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Coordinates: 50°59′17.54″N 0°36′39.06″W / 50.9882056°N 0.6108500°W / 50.9882056; -0.6108500
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PETWORTH 2017

Petworth House
Petworth House, west facade
General information
TypeCountry house
Architectural styleBaroque
LocationPetworth, West Sussex
CountryEngland
Completed1688
OwnerNational Trust
16th century stained glass in the Percy Window at Petworth House Chapel, depicting arms of Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland (1421-1461) impaling the arms of the Poynings, his wife's family
Arms of Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset: Seymour, Duke of Somerset, with inescutcheon of pretence of Percy, of three quarters: 1st: Or, a lion rampant azure (Percy modern/Brabant); 2nd: Gules, three lucies hauriant argent (de Lucy); 3rd: Azure, five fusils conjoined in fess or (Percy ancient). Marshalling as shown sculpted on overmantel of the Marble Hall, Petworth House[1]
Arms of Wyndham, Earl of Egremont: Azure, a chevron between three lion's heads erased or (arms of Wyndham of Orchard Wyndham and Felbrigg
Arms of Wyndham, Baron Leconfield and Egremont: Azure, a chevron between three lion's heads erased or a bordure wavy of the last. These are the arms of Wyndham of Orchard Wyndham differenced by a bordure wavy, for the illegitimacy of the 1st Baron Leconfield

Petworth House in the Domesday-mentioned parish of Petworth, West Sussex, England, The house was previously occupied by a fortified manor house built by Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy (1273–1314), the 13th-century chapel and undercroft of which still survive. The current building is a late 17th-century Grade I listed country house, rebuilt in 1688 by Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, and altered in the 1870s to the design of the architect Anthony Salvin.[2] It contains intricate wood-carvings by Grinling Gibbons (d.1721). It is the manor house of the manor of Petworth. For centuries it was the southern home for the Percy family, Earls of Northumberland. Petworth is famous for its extensive art collection made by George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont (1751-1837), containing many works by his friend Turner. It also has an expansive deer park, landscaped by Capability Brown, which contains the largest herd of fallow deer in England.

The house and deer park were handed over to the nation in 1947 by Edward Wyndham, 5th Baron Leconfield (1883-1967) and are now managed by the National Trust under the name Petworth House & Park. The newest guidebook emphasises the decadence of the aristocracy by means of anecdote, the importance of the servants and the value of many of the objects.

History[edit]

There are three families associated with Petworth – the Percys (Earls of Northumberland), the Seymours (Dukes of Somerset) and the Wyndhams (Earls of Egremont / Lords Leconfield).   The PERCY family

The manor of Petworth first came into the possession of the Percy family as a royal gift from Adeliza of Louvain, the widow of King Henry I (1100-1135), to her half-brother Joscelin of Louvain a part of Brabant in modern Belgium. Three years after Henry I's death in 1138, Adeliza married William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel, one of Henry I's advisors, and son of Guillaume d’Aubigny and Maud le Bigod.[3] Together, they lived at her castle of Arundel some 12 miles distant from Petworth. Joscelin later married the Percy heiress, Agnes of Topcliffe in Yorkshire, and adopted the surname Percy.

Some 120 years after, during the reign of Henry III, in 1309 Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy purchased Alnwick Castle from Antony Bek, Bishop of Durham who had lost possession. The Percy family was instated as Lords of the (Scottish) Marches. From this time the fortunes of the Percys, though they still held their Yorkshire lands and titles, were linked permanently with Alnwick and its castle. As nearly every Percy was a Warden of the Marches, Scottish affairs were often of more concern than those in England.[4] In 1377, Henry Percy became the Earls of Northumberland, emphasising their position as the most powerful family in northern England.[5] They were devout Catholics living mainly in the north, where they commanded the loyalty of many like-minded Catholics. This became particularly significant during the Protestant Reformation under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, when the 7th Earl of Northumberland firmly allied himself with the Catholics. It is unclear how often they visited Petworth in the years until 1572 although the 1st Baron Percy did build the manor house at Petworth.   In 1572 the 7th Earl of Northumberland was executed for conspiring against Elizabeth I in favour of the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots. His brother, the 8th Earl, was suspected enough to be placed under house arrest at Petworth – far away from his Catholic supporters in the north, and close enough to London to be observed. Thus began the family’s regular association with Petworth.   The [[9th Earl of Northumberland] was known as the ‘Wizard Earl’ because of his interest in the sciences, Northumberland was erroneously implicated in the Gunpowder Plot and nevertheless spent the next 17 years in the Tower of London. His last years were spent in relative seclusion at Petworth.

His daughter [Lucy Percy, Countess of Carlisle]] mischievously served both Royalists and Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. She famously pawned her pearl necklace to raise money for the Royalist cause but was imprisoned in the Tower of London as a result.

The 10th Earl of Northumberland was a high-profile Parliamentarian. With great skill, he maintained favour with both parties during the English Civil War. A prolific collector of European pictures, he was one of Sir Anthony Van Dyck’s most important patrons.

The family line passed onwards. In 1670 Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland (1644-1670) died without a male heir, and thus his considerable fortune and estates of Petworth House, Alnwick Castle, Syon House and Northumberland House were inherited by his 2-year-old daughter and sole-heiress, Lady Elizabeth Percy (1667-1722) who could not inherit the title because she was female. The Earldom of Northumberland was recreated in 1674 and again in 1749, from whence it continues. The Dukedom also went to George Fitzroy in 1674 and it too was recreated in 1766 back again with the Percy family.

The SEYMOUR family

Elizabeth Percy married the 6th Duke of Somerset in 1682. She married three times, having children by the third marriage only. Firstly, at the age of 12 in 1679 she married the 20 year-old Henry Cavendish, Earl of Ogle (1659 – 1 November 1680), the only son and heir of Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle, who in accordance with the marriage settlement adopted the surname of Percy in lieu of his patronymic.[6] However he died the following year and was buried in the parish church at the Percy seat of Petworth. The couple had no children; due to Elizabeth's age, the marriage probably had not been consummated.

Within a year, in November 1681, at the age of 14, she married Thomas Thynne (died 1682) of Longleat, Wiltshire, known due to his great income as "Tom of Ten Thousand", a relative of Thomas Thynne, 1st Viscount Weymouth. He was murdered the following February by a gang on the order of Swedish Count Karl Johann von Königsmark. There were no children from this marriage.

Five months after the death of Thomas Thynne, at the age of 15, Elizabeth married, on 30 May 1682, the 20 year-old Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, of Marlborough Castle in Wiltshire, and so became Duchess of Somerset. As was the custom, Somerset automatically inherited all of Elizabeth’s wealth and estates upon marriage, and he used her money to fund the rebuilding in palatial style of her father's principal seat Petworth House in Sussex between 1688 and 1702, employing the finest craftsmen of the time including Grinling Gibbons and Louis Laguerre. In 1682 Petworth passed by marriage from the Percies to the 6th Duke of Somerset and it is to him the Proud Duke that we owe by far the larger part of the existing house" (Nicholson, Nigel, Great Houses of Britain, London, 1978, p.165)</ref>

Elizabeth was Mistress of the Robes to Queen Anne from 1710 to 1714. The marriage is said to have been unhappy: while she brought the Duke great wealth, it was said that she received neither affection nor gratitude in return. There were 5 children, 2 died in infancy. The great Percy estates were separated between Algernon and Catherine.

The Seymour family had come to power 150 years earlier with the marriage of Queen Jane Seymour (d.1537), the third wife of King Henry VIII. Edward Seymour, her eldest brother, was created Viscount Beauchamp on 5 June 1536, and Earl of Hertford on 15 October 1537. He became Warden of the Scottish Marches and continued in royal favour after his sister's death on 24 October 1537. The Earldom was granted days after the birth of the future King Edward VI (1547-1553). Jane's death came just a few days later. The Duchy is unique in that the Lord Protector gave himself the title. Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset KG (c. 1500[7] – 22 January 1552) became Lord Protector of England during part of the Tudor period from 1547 until 1549 during the minority reign of his nephew. Both Edward Seymour and his scheming brother Thomas, who had married Henry VIII's widow [Catherine Parr] were executed during the short reign of Edward VI. His title as Duke was forfeited, but the title was restored to the family in 1660.

The Somerset reign at Petworth was brief, from 1682 to 1750. The Petworth estate then separated from Alnwick and Syon House to the Wyndham branch.

Since 1750 the house and estate have been owned by the prominent Wyndham family, descended from Sir Charles Wyndham, 4th Baronet (1710-1763) of Orchard Wyndham in Somerset, a nephew and co-heir of Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset (1684-1750).Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). after the death of the 6th Duke, King George II granted the 7th Duke four extra titles in the peerage, including Baron Cockermouth and Earl of Egremont, which latter two were created with special remainder to Sir Charles Wyndham,[8] the intended and actual recipient of Petworth, Cockermouth Castle and Egremont Castle. The 7th Duke's only daughter Lady Elizabeth Seymour and her husband Sir Hugh Smithson, 4th Baronet (d.1786), received the other Percy estates, including Alnwick Castle and Syon House, together with the titles Baron Warkworth of Warkworth Castle and Earl of Northumberland, created also in 1749 with special remainder to Smithson.[8]

The 6th Duke had "conceived a violent dislike for Smithson",[9] the husband of his granddaughter, and wrote to her stating "You are descended by many generations from the most ancient families in England and it is you who doth add ancient blood to Sir Hugh Smithson’s family. He adds not so ancient blood to your family". He was determined to prevent Smithson from inheriting any of the Percy lands and wished to make as his sole heir his grandson Sir Charles Wyndham, whose ancient family originated at Felbrigg Hall in Norfolk and had married into the nobility, for example his ancestor Sir John Wyndham (d.1503) had married Lady Margaret Howard, 4th daughter of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, KG, Earl Marshal (c.1425-1485). As part of his plan he petitioned the king to grant him the additional title of Earl of Northumberland, with special remainder to Wyndham. The plan was opposed by his son the future 7th Duke, who petitioned the king against, and succeeded at least in delaying the drawing up of the necessary letters patent. The 6th Duke died in 1748 before the letters patent were drawn up and the 7th Duke put into effect a similar scheme, which split the Percy inheritance between his own son-in-law Smithson and his late father's choice of heir, Sir Charles Wyndham.[10]

In accordance with the wishes of his father-in-law the 7th Duke, in 1750 Smithson changed his surname by Act of Parliament to Percy, adopted the Percy arms, and in 1766 was created Duke of Northumberland and Earl Percy.[8] It had been a stipulation before the marriage in 1682 of the 6th Duke to Elizabeth Percy that he and his descendants should adopt the surname Percy, but this was not binding on the couple who were minors, and in 1687 the Duchess having reached the age of 21, dispensed with the agreement.[11] In 2015 Smithson's descendant Ralph Percy, 12th Duke of Northumberland (born 1956) still owns the said Percy estates.

The WYNDHAM family

The most complicated inheritance split came after the death in 1750 of Algernon, 7th Duke of Somerset, who had no male heir. In preparation for this, two further titles were given to Algernon in 1749, with remainders to different families:   1. The title 1st Earl of Northumberland was created – a new creation of the old Percy title with remainder to Hugh Smithson, husband of Algernon’s daughter Elizabeth. Hugh Smithson, as part of the deal, changed his surname to Percy. Half of the Percy estates were inherited by this branch of the family, primarily in the north of England. Hugh Percy was later elevated to Duke of Northumberland, and the present line of the Dukes of Northumberland continues to reside at Alnwick Castle in Northumberland.   2. The title 1st Earl of Egremont was created with a remainder to the descendants of Algernon’s brother-in-law Sir William Wyndham, who married Lady Katherine Seymour, Algernon’s sister. This settlement included Petworth and many estates in Sussex, Cumbria and Yorkshire. By the time of Algernon’s death in 1750, Sir William and Lady Katherine were dead, so the title was inherited by their son Charles Wyndham, who became the 2nd Earl of Egremont.   The 2nd Earl employed ‘Capability’ Brown to replace the Baroque geometric landscape of the 6th Duke of Somerset. He was an avid collector of antique Roman and Greek sculpture, fine examples of which can be seen around the house

The 3rd Earl of Egremont received the title from his father the 2nd Earl of Egremont in 1763. A great patron of the arts, the 3rd Earl built the North Gallery to showcase the best of nineteenth-century British art. He ushered in what became known asPetworth’s ‘Golden Age’ and many of his commissions still hang in the house, most notably 20 works by JMW Turner. Despite fathering a large progeny of illegitimate children, the 3rd Earl did not produce a legitimate male heir. When he died in 1837, his eldest illegitimate son George Wyndham was able to inherit the majority of the estates, but because of his illegitimacy, could not inherit the title.    The Wyndham line of Earls of Egremont ended with the 3rd Earl but before that event George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont (1751-1837) bequeathed Petworth and Cockermouth Castle to his illegitimate son and adopted heir Col. George Wyndham (1787-1869), created in 1859 by Queen Victoria Baron Leconfield, who adopted a differenced version of the Wyndham armorials. The 3rd Earl's heir male was his nephew George Wyndham, 4th Earl of Egremont (1786-1845), the last Earl, who under law inherited the earldom, but had been stripped of the Percy inheritance of Petworth, receiving instead the (not inconsiderable) entailed Wyndham estates including Orchard Wyndham, still owned today by the Wyndham family. He attempted to make up for the loss of Petworth by building his own stately home in Devon called Silverton Park, which was widely deemed hideous and was demolished in 1901.

For the next 20 years, George was known simply as Colonel George Wyndham. In 1859, Queen Victoria bestowed on him a brand new title of Baron Leconfield.     The future 6th Baron Leconfield, the current Lord Egremont’s father, retired in 1963 as Harold Macmillan’s private secretary. As Macmillan held John Wyndham in high esteem, he asked for the title Egremont to be restored to the family, so he effectively held two titles – Lord Leconfield from the 1859 creation, and Lord Egremont from the 1963 creation. created Baron Egremont, in a sense a regaining of the name of the Earldom denied to his great-grandfather Col. George Wyndham (1787-1869) due to his illegitimacy.

===[edit]

The house and deer park were handed over to the nation in 1947 by Edward Wyndham, 5th Baron Leconfield (1883-1967) and are now managed by the National Trust under the name Petworth House & Park.

The Leconfield Estates continue to own much of Petworth and the surrounding area. The contents of the house, in particular the paintings and sculptures, are now the property of the National Trust having been taken in lieu of accumulated death duties.

Lord Egremont and his family live in the south wing, allowing much of the remainder to be open to the public. Lady Egremont has restored the gardens.[12]

Today's building houses an important collection of paintings and sculptures, including 19 oil paintings by J. M. W. Turner (some owned by the family, some by Tate Britain), who was a regular visitor to Petworth, paintings by Van Dyck, carvings by Grinling Gibbons and Ben Harms, classical[13] and neoclassical sculptures (including ones by John Flaxman and John Edward Carew), and wall and ceiling paintings by Louis Laguerre. There is also a terrestrial globe by Emery Molyneux, believed to be the only one in the world in its original 1592 state.[14]

Petworth Park[edit]

The Deer in Petworth Park, J. M. W. Turner, 1827

The 283-hectare (700-acre) landscaped park, known as Petworth Park, has the largest herd of fallow deer in England.[15] It is one of the more famous in England, largely on account of a number of pictures of it which were painted by Turner. There is also a 12-hectare (30-acre) woodland garden, known as the Pleasure Ground.[16]

Petworth House is home to the Petworth House Real Tennis Club (many such private estates held real tennis courts). Petworth Park is also a cricket venue, for the refounded Petworth Park Cricket Club.

Surrounding area[edit]

As was usual for a mediaeval manor house, it was built in its original form next to the parish church (to provide the lord of the manor with enhanced spiritual benefits), around which developed a village, now grown to a sizeable town. Such position is unusual for a country mansion of its size and date, which were frequently?[what source] later re-built on new more private sites away from the original manor house, or the church and village were on occasion demolished to provide the desired privacy [17] . Petworth House and Park are thus today situated immediately adjacent to the town of Petworth, with its shops and restaurants.

As an insight into the lives of past estate workers the Petworth Cottage Museum has been established in High Street, Petworth, furnished as it would have been in about 1910.

Art on display at Petworth House
Art on display at Petworth House
Petworth House interior with neoclassical sculpture

References[edit]

  1. ^ Per photograph in Nicholson, Nigel, Great Houses of Britain, London, 1978, p.166
  2. ^ Historic England. "Petworth House (1225989)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference peerage102038 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Northumberland Yesterday and To-day by Jean F. Terry, 1913, from Project Gutenberg
  5. ^ "Petworth House and Park: History". National Trust. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  6. ^ Collins, Arthur, Peerage of England, Volume 4, London, 1756, p.186]
  7. ^ Barrett L. Beer: "Seymour, Edward, duke of Somerset (c.1500–1552)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Online edn, Jan 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2010 (subscription required).
  8. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Debrett's Peerage 1968 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cruickshanks, Eveline, biography of Smithson, Sir Hugh, 4th Bt. (1715-86), of Stanwick, Yorks. and Tottenham, Mdx., published in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715-1754, ed. R. Sedgwick, 1970 [1]
  10. ^ Cruickshanks
  11. ^ Collins Peerage, re "Percy"
  12. ^ Lane Fox, Robin. "The countess who gave Petworth House its garden". Financial Times.
  13. ^ Russell, M. and Manley, H. (2016) Sanctioning Memory: Changing Identity. Using 3D laser scanning to identify two 'new' portraits of the Emperor Nero in English antiquarian collections, Internet Archaeology 42. Retrieved 15 June 2016
  14. ^ "Petworth House: Globe". Ye Olde Sussex Pages. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
  15. ^ "National Trust Petworth House and Park". web page. National Trust. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  16. ^ "Petworth House and Park, Sussex". web page. Tourist Information UK. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  17. ^ as was the case for example at Castle Hill, Filleigh in Devon
  • Turner, Roger (1999). Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape (2nd ed.). Phillimore, Chichester: [s.n.] pp. 130–132.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petworth House.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petworth Park.

50°59′17.54″N 0°36′39.06″W / 50.9882056°N 0.6108500°W / 50.9882056; -0.6108500

Category:Gardens in West Sussex Category:Country houses in West Sussex Category:National Trust properties in West Sussex Category:Museums in West Sussex Category:Historic house museums in West Sussex Category:Art museums and galleries in West Sussex Category:English Landscape Garden style Category:Garden design history of England Category:J. M. W. Turner Category:Wyndham family residences Category:Percy family residences Category:Gardens by Capability Brown Category:Grade I listed buildings in West Sussex Category:Grade II* listed buildings in West Sussex


=====[edit]

--Bell Ringing-- c2010 The English style of bell-ringing or campanology involves changes which actually form a mathematical pattern known as a braid. A simple form of change is the hunt - where for four bells, both pairs change places 1234 becomes 21-43 then the middle pair switch 2-41-3 then the pattern continues both-middle-both-middle and onwards. 1234; 2143; 2413; 4231; 4321; 3412; 3142 etc/

More complex patterns can be played with six bells and eight bell peels are generally the maximum. A full peal of 8 bells which requires every one of the 8! permutations to be done takes in the region of 20 hours.

^ "Changes" can be viewed as permutations; sets of permutations constitute mathematical groups, which in turn can be depicted via so-called Cayley graphs, which in turn can be mapped onto polyhedra. Web pages: (1) Introduction to change ringing and group theory : Mathematics and Music: Change Ringing ; (2) Introduction to change ringing and both group theory and graph theory (with references) : "The Mathematics of Change Ringing" ; (3) Change ringing as directed graphs on polyhedra : Bell-ringing methods as polyhedra ; (4) Change ringing graphs on polyhedra that can rotated via cursor : Minimus Polyhedra.

Some literature on the mathematics of change ringing : (1) Ian Stewart, Another Fine Math You've Got Me Into (New York, New York : W.H. Freeman, 1992), Chapter 13 (pages 199-219) ; (2) F.J. Budden, The Fascination of Groups, (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1972), Chapter 24: "Ringing the changes: groups and campanology," pages 451-479 ; (3) Arthur White and Robin Wilson (March 1995) "The hunting group," The Mathematical Gazette, vol. 79, no. 484, pages 5-16 ; (4) Arthur T. White (1987) "Ringing the cosets," American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 94 , pages 721-746.


--Rhyme patterns--

As an example, a limerick has a rhyme pattern going aabba. There are many other forms available although some may lose poetic fluency. For 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 lines, there are 2 patterns (aa, ab), 5 (aaa, aab, abb, aba, abc), 27, 51 etc. ref


--Magic Hexagon--


--Orchard Planting--

This is a puzzle type first encoutered in the Arabian literature as how to plant trees so that as many rows of threee are made by 9 trees.

Define t3orchard(n) to be the maximum number of 3-point lines attainable with a configuration of n points. For an arbitrary number of points, n, the exact value of t3orchard(n) is generally not known. However, its value is known to be asymptotic to n2-n)/6.

The first few values of both t3orchard(n) and t4orchard(n) etc are given in the following table. For the low values, the added '.' indicates a spare point not making a new line.

n 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 81 . n OEIS


t3orchard(n) 1 1. 2 4 6 7 10 12 16 19 22 / 24 26 / 27 31 / 32 37 40 / 42 46 52 1053 (n2-n)/6 (sequence A003035 in the OEIS)
t4orchard(n) - 1 1. 1. 2 2. 3 5 6 7 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 23 (sequence A006067 in the OEIS)
t5orchard(n) - - 1 1. 1. 1. 2 2. 2. 3 4 6 6 7 9 10 11 12 (sequence A008667 in the OEIS)
t6orchard(n) - - - 1 1. 1. 1. 1. 2 2. 2. 2. 3 3. 3. 4 4. 5 7 9

Martin Gardner and topics in recreational mathematics[edit]

In order to indicate the importance of Martin Gardner to the range and scope of Recreational Mathematics – the following alphabetic list identifies many such opportunities. The list is based on the books of Martin Gardner.

Mathematical Problems :-[edit]

Flexagon & Hexaflexagon
Magic Square Balance puzzle eg Counterfeit coin problem Logic puzzle & Liars & Truthtellers & Knights & Knaves Tic-Tac-Toe & 3D Tic-Tac-Toe Probability paradox & Birthday problem & St Petersburg paradox
Icosian Game & Tower of Hanoi Moebius Strip Piet Hein & Game of Hex Sam Loyd & fifteen puzzle Mnemonic Omino & Pentomino Fallacy

MORE Mathematical Problems :-
[edit]

Platonic solid Tetraflexagon Digital root Triangular Duel Probability Soma cube (Piet Hein) Topology Phi The golden ratio The monkey and the coconut Mazes Smith-Jones-Robinson logic problem Coloured hats logic problem Doughnut slicing Eleusis The Induction game Origami Squaring the square

=== FURTHER Mathematical Problems :- ===
Knot theory & Borromean rings e Dissection puzzle & Harry Lindgren John Scarne & Shuffling & Roulette system Chess Minattack & Chess Maxattack Symmetry Rotation & Reflection Peg solitaire Flatland Blue-empty graph 8 queens Cat's cradle & string figures curves of constant width Self-replicating tiling

=== Mathematical CIRCUS ===
Optical illusion Matchstick puzzles Kissing circles Induction patterns Random walks Boolean algebra & Venn diagrams Alan Turing Cyclic numbers Dominoes Fibonacci & Lucas numbers Mascheroni constructions Abacus Palindrome

=== Mathematical Magic ===


Henry Ernest Dudeney

Yet more Mathematical Problems[edit]

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