Ōdachi: Difference between revisions
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+lede formatting +splitting out etymological content into its own section +moving super-specific comparison of ''nodachi'' and ''ōdachi'' to the #History section +wording tweaks in #History (samurai were hereditary aristocracy, not warriors -- warriors were bushi; see also Talk:Samurai#Disagreement_with_Japanese_sources) |
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[[File:Nodachi.jpg|thumb|A sheathed ōdachi]] |
[[File:Nodachi.jpg|thumb|A sheathed ōdachi]] |
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The {{Nihongo|'''''ōdachi'''''|大太刀|}} (large/great sword) or '''''nodachi''''' (野太刀, field sword)<ref>{{cite book |title=Classical Weaponry of Japan: Special Weapons and Tactics of the Martial Arts |first=Serge |last=Mol |publisher=Kodansha International |date=2003 |page=17 |isbn=9784770029416 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzIXkFec0e8C&q=nodachi&pg=PA17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Samurai Fighting Arts: the Spirit and the Practice |author=Fumon Tanaka |publisher=Kodansha International |date=2003 |page=12 |isbn=9784770028983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBWasQSsb-UC&q=nodachi&pg=PA12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=State of War: The Violent Order of Fourteenth-century Japan |first=Thomas |last=Conlan |publisher=Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan |date=2003 |page=260 |isbn=9781929280230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=piJ1AAAAMAAJ&q=nodachi}}</ref> is a type of traditionally made [[Japanese sword]] (日本刀, nihontō)<ref>{{cite book |title=The Development of Controversies: From the Early Modern Period to Online Discussion Forums |volume=91 |series=Linguistic Insights |author=Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2008 |isbn=9783039117116 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PtBci2GslUkC&q=nihonto+refers+to&pg=PA150}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Mythology |series=Complete Idiot's Guides |first1=Evans Lansing |last1=Smith |first2=Nathan Robert |last2=Brown |publisher=Penguin |date=2008 |isbn=9781592577644 |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-RsCs5dJRwC&q=traditionally+made+a+Japanese+sword+nihonto&pg=PA144}}</ref> used by the [[samurai]] class of feudal Japan. The Chinese equivalent of this type of sword in terms of weight and length is the ''[[miaodao]]'', and the Western battlefield equivalent (though less similar) is the ''[[Zweihänder]]'' or [[claymore]]. |
The {{Nihongo|'''''ōdachi'''''|大太刀|}} (large/great sword) or '''''nodachi''''' (野太刀, field sword)<ref>{{cite book |title=Classical Weaponry of Japan: Special Weapons and Tactics of the Martial Arts |first=Serge |last=Mol |publisher=Kodansha International |date=2003 |page=17 |isbn=9784770029416 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzIXkFec0e8C&q=nodachi&pg=PA17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Samurai Fighting Arts: the Spirit and the Practice |author=Fumon Tanaka |publisher=Kodansha International |date=2003 |page=12 |isbn=9784770028983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBWasQSsb-UC&q=nodachi&pg=PA12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=State of War: The Violent Order of Fourteenth-century Japan |first=Thomas |last=Conlan |publisher=Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan |date=2003 |page=260 |isbn=9781929280230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=piJ1AAAAMAAJ&q=nodachi}}</ref> is a type of traditionally made [[Japanese sword]] (日本刀, nihontō)<ref>{{cite book |title=The Development of Controversies: From the Early Modern Period to Online Discussion Forums |volume=91 |series=Linguistic Insights |author=Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2008 |isbn=9783039117116 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PtBci2GslUkC&q=nihonto+refers+to&pg=PA150}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Mythology |series=Complete Idiot's Guides |first1=Evans Lansing |last1=Smith |first2=Nathan Robert |last2=Brown |publisher=Penguin |date=2008 |isbn=9781592577644 |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-RsCs5dJRwC&q=traditionally+made+a+Japanese+sword+nihonto&pg=PA144}}</ref> used by the [[samurai]] class of feudal Japan. The Chinese equivalent of this type of sword in terms of weight and length is the ''[[miaodao]]'', and the Western battlefield equivalent (though less similar) is the ''[[Zweihänder]]'' or [[claymore]]. |
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⚫ | The character for ''ō'' (大) means "big" or "great". The ''dachi'' here {{nihongo||太刀}} is the |
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To qualify as an ''ōdachi'', the sword in question would have a [[blade]] length of around 3 ''[[Shaku (unit)|shaku]]'' ({{convert|90.9|cm|in}}). However, as with most terms in Japanese sword arts, there is no exact definition of the size of an ''ōdachi''. |
To qualify as an ''ōdachi'', the sword in question would have a [[blade]] length of around 3 ''[[Shaku (unit)|shaku]]'' ({{convert|90.9|cm|in}}). However, as with most terms in Japanese sword arts, there is no exact definition of the size of an ''ōdachi''. |
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== Etymology == |
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⚫ | According to the historical book ''Wakan Shuyo (和翰集要) |
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⚫ | The character for ''ō'' (大) means "big" or "great". The ''dachi'' here {{nihongo||太刀}} is simply the voiced compounding version of the term {{nihongo|''[[tachi]]''|太刀|great sword}}, the older style of sword that predates the ''[[katana]]''. The second character in ''tachi'', {{lang|ja|刀}}, is the [[Chinese written language|Chinese character]] for "[[blade]]" (see also [[Dao (Chinese sword)|''dāo'']]), and is also the same character used to spell ''katana'' (刀) and the ''tō'' in ''nihontō'' (日本刀 "Japanese sword"). |
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The word ''tachi'' itself is derived as the stem or noun form of verb {{nihongo|''tatsu''|[[:wikt:断つ|断つ]]||"to cut off"}}. The kanji spelling is an example of [[jukujikun]], applying a semantically based kanji spelling without regard to the usual phonetic values of the characters. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[File:Samurai wearing a nodachi (field sword).png|thumb|A wood block print of a samurai carrying a ''nodachi/ōdachi'' on his back]] |
[[File:Samurai wearing a nodachi (field sword).png|thumb|A wood block print of a samurai carrying a ''nodachi/ōdachi'' on his back]] |
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⚫ | ''Ōdachi'' became popular in [[Kamakura period]] (1185-1333). Until the middle of the Kamakura period, high-ranking samurai mainly fought on horseback with ''[[yumi]]'' (bows), but as group battles by foot soldiers increased from the late Kamakura period, the importance of weapons possessed by those who did not have horses and did not have sufficient training in bows increased. Until then, they mainly used ''[[naginata]]'' with a long handle, but they also started to use ''ōdachi''. The Kamakura period was the first time that samurai ruled Japan, and powerful men were valued, and those who wanted to show off the honor of being a warrior preferred to use ''ōdachi''.<ref name ="en20p39">Kazuhiko Inada (2020), ''Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords''. p39. {{ISBN|978-4651200408}}</ref><ref name="rekishi39">''歴史人'' September 2020. p.39. {{ASIN|B08DGRWN98}}</ref> |
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It is believed that ''Ōdachi'' first appeared in the 5th century or [[Heian Period]]. This has been proven by the fact that a 117.0 cm sword from the 5th century was unearthed from an old mound in Kumamoto. A 137.9 cm sword was unearthed from a mound in Tochigi and dated to the 5th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nodachi |url=https://japantrip.tripod.com/nodachi/nodachi.html |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=japantrip.tripod.com}}</ref> |
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⚫ | ''Ōdachi'' became popular in [[Kamakura period]] (1185-1333). Until the middle of the Kamakura period, high-ranking samurai mainly fought on horseback with ''[[yumi]]'' (bows), but as group battles by foot soldiers increased from the late Kamakura period, the importance of weapons possessed by those who did not have horses and did not have sufficient training |
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In the [[Nanboku-chō period]] in the 14th century, huge Japanese swords such as ''ōdachi'' were at their peak. The reason for this is thought to be that the conditions for making a practical large-sized sword were established due to the nationwide spread of strong and sharp swords of the [[Japanese sword#Classification by school|Sōshū school]]. In the case of ''ōdachi'' whose blade was 150 cm long, it was impossible to draw a sword from the [[scabbard]] on the waist, so people carried it on their back or had their servants carry it. Large naginata and [[kanabō]] were also popular in this period.<ref name="tworld1">[https://megalodon.jp/2020-0718-1607-44/https://www.touken-world.jp:443/tips/10064/ 日本刀の歴史 南北朝時代] Touken world</ref> However, infantry units gradually came to be equipped with ''[[yari]]'' (spears) in addition to ''naginata'', and because ''ōdachi'' was disadvantageous for mountain battles and surprise attacks, and only a few powerful men could use it effectively, this trend ended for a short time.<ref name="rekishi39"/> Furthermore, from the [[Sengoku period]] in the latter part of the [[Muromachi period]] to the [[Azuchi-Momoyama period]], as tactics shifted to fighting with ''yari'' and ''[[tanegashima]]'' (guns) by a large group of infantry, ''ōdachi'' became even more obsolete. As ''ōdachi'' became useless, it was often replaced with a ''tachi'' and ''katana''.<ref>[Kazuo Tokunou 日本刀図鑑 保存版] {{ISBN|978-4769401285}}</ref> |
In the [[Nanboku-chō period]] in the 14th century, huge Japanese swords such as ''ōdachi'' were at their peak. The reason for this is thought to be that the conditions for making a practical large-sized sword were established due to the nationwide spread of strong and sharp swords of the [[Japanese sword#Classification by school|Sōshū school]]. In the case of ''ōdachi'' whose blade was 150 cm long, it was impossible to draw a sword from the [[scabbard]] on the waist, so people carried it on their back or had their servants carry it. Large naginata and [[kanabō]] were also popular in this period.<ref name="tworld1">[https://megalodon.jp/2020-0718-1607-44/https://www.touken-world.jp:443/tips/10064/ 日本刀の歴史 南北朝時代] Touken world</ref> However, infantry units gradually came to be equipped with ''[[yari]]'' (spears) in addition to ''naginata'', and because ''ōdachi'' was disadvantageous for mountain battles and surprise attacks, and only a few powerful men could use it effectively, this trend ended for a short time.<ref name="rekishi39"/> Furthermore, from the [[Sengoku period]] in the latter part of the [[Muromachi period]] to the [[Azuchi-Momoyama period]], as tactics shifted to fighting with ''yari'' and ''[[tanegashima]]'' (guns) by a large group of infantry, ''ōdachi'' became even more obsolete. As ''ōdachi'' became useless, it was often replaced with a ''tachi'' and ''katana''.<ref>[Kazuo Tokunou 日本刀図鑑 保存版] {{ISBN|978-4769401285}}</ref> |
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Even so, [[Daimyo|sengoku-daimyo]] in the Sengoku period dared to equip their own troops with ''ōdachi'' in order to show off their strength and bravery. [[Uesugi Kenshin]] had men more than six ''shaku'' (approx. {{convert|182|cm|in}}) tall equipped with an ''ōdachi'' guard around his horse. The [[Asakura clan]] made a troop called ''Rikishizei (力士勢)'' equip with an ōdachi with a blade length of 5 ''shaku'' (approx. {{convert|152|cm|in}}), and fought well against the troop of [[Oda Nobunaga]] in the [[Battle of Anegawa]].<ref name ="en20p39"/> |
Even so, [[Daimyo|sengoku-daimyo]] in the Sengoku period dared to equip their own troops with ''ōdachi'' in order to show off their strength and bravery. [[Uesugi Kenshin]] had men more than six ''shaku'' (approx. {{convert|182|cm|in}}) tall equipped with an ''ōdachi'' guard around his horse. The [[Asakura clan]] made a troop called ''Rikishizei (力士勢)'' equip with an ōdachi with a blade length of 5 ''shaku'' (approx. {{convert|152|cm|in}}), and fought well against the troop of [[Oda Nobunaga]] in the [[Battle of Anegawa]].<ref name ="en20p39"/> |
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The ōdachi was used as a weapon, but because of its magnificent appearance, it was often used as an offering to [[kami]], a [[Shinto shrine]]. For example, [[Ōyamazumi Shrine]], which is said to be a treasure house of Japanese swords and armor, is dedicated to the national treasure Ōdachi, which was dedicated by [[Emperor Go-Murakami]], and ōdachi, which was dedicated by Ōmori Naoharu and killed [[Kusunoki Masashige]].<ref>[https://megalodon.jp/2020-0718-1647-45/https://www.touken-world.jp:443/religious-building/6526/ 大山祇神社(愛媛県今治市)] Touken world</ref> |
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In the peaceful [[Edo period]], ''ōdachi'' was no longer regarded as a practical weapon and came to be recognized only as an offering to the kami of Shinto shrines. |
In the peaceful [[Edo period]], ''ōdachi'' was no longer regarded as a practical weapon and came to be recognized only as an offering to the kami of Shinto shrines. |
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⚫ | According to the historical book ''Wakan Shuyo'' ({{lang|ja|和翰集要}}), the {{nihongo|''nodachi''|野太刀}} had a blade length of 3 ''shaku'' (traditional Japanese feet) and 9 ''[[Cun (unit)|sun]]'' (traditional Japanese inches; totaling approx. {{convert|148|cm|in}}) and ''ōdachi'' had a blade length of 3 ''shaku'' 3 ''sun'' (approx. {{convert|125|cm|in}}), but in fact, they were not strictly distinguished between ''nodachi'' and ''ōdachi'', and it is thought that the term ''ōdachi'' indicated a long ''tachi'', and the term ''nodachi'' indicated an ''ōdachi'' used in field battles<ref name ="en20p39"/> (in keeping with the name, since the initial {{nihongo|''no''|野}} literally means "field"). |
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==Production== |
==Production== |
Revision as of 17:54, 15 June 2022
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2010) |
Ōdachi (大太刀) | |
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![]() A ōdachi forged by Sadaie, 14th century, Nanboku-chō period, Important Sword. | |
Type | Sword |
Place of origin | Japan |
Service history | |
Used by | Samurai, Kendo, Iaido practitioners |
Production history | |
Produced | Heian period until present. |
Specifications | |
Mass | 2.2 kg (4.9 lbs) to 14.5 kg[1] |
Blade length | approx. 90.9 cm (3 shaku) up to 377 cm (12.4 shaku)[1] |
Blade type | Curved, single-edged[1] |
Hilt type | Two-handed swept, with circular or squared guard. Material: wood, metal, ivory, fish skin, silk |
Scabbard/sheath | Lacquered wood |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Odachi-Masayoshi-at-Yahiko-Shrine.png/330px-Odachi-Masayoshi-at-Yahiko-Shrine.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nodachi.jpg/220px-Nodachi.jpg)
The ōdachi (大太刀) (large/great sword) or nodachi (野太刀, field sword)[2][3][4] is a type of traditionally made Japanese sword (日本刀, nihontō)[5][6] used by the samurai class of feudal Japan. The Chinese equivalent of this type of sword in terms of weight and length is the miaodao, and the Western battlefield equivalent (though less similar) is the Zweihänder or claymore.
To qualify as an ōdachi, the sword in question would have a blade length of around 3 shaku (90.9 centimetres (35.8 in)). However, as with most terms in Japanese sword arts, there is no exact definition of the size of an ōdachi.
Etymology
The character for ō (大) means "big" or "great". The dachi here (太刀) is simply the voiced compounding version of the term tachi (太刀, great sword), the older style of sword that predates the katana. The second character in tachi, 刀, is the Chinese character for "blade" (see also dāo), and is also the same character used to spell katana (刀) and the tō in nihontō (日本刀 "Japanese sword").
The word tachi itself is derived as the stem or noun form of verb tatsu (断つ, "to cut off"). The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun, applying a semantically based kanji spelling without regard to the usual phonetic values of the characters.
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Samurai_wearing_a_nodachi_%28field_sword%29.png/220px-Samurai_wearing_a_nodachi_%28field_sword%29.png)
Ōdachi became popular in Kamakura period (1185-1333). Until the middle of the Kamakura period, high-ranking samurai mainly fought on horseback with yumi (bows), but as group battles by foot soldiers increased from the late Kamakura period, the importance of weapons possessed by those who did not have horses and did not have sufficient training in bows increased. Until then, they mainly used naginata with a long handle, but they also started to use ōdachi. The Kamakura period was the first time that samurai ruled Japan, and powerful men were valued, and those who wanted to show off the honor of being a warrior preferred to use ōdachi.[7][8]
In the Nanboku-chō period in the 14th century, huge Japanese swords such as ōdachi were at their peak. The reason for this is thought to be that the conditions for making a practical large-sized sword were established due to the nationwide spread of strong and sharp swords of the Sōshū school. In the case of ōdachi whose blade was 150 cm long, it was impossible to draw a sword from the scabbard on the waist, so people carried it on their back or had their servants carry it. Large naginata and kanabō were also popular in this period.[9] However, infantry units gradually came to be equipped with yari (spears) in addition to naginata, and because ōdachi was disadvantageous for mountain battles and surprise attacks, and only a few powerful men could use it effectively, this trend ended for a short time.[8] Furthermore, from the Sengoku period in the latter part of the Muromachi period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period, as tactics shifted to fighting with yari and tanegashima (guns) by a large group of infantry, ōdachi became even more obsolete. As ōdachi became useless, it was often replaced with a tachi and katana.[10]
Even so, sengoku-daimyo in the Sengoku period dared to equip their own troops with ōdachi in order to show off their strength and bravery. Uesugi Kenshin had men more than six shaku (approx. 182 centimetres (72 in)) tall equipped with an ōdachi guard around his horse. The Asakura clan made a troop called Rikishizei (力士勢) equip with an ōdachi with a blade length of 5 shaku (approx. 152 centimetres (60 in)), and fought well against the troop of Oda Nobunaga in the Battle of Anegawa.[7]
The ōdachi was used as a weapon, but because of its magnificent appearance, it was often used as an offering to kami, a Shinto shrine. For example, Ōyamazumi Shrine, which is said to be a treasure house of Japanese swords and armor, is dedicated to the national treasure Ōdachi, which was dedicated by Emperor Go-Murakami, and ōdachi, which was dedicated by Ōmori Naoharu and killed Kusunoki Masashige.[11]
In the peaceful Edo period, ōdachi was no longer regarded as a practical weapon and came to be recognized only as an offering to the kami of Shinto shrines.
According to the historical book Wakan Shuyo (和翰集要), the nodachi (野太刀) had a blade length of 3 shaku (traditional Japanese feet) and 9 sun (traditional Japanese inches; totaling approx. 148 centimetres (58 in)) and ōdachi had a blade length of 3 shaku 3 sun (approx. 125 centimetres (49 in)), but in fact, they were not strictly distinguished between nodachi and ōdachi, and it is thought that the term ōdachi indicated a long tachi, and the term nodachi indicated an ōdachi used in field battles[7] (in keeping with the name, since the initial no (野) literally means "field").
Production
Ōdachi are difficult to produce because their length makes traditional heat treatment more complicated: The longer a blade is, the more difficult (and expensive) it is to heat the whole blade to a homogeneous temperature, both for annealing and to reach the hardening temperature. The quenching process then needs a bigger quenching medium because uneven quenching might lead to warping the blade.
The method of polishing is also different. Because of their size, ōdachi are usually hung from the ceiling or placed in a stationary position to be polished, unlike normal swords which are moved over polishing stones.
Method of use
As battlefield weapons, ōdachi were too long for samurai to carry on their waists like normal swords. There were two main methods in which they could be carried. One was to carry it on one's back; however, this was seen as impractical as it was impossible for the wielder to draw it quickly. The other method was simply to carry the sheathed ōdachi by hand. The trend during the Muromachi era was for the samurai carrying the ōdachi to have a follower to help draw it.[9]
An exception does exist, though. The Kōden Enshin-ryū taught by Fumon Tanaka use a special drawing technique for "short" ōdachi allowing it to be carried on the waist. The technique is to pull out the sheath rather than drawing the blade. While this move is also used in other schools, for example, Yagyū Shinkage-ryū, Shin musō Hayashizaki-ryū and Iaidō, only Enshin-ryū seems to have used it to improve the drawing speed of an ōdachi, the other schools having used it with classical katana. The Kage-ryū style is also used to draw from the belt, using blades of approximately 2.8 shaku.
Ōdachi swordplay styles differed from that of other Japanese swords, focusing on downward cuts.
One possible use of ōdachi is as large anti-cavalry weapons, to strike down the horse as it approaches. Alternatively, it could be used as a cavalry-on-cavalry weapon comparable to the Chinese zhanmadao, with the long reach, increased weight and slashing area of the blade offering some advantages over spears, lances and smaller swords.
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A samurai handles an Ōdachi on a horse at the Battle of Anegawa (1570).
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Edo period ukiyo-e shows an ōdachi worn on the back of a samurai.
Ōdachi Norimitsu
The longest known ōdachi is the Odachi Norimitsu with a total length of 377 centimetres (148 in).[1] It was forged by the Japanese master bladesmith Norimitsu Osafune in the former Bishū province in August 1446.[1] It is kept in the Yahiko jinja (弥彦神社) in the village of Yahiko, Nishikanbara District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.[1] A special attribute is that this blade was forged from one piece, similarly to the conventional Japanese katana;[1] it was not forged from multiple pieces or sections.[1] This required the skill of a master bladesmith.[1] The blade, hada and hamon are authentic.[1] This odachi has a bo-hi (fuller or "blood groove").[1] Norimitsu was a famous line of swordsmiths that began in the Oei Bizen school (1394) and continued until the end of Bizen.[1] Around 2000, it was polished and named "Kibitsu maru" by the priest of Kibitsu Shrine in Okayama Prefecture.[1]
Specifications
These are the specifications of the Ōdachi Norimitsu.[1]
- Total length: 377 centimetres (148 in)
- Nagasa (cutting edge): 226.7 centimetres (89.3 in)
- Sori (curvature): 5 centimetres (2.0 in)
- Nakago (tang): 151 centimetres (59 in)
- Blade thickness (maximum): 2.34 centimetres (0.92 in)
- Habaki (collar to hold blade in scabbard): 5.85 centimetres (2.30 in)
- Weight: 14.5 kilograms (32 lb)
- Mei (blade signature, 銘): Bishu Osafune Norimitsu (備州)
- Location: Kibitsu Shrine, Okayama.
- Production date: August 1446 (Muromachi period)
- Sugata (blade shape): Shinogi-zukuri, maru-mune, bo-hi with maru-dome
- Hada (grain pattern, 肌): Itame
- Hamon (temper pattern): Ko-gunome, choji with tobiyaki and kinsuji.
See also
Literature
- Nick Evangelista: The encyclopedia of the sword. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995, Page 419, ISBN 978-0-313-27896-9.
- Stephen Turnbull: The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War. Publisher: Tuttle Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-4-8053-0956-8.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Ôdachi Gallery - Norimitsu Ôdachi". Japan Trip. July 6, 2003. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021.
- ^ Mol, Serge (2003). Classical Weaponry of Japan: Special Weapons and Tactics of the Martial Arts. Kodansha International. p. 17. ISBN 9784770029416.
- ^ Fumon Tanaka (2003). Samurai Fighting Arts: the Spirit and the Practice. Kodansha International. p. 12. ISBN 9784770028983.
- ^ Conlan, Thomas (2003). State of War: The Violent Order of Fourteenth-century Japan. Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan. p. 260. ISBN 9781929280230.
- ^ Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani (2008). The Development of Controversies: From the Early Modern Period to Online Discussion Forums. Linguistic Insights. Vol. 91. Peter Lang. p. 150. ISBN 9783039117116.
- ^ Smith, Evans Lansing; Brown, Nathan Robert (2008). The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Mythology. Complete Idiot's Guides. Penguin. p. 144. ISBN 9781592577644.
- ^ a b c Kazuhiko Inada (2020), Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords. p39. ISBN 978-4651200408
- ^ a b 歴史人 September 2020. p.39. ASIN B08DGRWN98
- ^ a b 日本刀の歴史 南北朝時代 Touken world
- ^ [Kazuo Tokunou 日本刀図鑑 保存版] ISBN 978-4769401285
- ^ 大山祇神社(愛媛県今治市) Touken world
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)