Totma
| Totma (English) Тотьма (Russian) |
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 The Sukhona River in Totma |
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.svg) Location of Vologda Oblast in Russia |
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 Totma
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| Administrative status (as of June 2011) | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Vologda Oblast |
| Administrative district | Totemsky District[1] |
| Administrative center of | Totemsky District[1] |
| Municipal status (as of July 2010) | |
| Municipal district | Totemsky Municipal District[2] |
| Urban settlement | Totma Urban Settlement[2] |
| Administrative center of | Totemsky Municipal District, Totma Urban Settlement[2] |
| Statistics | |
| Population (2010 Census) | 9,785 inhabitants[3] |
| Time zone | MSK (UTC+04:00)[4] |
| Founded | 1137[5] |
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Totma (Russian: То́тьма) is a town and the administrative center of Totemsky District of Vologda Oblast, Russia,[1] located on the left bank of the Sukhona River at its confluence with the Pesya Denga River. Municipally, it is incorporated as Totma Urban Settlement of Totemsky Municipal District.[2] Population: 9,785 (2010 Census);[3] 10,531 (2002 Census);[6] 10,622 (1989 Census).[7]
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History [edit]
Totma was first mentioned in the chronicles in 1137. It was founded by Novgorodians, who used the Sukhona as the main waterway leading to the north and eventually to the White Sea. Originally, the town (Pogost Todma)[5] was located 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) downstream of the current place, close to the mouth of Staraya Totma River. In 13th century, the salt production started around Totma, and the town was relocated. In 1539-1541, Totma was plundered by Kazan Tatars, after which a fortress was built. In the 16th century, Totma was one of the most properous towns of the Russian North, due to the trade and to the salt production. In 1554, monk Feodosy Sumorin founded the Transfiguration Monastery.[8] In 17th and 18th centuries, Totma was three times visited by Peter the Great, which was rather exceptional given the remote location of the town. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, Totma was explicitly mentioned as one of the towns included to Archangelgorod Governorate. In 18th century Totma was one of the main centers of the exploration of and the trade with Alaska. In particular, Ivan Kuskov, the first administrator of Fort Ross, a Russian fortress in California, was a native of Totma. In 1780, Totma became the center of Totemsky Uyezd of Vologda Viceroyalty, since 1796 it belonged to Vologda Governorate.
In 19th century, Totma quickly lost its significance, since the foreign trade was rerouted from Arkhangelsk to Saint Petersburg, and the river transportation was gradually replaced by railroads and highways. The railroad from Vologda to Arkhangelsk was constructed along the shortest way via Konosha and bypassed Totma, and the old highway from Moscow to Arkhangelsk never run via Totma. Until late 1990s the only road through Totma connected Vologda with Veliky Ustyug via Nikolsk. In the second half of 19th century, Totma was frequently used as a destination for political exile.
On July 15, 1929, several governorates, including Vologda Governorate, were merged into Northern Krai, and the uyezds were abolished. Totma became the center of Totemsky District, which included parts of the former area of Totemsky Uyezd.
Economy [edit]
Industry [edit]
The most important industry in Totma is the food industry.[9]
Transportation [edit]
Paved roads connect Totma with Vologda via Kadnikov (southwest), Veliky Ustyug via Nyuksenitsa(northeast), and Nikolsk via Imeni Babushkina (east). Before the road between Totma and Veliky Ustyug along the Sukhona was completed in 2000s, the only connection between the towns was via Nikolsk.
The Sukhona is navigable in Totma, however, there is no passenger navigation.
Culture and recreation [edit]
Totma is a historical town which preserved, along with other heritage, several churches which have all similar structure not related to any other region of Russia. A Totma church is a building on which the church proper is based on one side and the bell-tower on the other side, so that the construction reminds a ship. This style is sometimes referred to as Totma Baroque.[10]
Totma contains twelve objects classified as cultural and historical heritage by Russian Federal law and additionally seventy-four objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local importance.[11] The town of Totma is classified as a historical town by the Ministry of Culture of Russian Federation, which implies certain restrictions on construction in the historical center.[12]
The monuments classified as cultural heritage by the federal law are the following:
- The complex of the Resurrection Church and the Assumption Church (1744–1755) in Totma
- The Nativity Church (1746–1748) in Totma
- The Trinity Church in Zelenskaya Rybatskaya Sloboda (1768–1772) in Totma
- The complex of the Church of the Entry into Jerusalem and the Church of St. John the Baptist (1738–1740) in Totma
- The Kholodilov House (middle of 19th century) in Totma
- The ensemble of Spaso-Sumorin Monastery (1685–1689) in Totma
- The city hall of Totma
- The house where Anatoly Lunacharsky lived in 1903-1904
Totma hosts five state museums:,[13]
- The Totma Regional Museum, founded in 1915. Feodosy Vakhrushov, a landscape painter, was the founder of the museum, and the museum presents a display of his paintings
- The museum of Church Antiquities
- The House of Ivan Kuskov
- The museum of Sea Explorers (in the building of the Church of the Entry into Jerusalem)
- The museum of artifacts in Spaso-Sumorin Monastery
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 19 246 501», в ред. изменения №193/2012 от 1 января 2013 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division . Code 19 246 501, as amended by the Amendment #193/2012 of January 1, 2013. ).
- ^ a b c d Law #1124-OZ
- ^ a b "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
- ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication.).
- ^ a b Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 475. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. May 21, 2004. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров." [All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ "Исторический очерк" (in Russian). Администрация Тотемского муниципального района. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
- ^ "Структура видов экономической деятельности" (in Russian). Администрация Тотемского муниципального района. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ Брамфилд, Уильям (2000). "Памятники церковной архитектуры Тотемского района" (in Russian). Поморский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
- ^ "Памятники истории и культуры народов Российской Федерации" (in Russian). Russian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
- ^ "Приказ Министерства культуры Российской Федерации, Министерства регионального развития Российской Федерации от 29 июля 2010 г. N 418/339 г. Москва "Об утверждении перечня исторических поселений"" (in Russian). Российская газета. September 29, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ "Музеи Тотьмы" (in Russian). Российская сеть культурного наследия. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Sources [edit]
- Законодательное Собрание Вологодской области. Закон №371-ОЗ от 4 июня 1999 г. «О вопросах административно-территориального устройства Вологодской области», в ред. Закона №2916-ОЗ от 7 декабря 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон области "О вопросах административно-территориального устройства Вологодской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Красный Север", №124–125, 29 июля 1999 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. Law #371-OZ of June 4, 1999 On the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vologda Oblast, as amended by the Law #2916-OZ of December 7, 2012 On Amending the Oblast Law "On the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vologda Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
- Правительство Вологодской области. Постановление №178 от 1 марта 2010 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц Вологодской области», в ред. Постановления №686 от 25 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые Постановления Правительства области». Вступил в силу 20 марта 2010 г. Опубликован: "Красный Север", №29, 20 марта 2010 г. (Government of Vologda Oblast. Resolution #178 of March 1, 2010 On Adopting the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Vologda Oblast, as amended by the Resolution #686 of June 25, 2012 On Amending Various Resolutions of the Oblast Government. Effective as of March 20, 2010.).
- Законодательное Собрание Вологодской области. Закон №1124-ОЗ от 6 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ Тотемского муниципального района, границах и статусе муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав», в ред. Закона №2809-ОЗ от 5 июля 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы области, устанавливающие границы и статус муниципальных образований области». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Красный Север", №242, 11 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. Law #1124-OZ of December 6, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of Totemsky Municipal District, on the Borders and Status of the Municipal Formations It Comprises, as amended by the Law #2809-OZ of July 5, 2012 On Amending Various Laws of the Oblast, Establishing the Borders and the Status of the Municipal Formations of the Oblast. Effective as of after 10 days from the day of the official publication.).
External links [edit]
- Уильям Крафт Брамфилд. Памятники церковной архитектуры Тотемского района (Russian)
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