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===Shape===
===Shape===
A number of modern works of literature have portrayed the Earth as [[Flat Earth|flat]].{{Efn|for example [[S. Fowler Wright]]'s ''Beyond the Rim'' (1932), Terry Pratchett's ''[[Strata (novel)|Strata]]'' (1981) (''Strata'', an early novel by Pratchett, is often seen as a precusor to his fantasy series, [[Discworld]], that begun with ''[[The Colour of Magic]]'' (1983) and which is clearly influenced by the Flat Earth concept<ref name=murphy>{{Cite book|last=Murphy|first=Bernice|url=https://books.google.co.kr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=_puhDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA31&dq=terry+pratchett+strata+%22science+fiction%22+1981&ots=q4SH1jlSIL&sig=wAggHD61okXKz-wz5FVcZAqlvg4#v=onepage&q=terry%20pratchett%20strata%20%22science%20fiction%22%201981&f=false|title=Twenty-First-Century Popular Fiction|date=2018-10-31|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-1486-9|pages=31|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{Rp|226}}), [[Richard A. Lupoff]]'s ''[[Circumpolar!]]'' (1984), and [[Charles L. Harness]]' ''Summer Solstice'' (1984); a [[Flat Earth|flat disc-shaped Earth]], floating on water, with [[heaven]] above and the [[underworld]] below is depicted in [[Ted Chiang]]'s ''[[Tower of Babylon (story)|Tower of Babylon]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aune|first=David Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC&q=cosmology|title=The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-21917-8|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|119}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|137}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|226}}}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|137-138}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|226}} There have also been fictional accounts of a [[hollow Earth]], depicting subterranean landscapes ripe for exploration.{{Efn|Examples include the anonymous ''A Voyage to the World in the Centre of the Earth'' (1775), [[Robert-Martin Lesuire]]'s ''L'Aventurier français, ou Mémoires de Grégoire Merveil'' (''The French Adventurer, or the Memoirs of Grégoire Merveil'', 1782), [[Giacomo Casanova|Giacomo Cassanova]]'s ''Icosameron'' (1788), [[Jacques Collin de Plancy]]'s ''Voyage au centre de la terre'' (1821) and the most famous of those early works of [[subterranean fiction]], [[Jules Verne]]'s ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth|Journey to the Centre of the Earth]]'' (1864).}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|137}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fitting|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.co.kr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0uEWOZZLJ44C&oi=fnd&pg=PP15&dq=%22Jacques+Collin+de+Plancy%22+%22Voyage+au+centre+de+la+terre%22&ots=h4O1aZVRXW&sig=YH4HBrBpEf_DxEauTktzHCLWXuE#v=onepage&q=%22Jacques%20Collin%20de%20Plancy%22%20%22Voyage%20au%20centre%20de%20la%20terre%22&f=false|title=Subterranean Worlds: A Critical Anthology|date=2004-12-15|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-8195-6723-9|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|3-14}}A few writers have also engaged with another old [[fringe theory]], that of [[Counter-Earth]] – a [[:Category:Hypothetical bodies of the Solar System|hypothetical body of the Solar System]] that orbits on the other side of the solar system from Earth.{{Efn|ex. [[John Norman]]'s ''[[Tarnsman of Gor]]'' (1966)}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|227}}
A number of modern works of literature have portrayed the Earth as [[Flat Earth|flat]].{{Efn|for example [[S. Fowler Wright]]'s ''Beyond the Rim'' (1932), Terry Pratchett's ''[[Strata (novel)|Strata]]'' (1981) (''Strata'', an early novel by Pratchett, is often seen as a precusor to his fantasy series, [[Discworld]], that begun with ''[[The Colour of Magic]]'' (1983) and which is clearly influenced by the Flat Earth concept<ref name=murphy>{{Cite book|last=Murphy|first=Bernice|url=https://books.google.co.kr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=_puhDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA31&dq=terry+pratchett+strata+%22science+fiction%22+1981&ots=q4SH1jlSIL&sig=wAggHD61okXKz-wz5FVcZAqlvg4#v=onepage&q=terry%20pratchett%20strata%20%22science%20fiction%22%201981&f=false|title=Twenty-First-Century Popular Fiction|date=2018-10-31|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-1486-9|pages=31|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{Rp|226}}), [[Richard A. Lupoff]]'s ''[[Circumpolar!]]'' (1984), and [[Charles L. Harness]]' ''Summer Solstice'' (1984); a [[Flat Earth|flat disc-shaped Earth]], floating on water, with [[heaven]] above and the [[underworld]] below is depicted in [[Ted Chiang]]'s ''[[Tower of Babylon (story)|Tower of Babylon]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aune|first=David Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC&q=cosmology|title=The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-21917-8|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|119}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|137}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|226}}}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|137-138}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|226}} There have also been fictional accounts of a [[hollow Earth]], depicting subterranean landscapes ripe for exploration.{{Efn|Examples include the anonymous ''A Voyage to the World in the Centre of the Earth'' (1775), [[Robert-Martin Lesuire]]'s ''L'Aventurier français, ou Mémoires de Grégoire Merveil'' (''The French Adventurer, or the Memoirs of Grégoire Merveil'', 1782), [[Giacomo Casanova|Giacomo Cassanova]]'s ''Icosameron'' (1788), [[Jacques Collin de Plancy]]'s ''Voyage au centre de la terre'' (1821) and the most famous of those early works of [[subterranean fiction]], [[Jules Verne]]'s ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth|Journey to the Centre of the Earth]]'' (1864).}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|137}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fitting|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.co.kr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0uEWOZZLJ44C&oi=fnd&pg=PP15&dq=%22Jacques+Collin+de+Plancy%22+%22Voyage+au+centre+de+la+terre%22&ots=h4O1aZVRXW&sig=YH4HBrBpEf_DxEauTktzHCLWXuE#v=onepage&q=%22Jacques%20Collin%20de%20Plancy%22%20%22Voyage%20au%20centre%20de%20la%20terre%22&f=false|title=Subterranean Worlds: A Critical Anthology|date=2004-12-15|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-8195-6723-9|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|3-14}}A few writers have also engaged with another old [[fringe theory]], that of [[Counter-Earth]] – a [[:Category:Hypothetical bodies of the Solar System|hypothetical body of the Solar System]] that orbits on the other side of the solar system from Earth.{{Efn|ex. [[John Norman]]'s ''[[Tarnsman of Gor]]'' (1966)}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|227}}
[[File:Voyages_Extraordinaires_frontispiece.jpg|thumb|Frontispiece printed in an 1867 Hetzel edition of Jules Verne's collected stories, including his ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth|Journey to the Centre of the Earth]]''.]]

===Planetary engineering===
===Planetary engineering===
Large scale [[planetary engineering]] includes ideas such as adjusting the Earth's [[axial tilt]],{{Efn|ex. [[Nat Schachner]]'s ''Earthspin'', 1937}} or [[moving the Earth]] from its orbit.{{Efn|for example, [[Homer Eon Flint]]'s ''The Planeter'' (1918), [[Stephen Southwold|Neil Bell]]'s ''The Seventh Bowl'' (1930), [[Edmond Hamilton]]'s ''Thundering Worlds'' (1934), [[Fritz Leiber]]'s ''[[A Pail of Air]]'' (1951), [[Frederik Pohl]]'s and [[C.M. Kornbluth]]'s ''[[Wolfbane (novel)|Wolfbane]]'' (1957), [[Roger MacBride Allen|Roger McBride Allen]]'s ''[[The Ring of Charon]]'' (1990) and [[Liu Cixin]] ''[[The Wandering Earth]]'' (2000), the latter becoming a Chinese blockbuster movie in 2019<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-18|title=The Wandering Earth is now the second-highest grossing movie in Chinese history|url=https://shanghai.ist/2019/02/18/the-wandering-earth-is-now-the-second-highest-grossing-movie-in-chinese-history/|access-date=2021-08-20|website=shanghaiist|language=en-US}}</ref>}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|138-139}} Some works deal with [[geoengineering]], a term usually referred to large-scale projects attempting to deal with the problem of [[climate change]]; a theme common in many works of [[climate fiction]].<ref name=":2" /> In the extreme case, Earth can be consumed in its entirety, all of its mass repurposed in construction of [[Megastructure|megastructures]] such as a [[Dyson sphere]].{{Efn|ex. [[Karl T. Pflock]]'s ''Conservation of Mass'' (1982)}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|227}}
Large scale [[planetary engineering]] includes ideas such as adjusting the Earth's [[axial tilt]],{{Efn|ex. [[Nat Schachner]]'s ''Earthspin'', 1937}} or [[moving the Earth]] from its orbit.{{Efn|for example, [[Homer Eon Flint]]'s ''The Planeter'' (1918), [[Stephen Southwold|Neil Bell]]'s ''The Seventh Bowl'' (1930), [[Edmond Hamilton]]'s ''Thundering Worlds'' (1934), [[Fritz Leiber]]'s ''[[A Pail of Air]]'' (1951), [[Frederik Pohl]]'s and [[C.M. Kornbluth]]'s ''[[Wolfbane (novel)|Wolfbane]]'' (1957), [[Roger MacBride Allen|Roger McBride Allen]]'s ''[[The Ring of Charon]]'' (1990) and [[Liu Cixin]] ''[[The Wandering Earth]]'' (2000), the latter becoming a Chinese blockbuster movie in 2019<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-18|title=The Wandering Earth is now the second-highest grossing movie in Chinese history|url=https://shanghai.ist/2019/02/18/the-wandering-earth-is-now-the-second-highest-grossing-movie-in-chinese-history/|access-date=2021-08-20|website=shanghaiist|language=en-US}}</ref>}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|138-139}} Some works deal with [[geoengineering]], a term usually referred to large-scale projects attempting to deal with the problem of [[climate change]]; a theme common in many works of [[climate fiction]].<ref name=":2" /> In the extreme case, Earth can be consumed in its entirety, all of its mass repurposed in construction of [[Megastructure|megastructures]] such as a [[Dyson sphere]].{{Efn|ex. [[Karl T. Pflock]]'s ''Conservation of Mass'' (1982)}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|227}}

Revision as of 18:38, 31 August 2021

The iconic photo of Earth known as The Blue Marble, taken by the crew of Apollo 17 (1972). This and similar images might have popularized Earth as a theme in fiction.[1]: 138 

An overwhelming majority of fiction is set on or features the Earth. This also holds true of science fiction, despite perceptions to the contrary. Counterfactual depictions of the shape of the Earth, be it flat or hollow, occasionally feature. A personified, living Earth appears in a handful of works. In works set in the far future, Earth is often only one of many inhabited planets of a galactic empire, and sometimes destroyed by ecological disaster or nuclear war or otherwise forgotten or lost.[2][3]

See also: Earth § Etymology, and Names for the human species

In a number of works of science fiction, Earth's name has become less popular, and the planet is instead known as Terra or Tellus, Latin words for Earth.[3]: 139 [4] Inhabitants of Earth can be referred to as Earthlings, Earthers, Earthborn, Earthfolk, Earthians, Earthies (this term being often seen as derogatory), Earthman (and Earthwomen), Earthsiders, Tellurians, or Terrans.[5]: 43–48, 233–234, 237–238 

In addition, science fiction vocabulary includes terms like Earthfall for landing of a spaceship on planet Earth; and Earth-type, Earthlike, Earthnorm(al) and terrestrial for the concept of "resembling planet Earth or conditions on it".[5]: 43–48, 233–234, 237–238 

The concept of modifying planets to be more Earth-like is known as terraforming. The concept of terraforming developed from both science fiction and actual science. In science, Carl Sagan, an astronomer, proposed the terraforming of Venus in 1961, which is considered one of the first accounts of the concept.[6] The term itself, however, was coined by Jack Williamson in a science-fiction short story ("Collision Orbit") published in 1942 in Astounding Science Fiction,[7][8][5]: 235 [9] although the concept of terraforming in popular culture predates this work; for example, the idea of turning the Moon into a habitable environment with atmosphere was already present in Octave Béliard's La Journée d'un Parisien au XXIe siècle ("A Day of a Parisian in the 21st Century").[10] In fact, perhaps predating the concept of terraforming, is that of xenoforming – a process in which aliens change the Earth to suit their own needs, already suggested in the classic The War of the Worlds (1898) of H.G. Wells.[11]

Themes

In general, vast majority of fiction, including science fiction, takes place on Earth.[2]: 226, 228  To the extent that Earth is more than the obvious but forgettable background where the action of the story takes place, a number of themes have been identified.[3]: 137 

Earth

Many works of science fiction focus on the outer space, but many others still take place on Earth; this distinction has been subject to debates among the science fiction authors, visible for example in J. G. Ballard's 1962 essay Which Way to Inner Space?. Some critics of the "outer space adventures" have pointed to the importance of "earthly" concepts and imagery closer to contemporary readers' everyday experience.[2]: 228 [12] While it has been argued that a planet can be considered "too large, and its lifetime too long, to be comfortably accommodated within fiction as a topic in its own right," this has not prevented some writers from engaging with that topic.[a][1]: 138 [13] Some works that focus on Earth as an entity have been influenced by holistic, "big picture" concepts such as the Gaia hypothesis, noosphere and the Omega Point, and the popularizing of the photography of Earth from space.[1]: 138  Others works have addressed the concept of Earth as a Goddess Gaia.[b] Bridging these ideas, and treating Earth as a semi-biological or even sentient entity, are classic works like Arthur Conan Doyle's When the World Screamed (1928) and Jack Williamson's Born of the Sun (1934).[2]: 227 

Shape

A number of modern works of literature have portrayed the Earth as flat.[c][3]: 137–138 [2]: 226  There have also been fictional accounts of a hollow Earth, depicting subterranean landscapes ripe for exploration.[d][3]: 137 [16]: 3–14 A few writers have also engaged with another old fringe theory, that of Counter-Earth – a hypothetical body of the Solar System that orbits on the other side of the solar system from Earth.[e][2]: 227 

Planetary engineering

Large scale planetary engineering includes ideas such as adjusting the Earth's axial tilt,[f] or moving the Earth from its orbit.[g][3]: 138–139  Some works deal with geoengineering, a term usually referred to large-scale projects attempting to deal with the problem of climate change; a theme common in many works of climate fiction.[18] In the extreme case, Earth can be consumed in its entirety, all of its mass repurposed in construction of megastructures such as a Dyson sphere.[h][2]: 227 

Cover of Science Fiction Quarterly Summer 1940, depicting the destruction of Earth.

The end of Earth

Various versions of the future of Earth have been imagined. Some works focus on the end of the planet; those have been written in all forms – some focused on "ostentatious mourning"[i]; others more of a slapstick comedy[j]; yet others take this opportunity to explore themes of astronomy or sociology.[k][19][3]: 139  The genre of climate fiction can often mix the themes of near and far future consequences of the climate change, whether anthropogenic[l] or accidental.[m][18][2]: 227  In other works, often found in the apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction and the Dying Earth genres, Earth has been destroyed or at least ruined for generations to come; many such works are therefore set in the background of Earth changed into a wasteland.[n] Some of the works in these genres overlap with the climate change genre, as climate change and resulting ecological disasters are a commonly used plot device for events that trigger the fall of human civilization (other plots involve the destruction of Earth from human warfare, alien invasions,[o] or from various sorts of man-made incidents[p] or accidental disasters).[18][20][21][18][2]: 227–228 [22] Many such works, set either during the disaster, or in its aftermath, are metaphors for environmental concerns or otherwise warnings about issues the writers think humanity needs to be concerned about.[2]: 227 [21]

One planet among many

For many works set in the far future, Earth is just one of many inhabited planets of a galactic empire, federation or larger civilization, and many similar planets have been found or created (common themes in space opera), all of which challenges the idea of Earth's uniqueness.[q][3]: 139  In some works, Earth is still a center of the known universe, or at least a significant player on the galactic scene.[r][2]: 227  In others, Earth has become of so little importance that is a mostly forgotten backwards world.[s][3]: 139 [2]: 227 [23] In Clifford D. Simak's Cemetery World (1973) Earth is a planet-size cemetery and in Gordon R. Dickson's Call Him Lord (1966), a museum.[2]: 227  At its extreme, in some settings, knowledge of Earth has been simply lost, making it a mythological place, existence of whose is questioned by the few who even know the legends about it.[t] In some of these works, a major plotline can involve future civilizations or intrepid explorers seeking the "lost cradle" or Earth.[u] Finally, some stories told from the perspective of aliens focus on their discovery of Earth.[v][2]: 228 [26]

A different history

Some works look backwards – or perhaps sideways, not to the future of Earth, but to its past; here, works of science fiction can overlap with historic fiction as well as prehistoric fiction. This can happen particularly through the genres of alternate history[w] as well as time travel (where as Gary Westfahl observed, most time travellers travel through time much more than space, visiting the past or future versions of Earth).[2]: 226 

See also

Notes

  1. ^ for example, Camille Flammarion's Lumen (1887), David Brin's Earth (1990) or Terry Pratchett's, Ian Stewart's and Jack Cohen's The Science of Discworld (1999)
  2. ^ as seen, among others, in the 1990 cartoon Captain Planet and the Planeteers
  3. ^ for example S. Fowler Wright's Beyond the Rim (1932), Terry Pratchett's Strata (1981) (Strata, an early novel by Pratchett, is often seen as a precusor to his fantasy series, Discworld, that begun with The Colour of Magic (1983) and which is clearly influenced by the Flat Earth concept[14][2]: 226 ), Richard A. Lupoff's Circumpolar! (1984), and Charles L. Harness' Summer Solstice (1984); a flat disc-shaped Earth, floating on water, with heaven above and the underworld below is depicted in Ted Chiang's Tower of Babylon (1990).[15]: 119 [3]: 137 [2]: 226 
  4. ^ Examples include the anonymous A Voyage to the World in the Centre of the Earth (1775), Robert-Martin Lesuire's L'Aventurier français, ou Mémoires de Grégoire Merveil (The French Adventurer, or the Memoirs of Grégoire Merveil, 1782), Giacomo Cassanova's Icosameron (1788), Jacques Collin de Plancy's Voyage au centre de la terre (1821) and the most famous of those early works of subterranean fiction, Jules Verne's Journey to the Centre of the Earth (1864).
  5. ^ ex. John Norman's Tarnsman of Gor (1966)
  6. ^ ex. Nat Schachner's Earthspin, 1937
  7. ^ for example, Homer Eon Flint's The Planeter (1918), Neil Bell's The Seventh Bowl (1930), Edmond Hamilton's Thundering Worlds (1934), Fritz Leiber's A Pail of Air (1951), Frederik Pohl's and C.M. Kornbluth's Wolfbane (1957), Roger McBride Allen's The Ring of Charon (1990) and Liu Cixin The Wandering Earth (2000), the latter becoming a Chinese blockbuster movie in 2019[17]
  8. ^ ex. Karl T. Pflock's Conservation of Mass (1982)
  9. ^ George C. Wallis' The Last Days of Earth (1901), Edmond Hamilton's Requiem (1962)
  10. ^ Douglas Adam's The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, (1980)
  11. ^ Frank Belknap Long's The Blue Earthman (1935) or Brian W. Aldiss' Hothouse (1962)
  12. ^ for example, George Turner's The Sea and Summer (1987), John Barnes' Mother of Storms (1994), Kim Stanley Robinson's Science in the Capitol trilogy begun with Forty Signs of Rain (2004)
  13. ^ for example, Fred Hoyle's The Black Cloud (1957), Philip José Farmer's Flesh (1960), Val Guest's The Day the Earth Caught Fire (1961), John Christopher's The World in Winter (1962) and J. G. Ballard's The Drowned World (1962)
  14. ^ ex. Kevin Reynolds's Waterworld (1995)
  15. ^ for example, in Karel Čapek's War With the Newts (1936); Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1978) or in the 2000 movie Titan A.E.
  16. ^ ex. Piers Anthony's Rings of Ice (1974), Hajime Yatate's Cowboy Bebop (1998)
  17. ^ James Blish's Earthman, Come Home (1953)
  18. ^ ex. Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek (1965); see also Terran Federation
  19. ^ such as in Poul Anderson's The Chapter Ends (1954), or Yoshiki Tanaka's Legend of Galactic Heroes series (1982)
  20. ^ ex. in Isaac Asimov's Foundation series (1942)
  21. ^ for example, E. C. Tubb's Dumarest saga (1967),[3]: 139  Keiko Takemiya Toward the Terra (1977)[24] and Glen A. Larson's Battlestar Galactica (1978)[25]
  22. ^ Edmond Hamilton's The Dead Planet (1946); Hal Clement's Iceworld (1953), Iain M. Banks's The State of the Art (1991)
  23. ^ for example, Terry Pratchett and Stephen Baxter's Long Earth series[27]

References

  1. ^ a b c Stableford, Brian M. (2006). Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Westfahl, Gary (2005). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 226–227. ISBN 978-0-313-32951-7.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stableford, Brian M. (2006). Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8.
  4. ^ "Themes : Terra : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia". www.sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  5. ^ a b c Prucher, Jeff (2007-05-07). Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988552-7.
  6. ^ Sagan, Carl (1961). "The Planet Venus". Science. 133 (3456): 849–58. Bibcode:1961Sci...133..849S. doi:10.1126/science.133.3456.849. PMID 17789744.
  7. ^ "Science Fiction Citations: terraforming". Retrieved 2006-06-16.
  8. ^ Pinkus, Karen; Woods, Derek (2019). "From the Editors: Terraforming". Diacritics. 47 (3): 4–5. doi:10.1353/dia.2019.0023. ISSN 1080-6539.
  9. ^ "Themes : Terraforming : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia". www.sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  10. ^ Bardini, Thierry (2014-01-02). "Decompicultures: decomposition of culture and cultures of decomposition". Green Letters. 18 (1): 9–21. doi:10.1080/14688417.2014.890529. ISSN 1468-8417.
  11. ^ "Themes : Xenoforming : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia". www.sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  12. ^ "Themes : Inner Space : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia". www.sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  13. ^ "Terry Pratchett and the real science of Discworld". the Guardian. 2015-05-19. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  14. ^ Murphy, Bernice (2018-10-31). Twenty-First-Century Popular Fiction. Edinburgh University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-4744-1486-9.
  15. ^ Aune, David Edward (2003-01-01). The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-21917-8.
  16. ^ Fitting, Peter (2004-12-15). Subterranean Worlds: A Critical Anthology. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6723-9.
  17. ^ "The Wandering Earth is now the second-highest grossing movie in Chinese history". shanghaiist. 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  18. ^ a b c d "Themes : Climate Change : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia". www.sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  19. ^ "Themes : End of the World : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia". www.sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  20. ^ "Themes : Dying Earth : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia". www.sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  21. ^ a b "Themes : Ruined Earth : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia". www.sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  22. ^ Rigsby, Jared (2020-06-30). "Cowboy Bebop: What Happened to Earth?". Genre Bomb. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  23. ^ "Legend Of The Galactic Heroes: 10 Things You Never Knew About This Long-Running Anime". CBR. 2020-05-21. Retrieved 2021-08-24. This theme can also be seen in how detailed the backstory is given for why Earth is marginal in the series's current setting.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ JACKSON, PAUL (2011). Osamu, Yamazaki (ed.). "The Past Presents the Future: Toward the Terra". Mechademia. 6: 309–312. ISSN 1934-2489.
  25. ^ Muir, John Kenneth (2015-09-15). An Analytical Guide to Television's Battlestar Galactica. McFarland. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4766-0656-9.
  26. ^ Christie, Mike (1990). ""The State of the Art" by Iain M. Banks (Book Review)". Foundation. 80.
  27. ^ Lacey, Lauren J. (2014-03-08). "Heterotopian Possibilities in Science Fictions by Stephen Baxter, Terry Pratchett, Samuel Delany and Ursula K. Le Guin". In Bernardo, Susan M.; Palumbo, Donald E.; Sullivan, C. W. (eds.). Environments in Science Fiction: Essays on Alternative Spaces. McFarland. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-1-4766-1503-5.
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