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WES Commuter Rail

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WES Commuter Rail
A WES train bound for Beaverton in 2009
Overview
Other name(s)Washington County Commuter Rail Project
Wilsonville to Beaverton Commuter Rail Project
OwnerTriMet
LocaleWashington County, Oregon and Clackamas County, Oregon U.S.
Termini
Stations5
Websitetrimet.org/wes
Service
TypeCommuter rail
Operator(s)Portland & Western Railroad[1]
Rolling stockColorado Railcar Aero, Budd Rail Diesel Car
Daily ridership300 (weekdays, Q3 2024)[2]
Ridership116,300 (2023)[3]
History
OpenedFebruary 2, 2009
Technical
Line length14.7 mi (23.7 km)
CharacterAt-grade
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Operating speed37 mph (60 km/h)[1]
60 mph (97 km/h) top speed[1]
Route diagram

Legend
 Beaverton Transit Center
MAX Light Rail
 Hall/Nimbus
Parking
 Tigard Transit Center
Parking
Tualatin River
 Tualatin
Parking
 Wilsonville Transit Center
Parking
This diagram:

The Westside Express Service (WES) is a commuter rail line serving part of the Portland metropolitan area's Washington County and a small portion of Clackamas County in the U.S. state of Oregon. Owned by TriMet and operated by Portland & Western Railroad (P&W), the line is 14.7 miles (23.7 km) long and travels north–south from Beaverton to Wilsonville via Tigard and Tualatin, along a route just west of Oregon Highway 217 (OR 217) and Interstate 5 (I-5). It consists of five stations and connects with MAX Light Rail at Beaverton Transit Center. Service operates on a 30-minute headway on weekdays during the morning and evening rush hours. In Spring 2022, the service saw daily ridership of 420 passengers, about 109,000 rides annually.[4]

Local officials in Washington County began studying the feasibility of an intercity commuter rail line in 1996, and the Washington County (Wilsonville to Beaverton) Commuter Rail Project acquired approval from affected jurisdictions in 2002. Construction commenced in 2006 and it opened on February 2, 2009. From the start of the first serious discussions of the idea,[5] it took thirteen years and $166 million to get WES operational.[6]

History

Background

See also: Oregon Electric Railway and Southern Pacific Red Electric Lines

The route presently used by WES consists of two historically separate railroads. The segment between Greton (near Tigard) and Wilsonville was originally built by the Oregon Electric Railway in 1908; at Greton the line continued northeasterly to Portland, a route that was abandoned in the mid-1930s. The Oregon Electric stopped running passenger trains in the late 1930s and soon after switched to diesel locomotives, continuing to run freight trains to Beaverton and Portland to the north, and to Salem, Albany and Eugene to the south.

The route from Greton to Beaverton was built by an affiliate of Southern Pacific beginning in 1906, and opened to traffic in 1910.[7] This route connected with Southern Pacific's existing west-east line in Beaverton that provided service to Portland and Hillsboro, and a second route south of Tigard to Cook, which was a junction with an existing route between Lake Oswego and McMinnville. In 1914, the Southern Pacific electrified these lines as part of its Red Electric service in competition with the Oregon Electric Railway; by 1929 the Southern Pacific ended electric service, and passenger service was switched first to steam trains and doodlebugs, and later buses.

Both the Southern Pacific and the Oregon Electric (and its successor Burlington Northern) continued to provide freight service on the line until the 1990s when both railroads leased its low-density branches to shortline operators. In this case, the Southern Pacific leased its lines to newly formed Portland & Western Railroad in August 1995; followed by the Burlington Northern leasing its lines to the Portland & Western in October 1995.[8] This put the operations of two competing railroads in the same hands for the first time in history.

Planning and funding

Led by Washington County, planning for WES began in 1996, when county officials started working with the cities of Beaverton, Tigard, Tualatin, Wilsonville and Sherwood, as well as government transportation agencies to study the idea of establishing passenger rail service between Beaverton and Wilsonville on the existing Portland & Western line.[5] TriMet took over as the project's lead planning agency in 2002.[9] After years of delays due to lack of funding, the project received approval from the Federal Transit Administration in May 2004,[10] resulting in the funding of approximately 50 percent of the line's capital costs.

Construction and delays

Construction began October 23, 2006, in Wilsonville, and a ceremonial "ground-breaking" was held two days later in Tigard,[11] although the project had already started and no dirt was moved.

During planning and construction, the project was called the Washington County Commuter Rail,[12] or alternately the Wilsonville to Beaverton Commuter Rail[13][14] since much of Wilsonville is in Clackamas County. TriMet held a naming contest to choose a name for the new line, and in November 2007 it announced WES (Westside Express Service) as the winner.[15] By December of that year, construction on the rail line was 75 percent complete and included five new bridges and two rehabilitated bridges, and improvements to 14 miles (23 km) of track and 14 road crossings. A distinctive feature of the line is the gauntlet track sections installed at the three intermediate stations (Hall-Nimbus, Tigard and Tualatin).[16] The feature allows freight trains to swing clear of the high-level platforms at the stops, so that wider cars do not strike them.[17]

In June 2008, the line was more than 90 percent complete, with all the track in place.[1] The four Colorado Railcar Diesel multiple unit (DMU) cars ordered for the line then arrived;[1] a total of three powered DMU cars and one non-powered "trailer car" were tested on the route. A ceremonial inaugural run for dignitaries and journalists took place on January 22, and public preview rides on January 30, ahead of a February 2, 2009, public opening.[18]

Originally scheduled to open in September 2008, opening was delayed several times and eventually to February 2009 due to technical and other difficulties,[19] most notably the failure of Colorado Railcar (CR).[20] TriMet lost $3 million from the delays and from its financial support of CR, which included paying CR's suppliers and providing "rail engineering expertise and on-site technical assistance."[19] They provided bailout funds to CR, paying rent, phone, and power bills, and ultimately taking control of the failing company long enough to take delivery of its vehicles.[21]

Proposed extension to Salem

In April 2010, the Rail Division of the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) published a study for a potential southern extension of WES from Wilsonville to Salem. The study extended 29 miles (47 km) and proposed stations in Woodburn, Keizer, and either North Salem or Central Salem.[22] As of 2017, there have been no plans to expand WES service, owing to low ridership,[23] but lawmakers have attempted to revisit the plan.[24] In 2022, The city of Wilsonville revealed legislative concepts that included several service improvements to the WES commuter rail line including the Salem extension.[25]

Route

WES trains run every 30 minutes between Wilsonville and Beaverton during morning and afternoon rush hours.[26] The scheduled one-way travel time is 27 minutes. For its first 31⁄2 years of service, the WES line was located entirely within TriMet fare zone 3, but travel on WES required a TriMet "All-Zone" (three-zone) fare, rather than a one-zone or two-zone fare. However, effective September 2012, TriMet discontinued all use of fare zones, and WES fares consequently became identical to the fares on any other TriMet rail or bus line. C-Tran all-zone day and monthly passes are also accepted as valid fare on WES. P&W, which continues to run freight trains on the line, operates the commuter trains, and TriMet maintains them.[27]

Stations

The Tualatin Interactivator

WES serves stations in Wilsonville, Tualatin, Tigard, and at two locations in Beaverton. At Beaverton Transit Center—the line's northern terminus—commuters are able to transfer between WES and either of two light rail lines of MAX Light Rail: the Blue Line, which serves the Hillsboro–Gresham corridor via downtown Portland, and the Red Line, which connects to Portland International Airport via downtown Portland. Beaverton Transit Center also facilitates connections to 11 TriMet bus lines.[28] Hall/Nimbus Station, the second stop in Beaverton, is served by local TriMet bus lines 76 and 78 and has about 50 park-and-ride spaces.[27] The station is within walking distance of Washington Square Mall and Nimbus Business Park.[27]

Tigard Transit Center Station was an existing TriMet transit center and is served by seven TriMet bus lines. Located in downtown Tigard, the station has about 100 park-and-ride spaces.[27] Tualatin Station is in downtown Tualatin, on Boones Ferry Road near the intersection with Tualatin-Sherwood Road. The Tualatin station is served by TriMet bus lines 76 and 97 and includes 130 park-and-ride spaces, plus another 24 spaces in a nearby lot connected to the station by line 76.[29]

The Wilsonville Transit Center, at the southern end of the line, provides about 400 park-and-ride spaces.[28] Wilsonville's South Metro Area Regional Transit (SMART) opened a new transit center, known as "SMART Central", at the station in January 2009.[30] Wilsonville Station is connected via buses to residential and employment zones in the city.[28] Wilsonville and Salem-Keizer Transit (Cherriots) currently provide express bus service between the two cities, linking to the rail line.[1] The city of Canby to the southeast also links to WES through SMART's service.[31] Other neighboring communities are also expected to use the Wilsonville stop, including Lake Oswego, Donald, Woodburn, and Aurora.[32][33]

Each WES station features its own interactive art-display, each dubbed "The (Station Name) Interactivator". The Interactivators were created by Frank Boyden and Brad Rude. The art consists of bronze and stainless steel sculptures that can be pushed around a track on a table, similar to how the WES train moves on its own track.

List of WES Commuter Rail stations
Station[34] Image Location Connections and notes
Beaverton Transit Center
Beaverton Connects to MAX (Blue, Red), TriMet (20, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 61, 76, 78, 88)
Secure bike parking
Hall/Nimbus
Connects to TriMet (76, 78)
50 park and ride spaces, secure bike parking
Tigard Transit Center
Tigard Connects to TriMet (12, 45, 64, 76, 78, 93), YCTA
103 park and ride spaces, secure bike parking
Tualatin
Tualatin Connects to TriMet (76, 97), Tualatin Shuttle
129 park and ride spaces, secure bike parking
Wilsonville
Wilsonville Connects to SMART, Cherriots
399 park and ride spaces, secure bike parking

Operations

WES maintenance facility in Wilsonville

TriMet and P&W operate WES under a 50-year shared-use agreement. They entered into a 10-year operations and maintenance contract, which includes a trackage rights agreement, in 2007, with a renewal option every five years. TriMet owns the rail equipment, which it maintains with its employees, and contracts with P&W to operate the WES trains and maintain the tracks. P&W dispatches WES trains with priority over freight trains. TriMet also leases property near the Wilsonville terminus from P&W, where it built a dedicated maintenance facility for WES. The facility is staffed with TriMet mechanics who were trained to meet the Federal Railroad Administration-mandated qualified mechanical person certification.[35]

Rolling stock

TriMet's fleet of commuter-rail cars consists of three powered cars and one "control trailer", a type of car which isn't powered but has an operating cab at one end and can control the powered car to which it is coupled. The trailer can be pulled or pushed. The self-propelled diesel cars do not require a locomotive or overhead electrical wires.[28] Each of the three powered rail cars seats 74 passengers, while the control trailer seats 80. The cars are numbered 1001–1003 (powered) and 2001 (trailer) in TriMet's fleet of vehicles. Originally priced at $4 million each prior to cost overruns, the cars are equipped with places for two mobility devices and two hanging bicycle racks, and have enough space for 139 standing passengers.[36] In a two-car train, passengers can pass between the two connected cars.[37] Interiors of both car types contain high-back seats with blue upholstery.[38]

Interior of a Colorado Railcar WES train

Trains on WES were designed to travel at an average speed of 37 miles per hour (60 km/h) with a top speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h).[26] Each self-propelled car has two Detroit Diesel Series 60 12.7L engines, each of which is rated at 600 horsepower.[27] TriMet was required to purchase U.S.-manufactured trains due to federal funding of the commuter line, and purchased from Colorado Railcar, the sole U.S. maker of DMUs that comply with Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) rules.[39] The WES cars and the 35 freight locomotives sharing the track with WES include cab signals as part of a system designed to prevent train-to-train collisions. Positive train control is being installed along the line.[40] Cars on the line are serviced and maintained by TriMet at the maintenance facility at the southern end of the line in Wilsonville.[36] Adjacent to Wilsonville Station, the blue metal structure employs six mechanics.[36] The adjacent rail yard is used to store all WES trains when not in service.[41]

One piece of equipment replaced only a month after WES began operations is its train horn.[42] The FRA requires all trains operating on heavy rail lines to sound their horns for at least 15 seconds at a minimum level of 96 decibels (from 100 feet) as they approach crossings. For the rush hour-only schedule used when WES began operation, that meant over a thousand blasts a week along its route, starting as early as 5:30 am.[42] Complaints about the noise caused TriMet to replace the original 102-decibel (from 100 feet) Leslie RS3K horns for a fleet-wide cost of $5,000.[42] The new 96-decibel (from 100 feet) K3LA horns, which met the minimum requirements, still led to complaints. TriMet asked the FRA for a waiver, proposing that they install yet another horn — similar to that used on MAX Light Rail — that would sound at 80 decibels and be accompanied by bells that would ring at 60 decibels continuously as the train neared a crossing.[42] However, the FRA turned down this request, citing safety concerns.[43] Instead, a quiet zone was set for all crossings within Tualatin city limits.

Equipment failures and periodic maintenance on the agency's Colorado Railcar DMUs resulted in TriMet substituting buses for some runs on several occasions since the service began. To provide backup equipment for the line, TriMet purchased two Budd Rail Diesel Cars (RDCs) from the Alaska Railroad in 2009.[44] The cars were originally built in 1953, and had been taken out of service in 2008. TriMet refurbished the cars, and planned to operate them as a backup for the Colorado Railcar units when they are out of service. They entered service on January 24, 2011.[45][46]

In 2014, TriMet considered purchasing one two-car Nippon Sharyo DMU trainset to supplement the WES fleet, as an option under an existing contract between that manufacturer and Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit,[47] but could not reach an agreement with the manufacturer on the price.[48] US Railcar, Colorado Railcar's successor, offered to sell TriMet two cars at $5 million each.[48] TriMet opted instead to purchase two more used Budd RDCs, for a total of not more than $1.5 million, in 2017 from Allearth Rail of Vermont,[49] which had last been operated by Dallas Area Rapid Transit's Trinity Railway Express (TRE) commuter rail service.[48] TriMet had unsuccessfully bid to purchase the same two cars in 2016, when they were auctioned by DART, but subsequently negotiated to purchase them from the winning bidder and new owner, Allearth Rail.[49][50] The two cars, ex-TRE 2007 and 2011, arrived at the WES maintenance facility in August 2017.[49] They were originally expected to enter service on the WES line in fall 2018, after the completion of a few modifications,[49] but this was subsequently delayed to sometime in 2021[51] and later indefinitely.

WES rolling stock
Car number(s) Image Manufacturer Model Year built First used
on WES 		Notes
1001–1003 A WES train parked next to the maintenance building. Each of WES's Colorado Railcar-built cars has one streamlined end (on the right in this view) and one non-streamlined end. Colorado Railcar Aero[46] 2008 2009 Diesel multiple units (DMUs)
2001 Unpowered control car
1702[46] TriMet's RDC train 1702+1711 on Lombard Avenue in Beaverton in 2017 Budd RDC-3 1953[46] 2011 Ex-Alaska Railroad 702; originally New Haven 129[46]
1711[46] RDC-2 1952[46] Ex-Alaska Railroad 711; originally New Haven 121[46]
2007 RDC-1 1957[49] TBD Ex-Trinity Railway Express (Dallas) 2007;[49] ex-Via Rail
2011 1957 TBD Ex-Trinity Railway Express (Dallas) 2011;[49] ex-Via Rail

Costs

According to TriMet's 2016 Ridership Report, WES Commuter Rail cost of $16.32 for each rider; compared to $4.21 for a bus rider or $3.23 for a MAX light rail rider.[52] Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership has further decreased and the WES operations cost per boarding ride is $108.09 as of December 2020.[53][54]

Service

Ridership

A study published by the FTA in 2013 noted an increase in daily ridership on WES during the first few years of operation—from 1,200 rides in the first year to 1,700 rides in 2012—despite reductions in TriMet services that led to no growth systemwide. Three-fourths of riders traveled between home and work, and approximately 45 percent of riders reported lacking a car.[55]

Year Average
weekday
ridership
2009 1,175
2010 1,200
2011 1,449
2012 1,639
2013 1,739
2014 2,008
2015 1,869
2016 1,779
2017 1,759[52]
2018 1,632
2019 1,503
2020 300
2021 400

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "WES rail car debuts in Wilsonville". Portland Tribune. June 19, 2008. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  2. ^ "Transit Ridership Report Third Quarter 2024" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. November 20, 2024. Retrieved November 23, 2024.
  3. ^ "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 4, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  4. ^ "Route Ridership Report, Weekdays, Spring 2022" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
  5. ^ a b Hamilton, Don (July 18, 1996). "Cities take another look at trains". The Oregonian. p. 1.
  6. ^ Justin Carinci (July 7, 2009). "State studying WES possibilities". Daily Journal of Commerce. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  7. ^ The Southern Pacific in Oregon, Ed Austin & Tom Dill
  8. ^ "PortlandandWesternRR". Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
  9. ^ Gunderson, Laura (September 26, 2002). "TriMet takes over lead on commuter rail". The Oregonian, p. B3 (Portland)/B2 (Wash. County).
  10. ^ "Wilsonville–Beaverton commuter train OK'd" (May 11, 2004). The Oregonian (MetroWest edition), p. C1.
  11. ^ "TriMet Breaks Ground for Commuter Rail Line". This Week in Passenger Transport. American Public Transportation Association. November 6, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2008.
  12. ^ Washington County Commuter Rail Project. Archived April 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine City of Beaverton. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  13. ^ "Smith Announces FTA Approval of Wilsonville to Beaverton Commuter Rail". Senator Gordon Smith news release. May 10, 2004. Archived from the original on June 4, 2004. Retrieved September 27, 2008.
  14. ^ Land Use & Transportation: Wilsonville to Beaverton Commuter Rail. Archived February 20, 2002, at the Wayback Machine Washington County. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  15. ^ "A New Name for Washington County Commuter Rail". City of Tigard. November 21, 2007. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  16. ^ Cornillie, Thomas C. (2013). "Diesel Multiple Units in North America – Trends in Construction, Maintenance, and Operating Practices" (PDF). American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association. p. 532. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  17. ^ "Central Connecticut Rail Study: Diesel Multiple Unit Alternative [section "Chapter 3.2: Infrastructure and Operational Considerations"]" (PDF). Connecticut Department of Transportation. March 2016. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  18. ^ Leah Weissman (February 5, 2009). "WES' first day — 'I plan on using it every day'". Beaverton Valley Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
  19. ^ a b Tyler Graf (October 9, 2008). "TriMet's WES is delayed". Daily Journal of Commerce. Archived from the original on November 19, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  20. ^ Colorado Railcar Goes Out Of Business
  21. ^ Les Zaitz (December 14, 2008). "Westside Express Deal Cost TriMet Millions". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
  22. ^ Parsons Brinckerhoff Team (April 2010). Oregon Rail Study Appendix I, Wilsonville to Salem Commuter Rail Assessment (PDF) (Report). Oregon Department of Transportation – Rail Division. pp. 4–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022 – via Portland Tribune.
  23. ^ Wong, Peter (February 23, 2017). "Three of four top priorities identified by TriMet GM affect Washington County". Beaverton Valley Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  24. ^ Harden, Kevin L. (January 31, 2015). "Lawmakers (again) consider sending WES on a longer ride". Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on April 14, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  25. ^ Cassidy, Kaelyn (October 5, 2022). "Wilsonville backs four legislative concepts ahead of 2023 legislative session". Wilsonville Spokesman. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  26. ^ a b "Partnership brings Oregon's first commuter rail line closer to reality" (PDF). TriMet. May 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  27. ^ a b c d e "WES Commuter Rail Cars" (PDF). TriMet. August 2008. Retrieved September 14, 2008.
  28. ^ a b c d "Making Tracks: P811 Construction Summary" (PDF). Washington County Commuter Rail Project. 2006. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
  29. ^ WES Station Locations. Archived February 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine TriMet. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  30. ^ http://www.ridesmart.com/Index.aspx?page=72 Archived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine SMART History
  31. ^ WES Fares, Route/Station Map and Schedule. Archived July 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine TriMet. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
  32. ^ Tims, Dana (June 28, 2001). "Shaping Wilsonville's center". The Oregonian.
  33. ^ Tims, Dana (August 2, 2001). "Commute rail line closer". The Oregonian.
  34. ^ "WES Commuter Rail". TriMet. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
  35. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018). Contracting Commuter Rail Services, Volume 2: Commuter Rail System Profiles. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. pp. 79–82. doi:10.17226/25256. Retrieved October 8, 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ a b c Foyston, John (August 21, 2008). "It's training day for TriMet". The Oregonian. p. Metro West Neighbors, 10.
  37. ^ "WES Commuter Rail cars" (PDF). TriMet. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
  38. ^ Foyston, John (June 20, 2008). "Thumbs-up on new railcars". The Oregonian.
  39. ^ Christensen, Nick (October 3, 2008). "Train problems delays launch of Westside Express". The Hillsboro Argus. Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2008.
  40. ^ Fetsch, Mary (May 27, 2015). "TriMet adopts budget that expands service, improves system reliability and adds 77 new buses". TriMet. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  41. ^ "Construction Scope and Road Closures". TriMet. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
  42. ^ a b c d "TriMet takes another run at turning down the WES horn". Portland Tribune. July 9, 2009. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  43. ^ Schmidt, Brad (April 7, 2010). "Feds cite safety as they deny quieter horns for WES". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on March 15, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  44. ^ Budd RDCs purchased to bolster Portland’s WES service Archived November 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Railway Age October 29, 2009
  45. ^ "Oregon commuters get first ride on historic RDCs". Trains. January 24, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h Craghead, Alexander (March 2011). "Time Travel in Oregon? TriMet Turns to the Venerable Budd RDC". Railfan & Railroad. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  47. ^ "WES Ridership and Fleet Requirements" (PDF). April 9, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  48. ^ a b c Njus, Elliot (May 23, 2016). "TriMet wants to buy used trains from Dallas to bolster WES service". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. October 2017. p. 394. ISSN 1460-8324.
  50. ^ "TriMet Resolution 17-03-26" (PDF). TriMet. March 22, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  51. ^ https://trimet.org/history/pdf/making-history.pdf Archived February 25, 2020, at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
  52. ^ a b TriMet FY 2016 Ridership Report (PDF), Tri Met, September 26, 2016, archived (PDF) from the original on April 17, 2017, retrieved April 17, 2017
  53. ^ Iboshi, Kyle (February 1, 2021). "WES commuter rail costs TriMet $108 per passenger". KGW8. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  54. ^ December 2020 Monthly Performance Report (PDF) (Report). TriMet. January 20, 2021. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  55. ^ United States. Federal Transit Administration (2013). Westside Express Service Rail Project Before-and-After Study (2013) (PDF) (Report). Federal Transit Administration. pp. 18–19. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
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