User:Swiãtopôłk/sandbox

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History[edit]

Pre-independent[edit]

  • Proposed flag of Portuguese Angola (1932)
    Proposed flag of Portuguese Angola (1932)
  • Proposed flag of Portuguese Angola (1965)
    Proposed flag of Portuguese Angola (1965)

Angola was founded in the 16th century as a colony of the Kingdom of Portugal. Throughout the colonial period, the only official flag was the frequently changed flag of Portugal. It was only in the 20th century that the adoption of flags representing the colonies was proposed twice. The first series was designed in 1932 by the founder and president of the Portuguese Institute of Heraldry, Afonso de Ornelaspt, commissioned by the General Agency of the Colonies. Neither the flag nor the coat of arms were ever officially used.[1]

The second proposal was put forward in 1965, when all Portuguese colonies have been integrated into the metropolis as overseas provinces. This proposal consisted of a national flag with an additional coat of arms of Angola on the flying side. The coat of arms has been official since 1935.

War of Independence[edit]

In the early 1960s, the Angolan War of Independence broke out. The war against the Portuguese administration was waged by five organizations: FNLA (founded in 1954), MPLA (1956), FLEC (1963), UNITA (1966) and RDL (1973). Of these 5 organizations, the MPLA became the ruling party and their flag became the basis for the flag adopted on independence day on November 11, 1975. The MPLA flag has a yellow star in the center on a horizontal red and black background. It was created in 1959 by António Alberto Neto and was adopted by the party in 1960. In November 1975, a rival government, the Democratic People's Republic of Angola, was also established. The DPRA was controlled by the FNLA and UNITA and did not use the flags associated with the MPLA with which it fought during the civil war.

History of the current flag[edit]

The flag was designed by Henrique Onambwé. The process of cutting and sewing the first version of the flag was done by Joaquina, Ruth Lara and Cici Cabral on November 11, 1975.[2]


Proposed changes[edit]

  • Proposed Flag of Angola (1996)
    Proposed Flag of Angola (1996)
  • Proposed Flag of Angola (2003)
    Proposed Flag of Angola (2003)

In 2003, a new, more "optimistic" flag that dropped the Communist imagery was proposed by the Parliament's Constitutional Commission of the National Assembly (Angolan Parliament), but it was not adopted, and the proposal was suppressed by the ruling party. The sun design in the middle is meant to be reminiscent of cave paintings found in Tchitundo-Hulu cave. The flag maintained the same flag proportions of 2:3.[3]

Flag of the Kingdom of Kongo[edit]

Swiãtopôłk/sandbox
Adopted17th century

Flag of Lunda Tchokwe[edit]

Swiãtopôłk/sandbox

Flag of Hayreddin Barbarossa[edit]

Flag of Hayreddin Barbarossa

The Arabic calligraphy at the top of the standard reads, "نَصرٌ مِنَ اللَّـهِ وَفَتحٌ قَريبٌ وَبَشِّرِ المُؤمِنينَ يَا مُحَمَّد" (nasrun mina'llāhi wa fatḥhun qarībun wa bashshiri'l-mu’minīna yā muḥammad), translated as "Victory from Allah and an eminent conquest; and give good tidings to the believers, O Muhammad." The text comes from verse 61:13 of the Quran, with the addition of "O Muhammad", since the last part of the verse addresses the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.[4]

Catalan Atlas by Abraham Cresques

Within the four crescents are the names, from right to left, beginning at the top right, of the first four caliphs – Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali – whose rule of the Islamic state after Muhammad is referred to as the Rashidun Caliphate.

The two-bladed sword represents Dhu'l-Fiqar, a famous sword in Islamic history, belonging first to Muhammad and then Ali. To the left of the sword's hilt is a small hand.[5]

Between the two blades of the sword is a six-pointed star. The star may be confused with the Star of David, a Jewish symbol. However, in medieval times, this star was a popular Islamic symbol known as the Seal of Solomon and was widely used by the Beyliks of Anatolia. The seal was later used by the Ottomans in their mosque decorations, coins and the personal flags of the pashas, including Hayreddin Barbarossa.[6] One of the Turkish beyliks known to use the seal on its flag was the Jandarids. According to the Catalan Atlas of 1375 by A. Cresques, the flag of the Karamanids, another Anatolian beylik, consisted of a blue six-edged star.

Flags of the Kingdom of Beni Abbas[edit]

Draft:Flags of the Kingdom of Beni Abbas

Flag of Kingdom of Tlemcen[edit]

The Kingdom of Tlemcen was a late medieval Islamic kingdom ruled by the Zenata Berber Zayyanid dynasty in what is now the northwest of Algeria[7][8]. During the existence of this country, national flags in the modern sense were not used. There are no Arabic sources describing the flags used by Tlemcen, however Iberian sources show similar blue and white banners with a crescent moon. The white banner with blue crescent is consistently served by Angelino Dulcert (fl. 1320s) as well as the authors of the Book of All Kingdoms (dated to c. 1385) and the Catalan Atlas (often conventionally dated 1375)[9][10]. Early 14th century genoese cartographer Pietro Vesconte showed the banner as white with a red crescent and three fringes. Lopo Homem on a map from 1519 shows a coat of arms with a blue shield and a golden crescent. A 16th century map created 8 years after the fall of Tumcan and 3 years after the death of its last ruler in Spanish Oran[11] shows inverted colors, i.e. white crescent on a blue background[12]. The flag of the Kingdom of Tlemcen shows the earliest use of the crescent in present day Algeria. Widespread use of the crescent in Islam develops during the 14th to 15th century.[13] Algeria now uses the crescent along with the star in national flag.

Gallery[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Província Ultramarina de Angola".
  2. ^ Hermínio Escórcio: O MPLA tinha um Plano B, mas preferiu pôr de lado. Jornal de Angola. 11 de novembro de 2020.
  3. ^ "Angola - proposals for a new flag". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
  4. ^ Quran 61:13–13 (Translated by Sahih International). "And [you will obtain] another [favor] that you love – victory from Allah and an imminent conquest; and give good tidings to the believers."
  5. ^ Sache, Ivan. "Ottoman Empire: Flags with the Zulfikar sword".
  6. ^ http://www.fahnenversand.de/fotw/misc/tr~barb.jpg [bare URL image file]
  7. ^ "Abd al-Wadid Dynasty | Berber dynasty". Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  8. ^ Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 475. ISBN 9780195337709.
  9. ^ Ferandez-Armesto, F.F.R. (1995). The European opportunity. Aldershot, Great Britain ; Brookfield, Vt. : Variorum. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-86078-501-9. The Catalan Atlas is conventionally attributed to 1375, because that year is used as the starting-point for the computation of the Golden Number, but 1376 and 1377 are also mentioned in its accompanying texts; it conforms closely to the description of such an atlas in the French royal library catalogue, dated 1380 [...] The Catalan Atlas can be assigned with some confidence to the late 1370s or the early 1380s.
  10. ^ The date "1375" is mentioned in several places in the map: Gunn, Geoffrey C. (15 October 2018). Overcoming Ptolemy: The Revelation of an Asian World Region. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-4985-9014-3.
  11. ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The 'Abd al-Wadids or Zayyanids or Ziyanids". The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9780748696482.
  12. ^ Oxford, Bodleian Library MS. Canon. Ital. 143: https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/2b9b61b9-9056-4bcf-8af1-62752309358c/
  13. ^ Pamela Berger, The Crescent on the Temple: The Dome of the Rock as Image of the Ancient Jewish Sanctuary (2012), p. 164f

[[Category:Obsolete national flags] [[Category:Flags of Algeria]

The following is a list of flags and banners related with Algeria.

l[edit]

  • Albania
    Albania
  • Albania
    Albania
  • Albania
    Albania
  • Albania
    Albania
  • Albania
    Albania
  • Albania
    Albania
  • Albania
    Albania
  • Albania
    Albania
  • Australia
    Australia
  • Australia
    Australia
  • Australia
    Australia
  • India
    India
  • India
    India
  • India
    India
  • India
    India
  • India
    India
  • India
    India
  • iran
    iran
  • Iran
    Iran
  • Ottoman
    Ottoman
  • Ottoman
    Ottoman
  • Ottoman
    Ottoman
  • Ottoman
    Ottoman
  • Ottoman
    Ottoman
  • Ottoman
    Ottoman
  • Ottoman
    Ottoman
  • usa
    usa
  • usa
    usa
  • usa
    usa
  • Kaz
    Kaz
  • Kirgistan
    Kirgistan
  • Italy
    Italy
  • Peru
    Peru
  • Russia
    Russia
  • Poland
    Poland
  • Poland
    Poland
  • Czechia
    Czechia
  • UK
    UK
  • Venezuela
    Venezuela

List of dynasties[edit]

List of dynasties in North America[edit]

Legend
  Extant sovereign dynasties
  Extant non-sovereign dynasties

Chiefdoms of Hispaniola[edit]

  • Chiefs of Marién (?–mid 16th century)
  • Chiefs of Maguá (?–mid 16th century)
  • Chiefs of Maguana (?–mid 16th century)
  • Chiefs of Jaragua (?–mid 16th century)
  • Chiefs of Higüey (?–mid 16th century)

El Salvador[edit]

Haiti[edit]

See also: List of monarchs of Haiti

Maya[edit]

Mexico[edit]

See also: List of rulers of Tenochtitlan, List of rulers of Tetzcoco, and List of rulers of Tlatelolco

Panama[edit]

Trinidad and Tobago[edit]

Conterminous United States[edit]

List of dynasties in Oceania[edit]

Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)[edit]

Easter Island (Chile)[edit]

Fiji[edit]

See also: Monarchy of Fiji

French Polynesia (France)[edit]

Austral Islands[edit]

Bass Islands[edit]

Gambier Islands[edit]

See also: List of monarchs of Mangareva

Marquesas Islands[edit]

Society Islands[edit]

See also: List of monarchs of Bora Bora, List of monarchs of Huahine, List of monarchs of Raiatea, and List of monarchs of Tahiti

Hawaii (United States)[edit]

See also: List of Hawaiian monarchs

Kiribati[edit]

Marshall Islands[edit]

Micronesia[edit]

Nauru[edit]

  • House of Emea (AD 1888–1921) – After uniting the 12 tribes of Nauru

Cook Islands[edit]

See also: Monarchy in the Cook Islands

Samoan Islands[edit]

Tonga[edit]

See also: List of monarchs of Tonga

List of dynasties in South America[edit]

Bolivia[edit]

Brazil[edit]

See also: List of monarchs of Brazil

Chile[edit]

Peru[edit]

Venezuela[edit]

Strick Line Ltd[edit]

Strick Line Ltd
IndustryShipping
Founded1887; 137 years ago (1887)
FounderFrank Clarke Strick
Defunct1976 (1976)
FateMerged with Compagnie des Messageries Maritimes to form the Compagnie Générale Maritime
SuccessorP&O
Headquarters
UK

The Strick Line was a British shipping company. Strick Line operated mainly in the Persian Gulf region, but was also supposed to have a tramping fleet trading in the Mediterranean Sea. Frank Clarke Strick (1849-1943) purchased a small steamer to raise the capital of an Anglo-Algerian Steamship Company Limited to operate the vessel. For the first years, the trade model included the transport of coal from Great Britain to ports in western Italy and iron ore from Béni Saf in North Africa to Great Britain or to the mainland. In 1892, the company began trading between Great Britain and the Persian Gulf. In the early 1900s, Strick had 15 ships. From 1903, the company operated in conjunction with the Bucknall Steamship Line to transport equipment, supplies and oil prospecting personnel to the Persian Gulf. In 1923, the company was bought by P&O. [3] [4] [5] [6]

  1. ^ They were owners by grant without any royal title related to Cocos Islands.
  2. ^ They were owners by grant without any royal title related to Klein-Venedig.
  3. ^ file:///C:/Users/IHiA%20UMK/Zotero/storage/2GC8IKJ9/strick-line.html
  4. ^ https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/jotm/vol10/iss2/6
  5. ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/1788335?origin=crossref
  6. ^ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00679.x
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