe
Sandnes
Sandnes
Coordinates: 58°51′06″N 05°44′10″E / 58.85167°N 5.73611°E / 58.85167; 5.73611
CountryNorway
MunicipalitySandnes
CountyRogaland
DistrictJæren
City6 April 1861
Government
 • MayorStanley Wirak (Ap)
Area
 • Municipality1,040.56 km2 (401.76 sq mi)
 • Land943.56 km2 (364.31 sq mi)
 • Rank109
Population
 (Q3 2020)
 • Municipality85,386Increase
 • Urban
237,369
 • Metro
319,822
 • Municipality/ Urban rank
7th/3rd
 • Metro rank
3rd
Demonym(s)Sandnesgauk
Sandnesbu
Sandneser
Language forms
 • Official formNeutral
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Websitewww.sandnes.kommune.no

Sandnes (pronounced [ˈsɑ̂nːeːs] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in Rogaland, Norway. It lies immediately south of Stavanger, the 4th largest city in Norway and together, the Stavanger/Sandnes area is the third-largest urban area in Norway. The urban city of Sandnes lies in the extreme western part of the vast municipality and it makes up about 5% of the total land area of the municipality.

Sandnes is part of the traditional district of Jæren. The western part of the municipality is very urbanized while the eastern part of the municipality is very rural. The municipality is divided into 13 boroughs and the administrative centre is located in the borough of Trones og Sentrum, a borough in the city. There are several villages in the rural parts of the municipality including Hommersåk, Høle, Foss-Eikeland, Stokka, Forsand, Lysebotn, and Vatne.

The 1,041-square-kilometre (402 sq mi) municipality is the 109th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Sandnes is the 7th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 80,704 in Q1 2021.[1] The municipality's population density is 84.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (218/sq mi) and its population has increased by 20.8% over the previous 10-year period.[2][3]

History

Map of the Stavanger/Sandnes region
View of the village of Hommersåk

The small port village of Sandnes was granted ladested (small seaport city) status in 1860. On 6 April 1861, the small city was separated from the municipality of Høyland to form a separate self-governing municipality of its own. Initially, the municipality had 440 residents. On 1 July 1957, a small part of Høyland municipality (population: 18) was transferred to the city of Sandnes.[4]

During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1965, the city and municipality of Sandnes (population: 3,961) was merged with the municipality of Høyland (population: 20,353) and parts of the municipalities of Høle (population: 926) and Hetland (population: 2,077).[4]

In 2014, the Storting decided that the number of municipalities in Norway would be lowered. If the municipalities of Sandnes, Stavanger and Sola were to merge, a new municipality would be formed called Nord-Jæren, after the name of the geographical location the municipalities are located in. After the city council said no to the merge, proposals for Forsand to merge with Sandnes were enacted instead.

On 1 January 2017, a small 350-decare (86-acre) area on the southwestern edge of the village of Solakrossen was transferred from Sandnes municipality to the neighboring municipality of Sola.[5]

On 1 January 2020, most of the neighboring municipality of Forsand was merged with Sandnes to form one large municipality called Sandnes.[6]

Name

The municipality (and city) is named after an old Sandnæs farm, since the city was built on its grounds. The first element is sand which means 'sand' or 'sandy beach' and the last element is nes which means 'headland'. The farm was located at the end of the Gandsfjorden where the city centre is located today.[7]

Coat of arms

View of the city

The coat of arms was granted on 21 April 1972. The arms show a white piece of pottery on a green background. Pottery was chosen since it was one of the main industries in the late 18th century. The symbol is a leirgauk, which in English would be a ceramic cuckoo bird (leir(e), 'clay, ceramic' and gauk/gjøk, 'cuckoo bird'). The ceramic Sandnes cuckoo (Template:Lang-no) is an ocarina or simple flute which was made by the potteries in Sandnes and used to advertise their products. Later it also became a nickname for people from Sandnes.[8]

Geography

The municipality lies in the Jæren region and stretches 90 kilometres (56 mi) nearly from the west coast of Norway to the rugged mountainous interior. The city of Sandnes is located at the base of the Stavanger Peninsula, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of the city of Stavanger, and these two cities have expanded so as to form a conurbation. The municipality of Sola is located to the west, Klepp and Time, Gjesdal to the south, Sirdal and Bykle to the east, Strand and Hjelmeland to the northeast, and Stavanger to the northwest. The fjord Gandsfjorden is situated north–south at the west end of the municipality and the Høgsfjorden and Lysefjorden dominate the eastern part of the municipality. The international airport for Sandnes/Stavanger is situated in Sola, just to the west of Sandnes.

Prior to 2020 (when the municipality was enlarged), the city-municipality of Sandnes was divided into 13 boroughs: Austrått, Figgjo, Ganddal, Hana, Høle, Lura, Malmheim og Soma, Riska, Sandved, Stangeland, Sviland, and Trones og Sentrum.

The landscape of western Sandnes is quite flat. On the long west coast there are several beaches and further inland the land is raised to form low plains with some small peaks rising up to 400 to 500 metres (1,300 to 1,600 ft) above sea level. From Stavanger and Sandnes it is approximately one hour by car to alpine and skiing resorts. In Sandnes there are some easily accessible small mountain peaks, such as Dalsnuten and Lifjell, with a view over the Sandnes/Stavanger area. The renowned Lysefjorden is also easily accessible by car or boat. The lake Frøylandsvatnet, the river Figgjoelva, and the mountain Hanafjellet are all located in Sandnes.

The Lysefjorden in the eastern part of the municipality is surrounded by very steep 1,000-metre (3,300 ft) tall cliffs such as Kjerag and Preikestolen, with the Lysefjord Bridge crossing the fjord near the western end. The famous Kjeragbolten boulder and Kjeragfossen waterfall are located along the inner part of the fjord. The village of Lysebotn lies at the eastern end of the fjord. The lake Nilsebuvatnet is located high up in the mountains, north of Lysebotn on the border of Strand and Forsand municipalities. It is regulated for hydroelectric power use at the Lysebotn Hydroelectric Power Station.

Panoramic view over the village Lysebotn located innermost in the Lysefjord (full image)

Location

Sandnes is located on the west coast of Norway. Here are some distances from the city of Sandnes to other major cities in Norway:

Government

All municipalities in Norway, including Sandnes, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor.[9] The municipality falls under the Jæren District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Sandnes is made up of 49 representatives that are elected to four-year terms. Elections are always held two years from the parliamentary elections.

Sandnes kommunestyre 2020–2024 [10]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 13
  People's Action No to More Road Tolls (Folkeaksjonen nei til mer bompenger) 5
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 9
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 3
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Red Party (Rødt) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:49
Sandnes kommunestyre 2015–2019 [11]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 18
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 12
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:49
Sandnes kommunestyre 2012–2015 [12]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 11
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 11
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 15
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:49
Sandnes kommunestyre 2008–2011 [11]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 11
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 13
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 11
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:49
Sandnes kommunestyre 2004–2007 [11]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 12
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 11
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:49
Sandnes kommunestyre 2000–2003 [11]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 14
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 13
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 19
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 11
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 2
  Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:69
Sandnes kommunestyre 1996–1999 [13]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 16
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 11
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 17
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
Total number of members:69
Sandnes kommunestyre 1992–1995 [14]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 16
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 16
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
Total number of members:69
Sandnes kommunestyre 1988–1991 [15]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 19
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 11
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 18
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
Total number of members:69
Sandnes kommunestyre 1984–1987 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 21
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 19
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 10
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
Total number of members:69
Sandnes kommunestyre 1980–1983 [17]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 20
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 2
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 22
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 12
  Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
Total number of members:69
Sandnes kommunestyre 1976–1979 [18]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 24
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 15
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 15
  New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 7
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:69
Sandnes kommunestyre 1972–1975 [19]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 26
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 11
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 12
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
Total number of members:69
Sandnes kommunestyre 1968–1971 [20]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 28
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 11
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 7
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 11
Total number of members:69
Sandnes bystyre 1964–1967 [21]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 13
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
Total number of members:29
Sandnes bystyre 1960–1963 [22]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 13
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
Total number of members:29
Sandnes bystyre 1956–1959 [23]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 14
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
Total number of members:29
Sandnes bystyre 1952–1955 [24]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 14
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
Total number of members:28
Sandnes bystyre 1948–1951 [25]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 12
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
Total number of members:28
Sandnes bystyre 1945–1947 [26]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 14
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
Total number of members:28
Sandnes bystyre 1938–1941* [27]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 13
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 12
Total number of members:28
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.
Sandnes bystyre 1935–1937 [28]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
Total number of members:20
  • Map of Sandnes city center
    Map of Sandnes city center
  • The bus station, known as Ruten (The Route)
    The bus station, known as Ruten (The Route)
  • Jæren Tingrett (District Court)
    Jæren Tingrett (District Court)
  • Sandnes sports park from the air
    Sandnes sports park from the air
  • Sandnes by night
    Sandnes by night
  • A Sandnesgauk. A clay toy originating in Sandnes.
    A Sandnesgauk. A clay toy originating in Sandnes.

Economy

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19514,178—    
19613,981−4.7%
197130,705+671.3%
198136,901+20.2%
199144,967+21.9%
200153,860+19.8%
201166,245+23.0%
201674,820+12.9%
Source: Statistics Norway

Sandnes hosts a large array of retail shops of most kinds and is used by the neighbouring municipalities appreciating the service and wide range of selections. Sandnes is known as Norway's bicycle city, mainly due to the fact that the bicycle manufacturer Øglænd DBS was situated here for decades. The city offers a variety of routes for everyday riders and tourists. Since 1996, a public bicycle rental program has been in operation in the city.

The city has a vibrant industrial base, mainly in the Ganddal area in the south and the Lura and Forus area in the north along the municipal boundary with Stavanger. There is significant activity related to oil exploration in the North Sea and also some IT-related companies. In this suburban region between Sandnes and Stavanger, malls and department stores have also been established. Among these malls is one of Norway's biggest malls, Kvadrat, meaning 'square' (although it is not square shaped anymore as it has expanded several times since it opened in 1984).

Around 30% of the population is employed in Stavanger (Q4 2004).[29] Sandnes was formerly known as the pottery town of Norway – due to the important ceramics industry based on the extensive occurrence of clay in the surroundings. The Vatneleiren military base is also located in Sandnes, just outside Vatne.

Culture, sports, and education

Since 2016, the primary football team, Sandnes Ulf, has played in the second tier, 1. divisjon, of Norwegian professional football.

Sandnes is also known for its Rugby League team, Sandnes Raiders which has supplied the Norwegian national team with players.[citation needed]

The major tourist attraction in Sandnes is the Science Factory (Vitenfabrikken). It is a 4,000-square-metre (43,000 sq ft) science museum with science and art exhibitions, a planetarium, sun telescopes, and chemistry experiments.

Sandnes is the only city in Norway which is a member of the World Health Organization's network of Healthy Cities. Sandnes and Stavanger were chosen along with Liverpool, United Kingdom, to be a European Capital of Culture for 2008.[citation needed]

Higher education facilities include Sandnes Upper Secondary School,[30] Gand Upper Secondary School,[31] Akademiet Upper Secondary School,[32] and Vågen Upper Secondary School.[33] In 2010 Forus Upper Secondary School and parts of Lundehaugen merged to become Vågen.[34] Lundehaugen still exists as a middle school.

The city is also home to the VID Specialized University Sandnes campus, a private christian college.[35]

Churches

Sandnes Church
Hana Church

The Church of Norway has nine parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Sandnes. It is part of the Sandnes prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Stavanger. The main church for the city is Sandnes Church, which is the seat of the deanery which covers the whole municipality.

Churches in Sandnes
Parish (sokn) Church name Location of the church Year built
Bogafjell Bogafjell Church Bogafjell 2012
Forsand Forsand Church Forsand 1854
Lyse Chapel Lysebotn 1961
Gand Gand Church Sandved 1978
Julebygda Chapel Malmheim og Soma 1957
Hana Hana Church Hana 1997
Høle Høle Church Høle 1860
Høyland Høyland Church Austrått 1841
Sviland Chapel Sviland 1913
Lura Lura Church Lura 1987
Riska Riska Church Hommersåk 1999
Old Riska Church Hommersåk 1877
Sandnes Sandnes Church Sandnes sentrum 1882

Notable residents

Julie Ege, On her Majesty's Secret Service, 1968
Ivar Braut, 2017
Bjarne Berntsen, 2007
Stine Borgli, 2018

Sport

References

  1. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå (2020). "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian).
  2. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå (2020). "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  3. ^ "Kommunefakta". SSB (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  4. ^ a b Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå.
  5. ^ "Vedtak om endring av kommunegrensen mellom Sandnes og Sola kommuner, Rogaland" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  6. ^ "Kommunereformen". Forsand kommune (in Norwegian). Forsand kommune. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  7. ^ Store norske leksikon. "Sandnes" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  8. ^ "Civic heraldry of Norway – Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  9. ^ Hansen, Tore, ed. (12 May 2016). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  10. ^ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2019 - Rogaland". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
  12. ^ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2011 - Rogaland". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  13. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1995" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  14. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1991" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  15. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1987" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  16. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1983" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  17. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1979" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  18. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1975" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  19. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1972" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  20. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1967" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  21. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1963" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  22. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  23. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  24. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  25. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  26. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  27. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  28. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1934" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1935. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  29. ^ "Fakta om næringslivet i Sandnes". Sandnes Kommune.[permanent dead link‍]
  30. ^ "Sandnes videregående skole". www.sandnes.vgs.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 30 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ "Gand videregående skole". www.gand.vgs.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 30 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ^ "Akademiet vgs Sandnes | Videregående skole i Sandnes | Akademiet.no". Akademiet (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  33. ^ "Vågen videregående skole | Videregående opplæring - vilbli.no". vilbli.no - Videregående opplæring (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  34. ^ "Forus videregående skole". www.macbasics.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 30 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ^ "Sandnes". VID Specialized University. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  36. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 02 April 2021
  37. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 02 April 2021
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