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Some of the above lineages are also found among [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] speaking [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] and [[Austro-asiatic languages|Austro-asiatic]] speaking [[Asur people|Asur]], [[Munda people|Munda]] and [[Santal people|Santal]]. This may be due to admixture of various social groups till 1600 years ago. According to a genetic study by scientists at the National Institute of BioMedical Genomics in West Bengal in 2016, various social groups of the Indian subcontinent were admixing till 1600 years ago. Then endogamy started during the [[Gupta Period]] and admixing stopped.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-new-genetic-study-throwing-light-origins-indian-caste-system-38232|title=How a new genetic study is throwing light on the origins of Indian caste system|publisher=thenewsminute|date=28 January 2016|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> Also, according to some scholars, the Nagvanshi dynasty of Chotanagpur started in the 4th century, around 1600 years ago.<ref name="JHARKHAND SAMAGRA">{{cite book|author=Birendra, Bimal Kishore Mishr|title=JHARKHAND SAMAGRA (Prabhat Prakashan)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2020|isbn=9789390101160|pages=12-17}}</ref>
Some of the above lineages are also found among [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] speaking [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] and [[Austro-asiatic languages|Austro-asiatic]] speaking [[Asur people|Asur]], [[Munda people|Munda]] and [[Santal people|Santal]]. This may be due to admixture of various social groups till 1600 years ago. According to a genetic study by scientists at the National Institute of BioMedical Genomics in West Bengal in 2016, various social groups of the Indian subcontinent were admixing till 1600 years ago. Then endogamy started during the [[Gupta Period]] and admixing stopped.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-new-genetic-study-throwing-light-origins-indian-caste-system-38232|title=How a new genetic study is throwing light on the origins of Indian caste system|publisher=thenewsminute|date=28 January 2016|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> Also, according to some scholars, the Nagvanshi dynasty of Chotanagpur started in the 4th century, around 1600 years ago.<ref name="JHARKHAND SAMAGRA">{{cite book|author=Birendra, Bimal Kishore Mishr|title=JHARKHAND SAMAGRA (Prabhat Prakashan)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2020|isbn=9789390101160|pages=12-17}}</ref>

The another word used for lineages is ''Gotra'' which was originally a word initially used by Brahmin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/features/what-are-gotras-all-about-how-rahul-gandhi-gets-dattatreya-gotra/155940/|title=What are ‘gotras’ all about & how Rahul Gandhi gets ‘Dattatreya gotra’|publisher=theprint|date=28 November 2018|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> Later adopted by other caste due to [[Sanskritisation]]. The Nagvanshi adopted [[Kashyapa]] gotra due to Sanskritisation.


== Culture ==
== Culture ==

Revision as of 02:41, 10 November 2022

Not to be confused with people from Nagpur, a city in Maharashtra.

Sadan/Nagpuria/Nagpuri
Total population
c. 4 million[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
Chota Nagpur Plateau
(Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha), West Bengal, Assam
Languages
Nagpuri
Hindi (Additional)
Religion
Predominantly:

Minorities:
Related ethnic groups


*The population figures is less than approximate number of speakers of the Nagpuri or Sadri language as many other Dravidian and Austro-asiatic tribal ethnic groups also adopted the language as their first language. The figure may not include ethnic Sadan who speaks other languages as their first language.

Nagpuria people or Sadan, are an Indo-Aryan speaking ethnolinguistic group who are the traditional speaker of Nagpuri language and native of western Chota Nagpur Plateau region of Indian state Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Odisha.[3][4][5]

Names

The native speakers of the Sadani/Nagpuri language are known as Sadan. In the Nagpuri language, Sadan means settled people or those people who live in houses. In Nagpuri, the house pigeon is called Sad perwa and the forest pigeon is called Ban perwa. Similarly, Sadan people are the people who live in houses as opposed to living in the forest.[6] The word Sadan was used on the estate of Nagvanshi, king of Chotanagpur.[7] During the British Period, Colonel Edward Tuite Dalton referred to Sadan as Sudh or Sad or Sudhan in his work Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal in 1872. The Sudh and Sudhan included all castes such as Brahmin, Rajput, Gowala, Kurmi, Kahar, Kyastha etc. Sudh means Pure. According to him, the Hindus used these words, which means pure, to distinguish them from aborigines/tribes who were called Kol.[8][9] The Sudh or Sudhan may have been initially a religious identity of Hindus in Chotanagpur as the concept of purity (Suddhata) and impurity (Aśuddhatā) is in Hinduism.[10] During British Period, all hindus were referred to as Sudh or Sudhan in Chotanagpur.[11] The concept of Sadan emerged during the reign of Nagvanshis and the language of the region got the name of Nagpuri.[12][13]

The speakers of the Khortha, Panchpargania and Kurmali languages are also known as Sadan. According to Peter Shanti Naurangi (1956), the word Sadan probably derives from Nishada, referring to an ethnic group of North India.[3] According to Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari, the original form of these languages must have developed in different Nagjati.[14]

In literary tradition, the language is known as Nagpuri.[15] The speaker of Nagpuri language are locally known as Nagpuria or Nagpuria samaj.[4][5][16] They are also known as Nagpuri or Napuri samaj.[17][18][19] The Nagpuri community is a heterogeneous cultural group with an amalgamation of various castes with diverse occupations, origins, history, customs and values who share common language, music tradition, oral and written literature.[20]

History

It is assumed that the Sadan people first brought the Indo-Aryan languages to the Chotanagpur plateau.[15] There is not any fixed date of arrival of Sadan in Chota Nagpur. Probably Sadan arrived in Chota Nagpur sometime after Aryan came to South Asia. According to the Anthropologist, Sadans are of Aryan origin, except for language, their culture, such as festivals and cuisine, are similar to tribal people due to residing with the tribals.[21] According to scholar, small numbers of Austro-Asiatic language speaker adopted Indo-Aryan languages and culture.[20]

Proto historic era

Stone tools, microliths were discovered from the Chota Nagpur plateau region which are from the Mesolithic period. Flake tools, arrowheads, celts have been found which are from the Neolithic period.[22] During the 2nd millennium BC, the use of Cooper tools had spread in the Chotanagpur plateau region and these find-complexes known as Copper Hoard culture associated with Ochre Coloured Pottery culture.[23] According to many historians Copper hoard people were early Indo-Aryan speaker, who came to South Asia earlier than Vedic Aryan and spread farther to East.[24][25]

Cooper hoard objects have been discovered in Chotanagpur region which are from 2nd millennium BCE during Indus Valley civilisation, Late Phase (1900-1300 BCE)

Various copper artifacts were discovered in Chotanagpur, such as copper ornaments, celts, axes, axe ingots, vessels, toys, anklets, bracelets, chains, magical figures of man and woman which are from the transition period from the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic period. Also, bronze artifacts such as cups, ear rings, anklets and bracelets were discovered. These things are discovered in Ranchi, such as in Namkum, Bero and Palamu districts. A copper axe from Basia in Gumla district was discovered in 1915.[26][27] The use of iron tools, pottery spread in the region during 1400 to 800 BCE according to carbon dating of iron slag, sickle and wheel made pottery which was found in Barudih of Singhbhum district.[28] The Iron celt was dated to 1200 BCE.[29]

During the Vedic period, several janapadas emerged in northern India. Parts of western India were dominated by tribes who had a slightly different culture, considered non-Vedic by the mainstream Vedic culture prevailing in the Kuru and Panchala kingdoms. Similarly, there were some tribes in the eastern regions of India considered to be in this category. There were many kingdoms existing in the north, such as Madra, Salva, and in the east, such as Kikata, Nishadas, who did not follow the Vedic religion. Around c. 1200–1000 BCE, the Vedic Aryans spread eastward to the fertile western Ganges Plain and adopted iron tools which allowed for clearing of forest and the adoption of a more settled, agricultural way of life. [30][31][32] During this time, the central Ganges Plain dominated by a related but non-vedic Indo-Aryan culture.

During the age of Mahabharata, Krishna, Bhima and Arjuna came to fight with Jarasandha in Rajgir. They mentioned five hills of Rajgir. They mentioned Sasthika and Maninaga inhabiting millions of hills. It may be inferred, due to mention of the Naga Maninaga and Sasthika that during the age of Mahabharata, the region was known as the land of Nagas.[26]

Ancient period

In ancient period, there was rise of cities and large states called mahajanapadas. This period witnessed the śramaṇa movements including Jainism and Buddhism.[33]

Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE)

According to Bronkhorst, the sramana culture arose in greater Magadha, which was Indo-European, but not Vedic. In this culture, Kshatriyas were placed higher than Brahmins, and it rejected Vedic authority and rituals.[34][35] These Sramana religions did not worship the Vedic deities, practiced some form of asceticism and meditation (jhana) and tended to construct round burial mounds (called stupas in Buddhism).[36]

During 4th Century BCE region was ruled by Nanda Empire. In Mauryan period, this region ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the Maurya empire during Ashoka's reign (c. 232 BCE). The ancient sites of Saridkel in present Khunti district exhibited burnt bricks houses, copper hooks, rods, Kushan copper coins, gold earrings, iron arrow heads, ploughshares, ruin of stone Shiva temple etc. The gold coin was of Huvishka.[37] This suggest Kushan influence in the region.[27] The Brahmi inscription also found in Saridkel which is from 3rd century BCE.[38] Excavation at sites Kunjala exhibited redware pottery with coarse fabrics.[39] Excavation at Urn burial site of Khuntitola exhibited redware pottery with coarse fabrics, copper and iron tools.[40] Samudragupta, while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region, directed the attack against the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala in the Mahanadi valley.[41]

Medieval period

During medieval period Nagvanshi and Ramgarh Raj were ruling in the region. Nagvanshi king Gajghat Rai built Mahamaya temple in Vikram samvat 965 (908 CE) in Hapamuni village in Gumla district.[42] During the 12th century, Nagvanshi king Bhim Karn shifted his capital to Khukhragarh after defeating Raksel of Surguja when they invaded the region. Then Bhim Karn captured territory as far as Surguja and Palamu.

The Brahmanda Purana (c.400 CE - c.1000 CE) gives descriptions of five dwips i.e. land. It includes the Sankha dwip where Sankh river flows from the hill near the kingdom of the Naga King (Nagvanshi), where precious stones are found.[26]

Modern period

In 1585, during the reign of Nagvanshi king Madhu Karn, the Mughal invaded Khukhragarh, then Nagvanshi rulers became vassal of Mughals. Durjan Sal built Navratangarh after release of Mughal captivity. His successor Ram Shah built Kapilnath Temple in 1643. Raghunath Shah built several temples during his reign. He is first known poet of Nagpuri language.[43]

Navratangarh fort

King of Barkagarh Thakur Ani Nath Shahdeo built Jagannath temple of Ranchi in 1691.[44] Nagvanshi were independent during weak Mughal rule. Maninath Shah (1748-1762) consolidated his authority in Chotanagpur by conquering neighbouring small kingdoms of Bundu, Silli, Barwe, Rahe, Tamar.[45]

After the Battle of Buxar, the East India Company got rights to collect taxes from Bihar and Bengal territory. Due to conflict with tribes of Singhbhum and Ramgarh Raj, Dripnath Shah became tributaries to East India company. Due to tax imposition by British East India Company various rebellion occurred. During reign of Govind Nath Shah, the rebellion occurred in Nawagarh led by Jagirdar Baidhnath Shah. Later, Bakhtar Say and Mundal Singh, two landowners from Gumla joined the rebelion and fought against the British East India company in 1812 against tax imposition on farmers. British hanged them in Kolkata.[46] Between 1831 and 1833, during reign of Jagannath Shah Deo, the Kol uprising occurred due to disposition of some Mankis in Sonepur Pargana and tribal Munda and Ho insurgent resorted in plundering and burning of houses of Sikh and Thikedars as well as villages of Sadans. This insurgency was suppressed by Thomas Wilkinson.[47]

In 1854, South West Frontier under East India company renamed as Chota Nagpur Division. In 1857 rebellion, Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo and Pandey Ganpat Rai led rebels against British East India Company.[48] Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikhari, Nadir Ali, Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in Indian Rebellion of 1857.[49] After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, United Kingdom directly ruled the territory ruled by the British East India Company.[50] In 1912, Chota Nagpur Division became part of Bihar and Orissa Province. In 1936, Orissa Province separated from the Bihar and Orissa Province on linguistic basis and the remaining area became Bihar Province.[51]

Post Independence

In 1947, India became independent from British rule. The Bihar Province became Bihar state. There was a demand by the Christian tribals to create a separate state since separation of Orissa Province. In early period of demand, the discussion against Dikku (non-tribals) was a common theme of meetings. The discrimination against non-tribals in the name of tribal unity led to distrust between tribals and Sadans. Most writers of movements put too much emphasis on tribal aspects of Jharkhand, which led to the tribal-Sadan divide.[52] Jharkhand Party, led by Jaipal Singh Munda submitted a memoir to the State reorganization commission in 1955 to form a separate state for tribes in south Bihar but it got rejected due to lack of the common language in the region, tribes being in the minority, hindi was the predominant language of the region and adverse effect on economy of Bihar.[52][53] Later, in the demand for a separate Jharkhand state, regional languages and culture were given emphasis. Later, Sadan politicans, lawyers, writers as well as other non-tribals were also involved in creating a separate state, such as Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Binod Bihari Mahato, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari, Bhuneshwar Anuj, Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo . The Jharkhand coordination committee (JCC), consisting of Ram Dayal Munda, B. P. Keshri, Binod Bihari Mahato, Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra formed and sent a memoir to form the separate Jharkhand state to the central government in 1989. The Centre government recommend forming Jharkhand Autonomous Council in 1989.[54] In 1988, the BJP also wanted to create Vanachal state in the region and promised to create a separate state in the election of 1998. Then after winning the election in the region it decided to form new state.[55]

In November 2000, the new states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand separated from Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, respectively. According to President of Sadan organization, Mulvasi Sadan Morcha Rajendra Prasad, Sadan people have no reservations so they are marginalized in their own state and government of Jharkhand has decepted Sadan.[56]

Communities

Various Sadan communities or Jati in Chota Nagpur Plateau traditionally speak the Nagpuri language, including the Ahir, Bhuiya, Binjhia, Bhogta, Brahmin, Chik Baraik, Ghasi, Jhora/Kewat, Kudmi/Kurmi, Kumhar, Lohra/Lohar, Mahli, Nagvanshi, Rautia, Sonar, Teli and Turi among others.[57][58]

All communities in Chotanagpur are known as Jati, whether caste or tribe.[20] The words, caste and tribe were started to use during British rule. The British enlisted Caste and tribe and enacted laws related to tribe and caste such as law of inheritance and land transfer.[59][60] While some Sadan communities were listed as caste, some were as tribe. Still, while some Sadan communities are on the list of Other Backward Class and Scheduled Caste, some service caste such as Chik Baraik (Weaver), Lohra (Blacksmith) and Mahli (Bamboo workers) are listed as a Scheduled Tribe.[61][62] This is due to the fact that in 1936, during the British Period, many communities were included in Scheduled Caste and Backward tribe list. During British Period those who were dipressed class were included in the list of Scheduled Caste and those who were following tribal religion or not following Brahminism were included in Backward tribes for political representation.[63] Thus, in 1936, many Sadan communities such as Bhogta, Bhuiya, Chik Baraik, Ghasi, Lohar, Mahli, Turi were included in the backward tribe list in Chotanagpur of Bihar Province. While in Patna, Palamu, Hazaribagh division, Bengal, some were included in Scheduled Caste. Later, some were delisted from the tribe list while some remained on the Scheduled Tribe list.[64][63] Although Some Sadan are in the list of Scheduled Tribe but they are traditionally a service caste.[61]

According to scholars, Chik Baraik are considered the earliest Sadan settlers.[65] The Brahmins, who are also considered Sadan, migrated into the Greater Magadha region after the later Vedic Period, according to Scholar.[36][58] The Sakaldwipiya Brahmin have been staying in the region for a long time. According to legend, they were priest of Nagvanshis.[66]

Lineages

There are several lineages among Nagpuri speaking social groups that are known as Vansh. Marriage occurs between different Vansh and is forbidden within the same Vansh. Some common Vansh among different nagpuri speaking social groups such as Chik Baraik, Ghasi, Kharwar, Lohra, Mahli, Rautia, Turi are Baghel (tiger), Besra (sparrow hawk), Dhan (rice), Induar (eel), Kachhua (turtle), Kansi (Kans grass), Loharbans (iron worker), Nag (Cobra) and Sonwani (gold water).[67][68][69][70][71]

Some of the above lineages are also found among Dravidian speaking Kurukh and Austro-asiatic speaking Asur, Munda and Santal. This may be due to admixture of various social groups till 1600 years ago. According to a genetic study by scientists at the National Institute of BioMedical Genomics in West Bengal in 2016, various social groups of the Indian subcontinent were admixing till 1600 years ago. Then endogamy started during the Gupta Period and admixing stopped.[72] Also, according to some scholars, the Nagvanshi dynasty of Chotanagpur started in the 4th century, around 1600 years ago.[73]

The another word used for lineages is Gotra which was originally a word initially used by Brahmin.[74] Later adopted by other caste due to Sanskritisation. The Nagvanshi adopted Kashyapa gotra due to Sanskritisation.

Culture

Main article: Nagpuri culture

Nagpuri culture includes literature, festivals, folk song and dance.[75][76]

Language and literature

Main articles: Nagpuri language and Nagpuri literature

Sadan people traditionally speak Nagpuri language also known as Sadani or Sadri.[3] It is officially known as Nagpuri language in Jharkhand.[4] The Nagpuri language is primarily spoken in the western and central Chota Nagpur plateau region. Nagpuri belongs to the Bihari group of Indo-Aryan languages.[77] According to Yogendra Nath Tiwari, it evolved from Jharkhand Prakrit.[13][78] The evidence of writing in Nagpuri is found from the 17th century.[79] The Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah and the King of Ramgarh, Dalel Singh, were poets.[80] Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, Ghasi Ram Mahli and Das Mahli were prominent poets.[81] Some prominent writers of the modern period are Praful Kumar Rai, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari, Sahani Upendra Pal Singh, Bhuneshwar Anuj, Girdhari Ram Gonjhu and Shakuntala Mishra.[82]

Folk music and dance

Some Nagpuri folk dances are jhumair, mardani jhumar, janani jhumar, domkach, angnai, fagua, jadur, matha, natua and paiki etc.[76][83][84][78] Paiki is a martial folk dance performed at weddings and functions.[85] The musical instruments used in folk music and dance include dhol, mandar, bansi, nagara, dhak, shehnai and khartal.[83][86][87]

Theth Nagpuri is a genre of typical Nagpuri music which is based on traditional ragas of folk songs such as Jhumar, Pawas, Udasi and Fagua.[88] It is connected to Nagpuri tradition.[89]

Cuisine

Main article: Jharkhandi cuisine

The staple food of the people of the region is rice. Some traditional dishes in the region are Chhilka Roti, Arsa roti, Malpua, Dhooska, Til laddu, Dudhauri etc.[90][91][92] Some traditional leafy vegetables or Saag are Khesari, Kohnda, Koinar, Methi, Munga, Poi, Putkal and Sarla saag.[93] Khukdi, Putu and Rugda are edible mushroom in Jharkhand.[94]

Chilka Roti, traditional bread of Chotanagpur

Clothes

Traditional clothes of Sadan are Dhoti, Sari, Kurta and Chadar. But in modern times, shirts, pants, coats are also used.[58] The traditional Lal paad clothes have ritual value in marriage ceremonies.[95] People wear them at traditional festivals and functions.[65]

Festivals

Some traditional festival of Sadan are Ashadhi Puja, Karam, Teej, Jitiya, Nawakhani, Sohrai/Diwali, Surjahi Puja, Makar Sankranti, Fagua, Bad Pahari and Sarhul. Majority of traditional festival are based on agricultural activities and seasonal celebration.[58][96] Some festivals which were later adopted are Navratri and Chhath. Navratri festival was adopted by Nagvanshis in the 18th century.[97] Chhath is also not a traditional festival of Sadan but adopted later by some.[98][99]

Religion

The deities reverence in Nagpuri tradition are Suraj (Sun), Chand (Moon), Bad Pahari (hill deity), Gaurea (pastoral deity) and Gaon khut (founder of village/village deity) etc. The head of family worship these deities at home during festivals such as during Ashadhi, Nawakhani, Sohrai, Surjahi Puja and Holi/Fagun by fasting and offering sacrifices. Sun and ancestors are venerated in most festivals.[100][101] At the village festival such as Karam, Sarhul, the rituals are performed by the village priest "Pahan" and his assistant "Pujar".[85][102] The offering to Sun, village deity and ancestors by village priest Pahan takes place for good harvest and the safety of the village in Sarna, the sacred grove.[85] The Nagpuri religious tradition is based on local folk tradition and is a non-vedic tradition. It is a pre-vedic tradition extending back to prehistoric times, or before the writing of the Vedas.[103][104] The influence of Brahminism/Vedic religion reached in the region during the reign of Nagvanshi and Nagvanshi kings constructed several temples during their reign and invited Brahmin from different parts of the country for priestly duty.[105][106] But rituals in home and village carried out by head of family and village priest Pahan respectively.[102]

In 1989, the Jharkhand Co-ordination committee (JCC), who was instrumental in the demand for a separate Jharkhand state in front of the central government, also stated in their paper that Sadan may be the earliest Aryan population and could be the subcategoriable as Naga people as they differ from dominant Aryan group and did't strictly follow Brahmanical religion.[107]

Marriage tradition

Some rituals in nagpuri weddings are Damgani (giving bride price), panbandhi, matikoran (worship of gramadevata), madwa and dalhardi, nahchhur, amba biha, panikotan, baraat, pairghani, sindoor dan, harin marek (hunting deer), chuman (giving gifts), etc. There are different songs for different marriage rituals. Domkach folk dance performed during marriage. The wedding is conducted by Thakur/Nai (barber) and the village priest called Pahan in Matikoran.[108]

Traditional administrative System

In Chotoanagpur, there was a traditional administrative system for governing villages known as Parha. In Parha system, there were the posts of Mahto (village chief), Pahan (village priest), Pujar (assistant of Pahan) or Pani Bharwa (water carrier) Bhandari (treasurer), Chowkidar (watchman), Diwan (minister) and Raja (king: head of many villages). During the reign of Nagvanshi, the owners of land were known as Bhuinhar. Bhuinhar refers to the first people who cleared forest, built farmland and houses in a village. Sadans were in the posts of Diwan, Thakur, Pandey, Karta (executive), Lal, Mahato, Pahan and Raja.[58]

Notable people

References

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