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{{Short description|Language spoken in Colombia}} |
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{{distinguish|Nipode language}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Muinane |
|name=Muinane |
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|nativename=''Muìnánɨ'' |
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|states=[[Colombia]] |
|states=[[Colombia]] |
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|region=[[Puerto Santander, Amazonas]]; between [[Caquetá River]] and [[Yari River]] in [[Caquetá Department]] |
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|ethnicity={{sigfig|2,110|2}} (2018)<ref name=e25/> |
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|speakers=150 |
|speakers=150 |
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|date=2007 |
|date=2007 |
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|ref= |
|ref=e25 |
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|familycolor=American |
|familycolor=American |
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|fam1=[[Bora–Witoto languages|Bora–Witoto]] |
|fam1=?[[Bora–Witoto languages|Bora–Witoto]] |
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|fam2=[[Boran languages|Boran]] |
|fam2=[[Boran languages|Boran]] |
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|iso3=bmr |
|iso3=bmr |
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|glotto=muin1242 |
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|glottorefname=Muinane |
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|notice=IPA |
|notice=IPA |
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|map=Lingua muinane.png |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Muinane''' is an indigenous American language spoken in |
'''Muinane''' is an indigenous American language spoken in Colombia. |
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==Classification== |
==Classification== |
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Muinane belongs to the [[ |
Muinane belongs to the [[Boran languages|Boran]] language family, along with [[Bora language|Bora]]. |
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==Geographic distribution== |
==Geographic distribution== |
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Muinane is spoken by 150 people in Colombia along the Upper Cahuinarí river in the [[Department of Amazonas]]. There may be some speakers in Peru. |
Muinane is spoken by 150 people in Colombia along the Upper Cahuinarí river in the [[Amazonas (Colombian department)|Department of Amazonas]]. There may be some speakers in Peru. |
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==Phonology== |
==Phonology== |
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===Consonants=== |
===Consonants=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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|+ |
|+ Muinane consonant phonemes |
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! |
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| |
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! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] |
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] |
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! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
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|- |
|- |
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![[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |
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|{{IPA|m}} |
| {{IPA link|m}} |
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|{{IPA|n}} |
| {{IPA link|n}} |
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|{{IPA|ɲ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɲ}} |
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| |
| |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
! [[Plosive]] |
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|{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}} |
| {{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}} |
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|{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}} |
| {{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}} |
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|{{IPA|tʲ}} {{IPA|dʲ}} |
| {{IPA link|tʲ}} {{IPA link|dʲ}} |
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|{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}} |
| {{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|ɡ}} |
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|{{IPA|ʔ}} |
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
! [[Affricate]] |
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| |
| |
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| |
| |
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|{{IPA|tʃ}} {{IPA|dʒ}} |
| {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{IPA link|dʒ}} |
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| |
| |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
! [[Fricative]] |
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|{{IPA|ɸ}} {{IPA|β}} |
| {{IPA link|ɸ}} {{IPA link|β}} |
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|{{IPA|s}} |
| {{IPA link|s}} |
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|{{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|j}} |
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{IPA link|j}} |
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|{{IPA|x}} |
| {{IPA link|x}} |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]] |
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| |
| |
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|{{IPA|r}} |
| {{IPA link|r}} |
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|{{IPA|rʲ}} |
| {{IPA link|rʲ}} |
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| |
| |
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| |
| |
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|} |
|} |
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*Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their [[gemination|geminate]] counterparts: {{IPA|tː}} {{IPA|tʃː}} {{IPA|tʲː}} {{IPA|kː}}. |
* Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their [[gemination|geminate]] counterparts: {{IPA|tː}} {{IPA|tʃː}} {{IPA|tʲː}} {{IPA|kː}}. |
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===Vowels=== |
===Vowels=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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|+ |
|+ Muinane vowel phonemes |
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! |
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|- |
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! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
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!| |
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! |
! [[Central vowel|Central]] |
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! |
! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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! colspan="1" | [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
! [[High vowel|High]] |
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|{{IPA|i}} |
| {{IPA link|i}} |
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|{{IPA|ɨ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɨ}} |
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|{{IPA|u}} |
| {{IPA link|u}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
! [[Low vowel|Low]] |
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|{{IPA| |
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} |
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|{{IPA|a}} |
| {{IPA link|a}} |
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|{{IPA|o}} |
| {{IPA link|o}} |
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|} |
|} |
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===Tone=== |
===Tone=== |
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There are two tones in Muinane: high and low. |
There are two [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]] in Muinane: high and low. |
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==Grammar== |
==Grammar== |
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==Writing System== |
==Writing System== |
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Muinane is written using a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]]. A chart of symbols with the sounds they represent |
Muinane is written using a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]]. A chart of symbols with the sounds they represent is as follows: |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA |
!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA |
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|- |
|- |
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|a||{{IPA|/a/}}||b||{{IPA|/b/}}||c||{{IPA|/k/}} |
|a||{{IPA|/a/}}||b||{{IPA|/b/}}||c||{{IPA|/k/}}-{{IPA|/s/}} |
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|ch||{{IPA|/tʃ/}}||d||{{IPA|/d/}}||e||{{IPA|/e/}} |
|ch||{{IPA|/tʃ/}}||d||{{IPA|/d/}}||e||{{IPA|/e/}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|f||{{IPA|/ɸ/}}||g||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}||h||{{IPA|/ʔ/}} |
|f||{{IPA|/ɸ/}}||g(u)||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}-{{IPA|/x/}}||h||{{IPA|/ʔ/}} |
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|i||{{IPA|/i/}}||ɨ||{{IPA|/ɨ/}}||j||{{IPA|/x/}} |
|i||{{IPA|/i/}}||ɨ||{{IPA|/ɨ/}}||j||{{IPA|/x/}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|ñ||{{IPA|/ɲ/}}||o||{{IPA|/o/}}||p||{{IPA|/p/}} |
|ñ||{{IPA|/ɲ/}}||o||{{IPA|/o/}}||p||{{IPA|/p/}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
|qu||{{IPA|/k/}}||r||{{IPA|/r/}}||z||{{IPA|/s/}} |
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|s||{{IPA|/ʃ/}}||t||{{IPA|/t/}}||u||{{IPA|/u/}} |
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|- |
|- |
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||v||{{IPA|/β/}}||y||{{IPA|/j/}}|| || || || || || || || |
||v||{{IPA|/β/}}||y||{{IPA|/j/}}|| || || || || || || || |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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*{{Citation |
*{{Citation |
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|last=Aschmann |
|last=Aschmann |
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|isbn=0-88312-189-1 |
|isbn=0-88312-189-1 |
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}} |
}} |
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*{{Citation |
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| first = James W. |
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| last = Walton |
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| first2 = Janice P. |
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| last2 = Walton |
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| editor-last = Waterhouse |
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| editor-first = Viola G. |
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| contribution = Phonemes of Muinane |
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| contribution-url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_work.asp?id=12603 |
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| title = Phonemic systems of Colombian languages |
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| year = 1967 |
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| pages = 37–47 |
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| place = Norman, OK |
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| publisher = [[SIL International]]}} |
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*{{Citation |
*{{Citation |
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| last = Walton |
| last = Walton |
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| year = 1997 |
| year = 1997 |
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| url = http://www.sil.org/americas/colombia/pubs/abstract.asp?id=38009 |
| url = http://www.sil.org/americas/colombia/pubs/abstract.asp?id=38009 |
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| oclc = 468683910}} |
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| isbn = 968-9281-12-5 }}{{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (5) does not correspond to calculated figure.}} |
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{{Languages of Colombia}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Boran languages]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Colombia]] |
[[Category:Languages of Colombia]] |
Latest revision as of 10:45, 18 April 2024
Muinane | |
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Muìnánɨ | |
Native to | Colombia |
Region | Puerto Santander, Amazonas; between Caquetá River and Yari River in Caquetá Department |
Ethnicity | 2,100 (2018)[1] |
Native speakers | 150 (2007)[1] |
?Bora–Witoto
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | bmr |
Glottolog | muin1242 |
ELP | Muinane |
Muinane is an indigenous American language spoken in Colombia.
Classification
[edit]Muinane belongs to the Boran language family, along with Bora.
Geographic distribution
[edit]Muinane is spoken by 150 people in Colombia along the Upper Cahuinarí river in the Department of Amazonas. There may be some speakers in Peru.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
Plosive | p b | t d | tʲ dʲ | k ɡ | ʔ |
Affricate | tʃ dʒ | ||||
Fricative | ɸ β | s | ʃ j | x | |
Trill | r | rʲ |
- Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their geminate counterparts: tː tʃː tʲː kː.
Vowels
[edit]Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | ɨ | u |
Low | ɛ | a | o |
Tone
[edit]There are two tones in Muinane: high and low.
Grammar
[edit]Word order in Muinane is generally SOV. Case marking is nominative–accusative.
Writing System
[edit]Muinane is written using a Latin alphabet. A chart of symbols with the sounds they represent is as follows:
Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | /a/ | b | /b/ | c | /k/-/s/ | ch | /tʃ/ | d | /d/ | e | /e/ |
f | /ɸ/ | g(u) | /ɡ/-/x/ | h | /ʔ/ | i | /i/ | ɨ | /ɨ/ | j | /x/ |
ll | /dʒ/ | m | /m/ | n | /n/ | ñ | /ɲ/ | o | /o/ | p | /p/ |
qu | /k/ | r | /r/ | z | /s/ | s | /ʃ/ | t | /t/ | u | /u/ |
v | /β/ | y | /j/ |
- Palatalized consonants are written using the unpalatalized forms plus y: ty /tʲ/, dy /dʲ/, ry /rʲ/. For the purposes of alphabetization, these are considered sequences of letters.
- Tone is not generally indicated in writing. When it is shown, it is indicated by an acute accent over the vowel: á, é, í, ɨ́, ó, ú.
- The Muinane writing system is based on Spanish orthography. For that reason, the sound /k/ is written as c before a, ɨ, o, and u and as qu before e and i. Likewise, the sound /ɡ/ is written as gu before e and i, and g elsewhere.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Muinane at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Sources
[edit]- Aschmann, Richard P. (1993), Proto-Witotoan, Arlington, TX: SIL International, ISBN 0-88312-189-1
- Walton, James P.; Walton, Janice W.; Pakky de Buenaventure, Clementina (1997), Diccionario Bilingüe Muinane-Español/Español-Muinane, Santafé de Bogotá: Editorial Buena Semilla, OCLC 468683910