Music industry

The music industry (or music business) sells compositions, recordings and performances of music. Among the many individuals and organizations that operate within the industry are the musicians who compose and perform the music; the companies and professionals who create and sell recorded music (e.g., music publishers, producers, studios, engineers, record labels, retail and online music stores, performance rights organizations); those that present live music performances (booking agents, promoters, music venues, road crew); professionals who assist musicians with their careers (talent managers, business managers, entertainment lawyers); those who broadcast music (satellite and broadcast radio); journalists; educators; musical instrument manufacturers; as well as many others.

In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the music industry was dominated by the publishers of sheet music. By mid-century records had supplanted sheet music as the largest player in the music business. Since 2000, sales of recorded music have dropped off substantially, while live music has increased in importance.

There are four "major labels" that dominate recorded music — Sony Music Entertainment, EMI, Universal Music Group and Warner Music Group — each of which consists of many smaller companies and labels serving different regions and markets. The live music industry is dominated by Live Nation, the largest promoter and music venue owner. Live Nation is a former subsidiary of Clear Channel Communications, which is the largest owner of radio stations in the United States. Other important music industry companies include Creative Artists Agency (a management and booking company) and Apple Inc. (which runs the world's largest music store, iTunes Store, and sells the iPod and iPhone).

History

1700s and 1800s

Until the 1700s, the process of composition and printing of music was for the most part supported by patronage from aristocracies and churches. In the mid-to-late 1700s, performers and composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart began to seek commercial opportunities to market their music and performances to the general public. After Mozart's death, his wife (Constanze Weber) continued the process of commercialization of his music through an unprecedented series of memorial concerts, selling his manuscripts, and collaborating with her second husband, Georg Nissen, on a biography of Mozart. In the 1800s, the music industry was dominated by sheet music publishers. In the United States, the music industry arose in tandem with the rise of blackface minstrelsy. The group of music publishers and songwriters which dominated popular music in the United States was known as Tin Pan Alley.

1900s

In the early 20th century, the phonograph industry grew greatly in importance, and the record industry eventually replaced the sheet music publishers as the industry's largest force. A multitude of record labels came and went, but a handful of label corporations prospered for decades. By the end of the 1980s, the "Big 6" — EMI, Sony, BMG, PolyGram, WEA and MCA — dominated the industry. In mid-1998, PolyGram merged into Universal Music Group (formerly MCA), dropping the leaders down to a "Big 5". They became the "Big 4" in 2004 when Sony merged with BMG.

2000s

Main article: Music industry in the 21st century

The advent of file sharing technologies has changed the balance between record companies, song writers, and performing artists. Bands such as Metallica have fought back against peer-to-peer programs such as the infamous Napster (even they are not against file-sharing now), and the arguments for and against technology to circumvent them - digital rights management systems - remain controversial. With the dawn of Apple Inc.'s iTunes online music store in 2003, legal music downloads became widely available.

By June 2008, digital music sales generated around $2 billion in revenue, with tracks available through 500 online services located in 40 countries, representing around 10 percent of the total global music market. Revenue from retail CD sales, however, continued to fall. IBISWorld reported in June 2008 that "the industry's financial future looks bleak," but noted that, although revenues have decreased, artists have suffered less than record companies, since they can "make most of their money on merchandise sales and touring."

Business structure

The music industry is made up of various players, including individuals, companies, unions, not-for-profit associations, rights collectives, and other bodies. Professional musicians, including band leaders, rhythm section members, musical ensembles, vocalists, conductors, composers/arrangers, and sound engineers create sound recordings of music or perform live in venues ranging from small clubs to stadiums. Occasionally professional musicians negotiate their wages, contractual conditions, and other conditions of work through Musicians' Unions or other guilds. Composers and songwriters write the music and lyrics to songs and other musical works, which are sold in print form as sheet music or scores by music publishers. Composers and performers get part of their income from writers' copyright collectives and performance rights organization such as the ASCAP and BMI (or MCPS and PRS respectively for the UK). These societies and collectives ensure that composers and performers are compensated when their works are used on the radio or TV or in films. When musicians and singers make a CD or DVD, the creative process is often times coordinated by a record producer, whose role in the recording may range from suggesting songs and backing musicians to having a direct hands-on role in the studio, coaching singers, giving advice to session musicians on playing styles, and working with the senior sound engineer to shape the recorded sound through effects and mixing.

Some professional musicians, bands, and singers are signed with record labels, which are companies which finance the recording process in return for part or full share of the rights in the recording. A record company is an entity that manages sound recording-related brands and trademarks which consist of their owned labels; their owned and licensed master recordings; and various related ancillary businesses such as home video and DVDs. Labels may comprise a record group which is, in turn, controlled by a music group. As such, a larger umbrella label may have a number of sub-labels releasing music. Music publishers exist separately (even if sharing the same ultimate holding company or brand name), and they represent the rights in the compositions - i.e. the music as written rather than as recorded.

Record companies and record labels that are not under the control of the "Big Four" music groups and music publishers that are not one of these four groups are generally considered to be independent or "indie" labels, even if they are part of large, well-financed corporations with complex structures. Some music critics prefer to use the term indie label to refer to only those independent labels that adhere to criteria of corporate structure and size, and some consider an indie label to be almost any label that releases non-mainstream music, regardless of its corporate structure. According to US Market Research Firm NPD Group, iTunes recently surpassed Wal-Mart as America's largest music distributor. A record distributor is a company (often a record label) that works with record labels to promote and distribute their records, either in their home market or overseas.

Once a CD is recorded, record distributor companies organize the shipping of the CDs to music stores and department stores. Record labels have use an "A&R" (Artists and Repertoire) manager to help develop the performing style of bands and singers signed the label. A&R managers may organize shared tours with similar bands or find playing opportunities for the label's groups which will broaden their musical experience. For example, an A&R manager may decide to send an emerging young singer-songwriter with little live playing experience on a major tour with an established electric folk rock act from the same label, so that this person will gain more confidence.

When CDs sell in stores or on websites such as iTunes, part of the money is returned to the performers in the form of royalties. Most recordings only earn royalties for a short period after they are released, after which the song becomes part of the "back catalogue" or library. A much smaller number of recordings have become "classics", with longstanding popularity, such as albums by the Beatles or the Rolling Stones. These albums have continued to earn royalties for the surviving band members decades after their original release date.

Successful artists will hire a number of people from other fields to assist them with their career. The band manager oversees all aspects of an artist's career in exchange for a percentage of the artist's income. An entertainment lawyer assists them with the details of their contracts with record companies and other deals. A business manager handles financial transactions, taxes and bookkeeping. A booking agency represents the artist to promoters, makes deals and books performances. A travel agent makes travel arrangements. A road crew is a semi-permanent touring organization that travels with the artist. This is headed by a tour manager and includes staff to move equipment on and off-stage, drive tour buses or vans, and do stage lighting, live sound reinforcement and musical instrument tuning and maintenance. The tour manager's tasks can vary widely depending on the type of tour and where the group is playing. The tour manager's typical tasks of ensuring that hotel, restaurant and travel arrangements are confirmed may expand into other tasks, if the venue where the band is playing does not have certain equipment. If the venue lacks a grand piano or Hammond organ that the band needs for the show, the tour manager will be responsible for finding a rental instrument for the show and having it moved onstage; as well, if a band member needs an emergency instrument repair, the tour manager and/or the guitar tech will help to find a repair person or replacement instrument. The most high-profile celebrity performers may also have personal assistants, a chef, and bodyguards. Singers may hire a vocal coach to give them suggestions on how to take care of their voice or develop their singing range.

Statistics

US music market shares, according to Nielsen SoundScan (2005)

Nielsen SoundScan reported that the big four accounted for 81.87% of the US music market in 2005:

• Universal Music Group (France based) — 31.71%
• Sony Music Entertainment (USA/Germany based) — 25.61% (13.83% Sony, 11.78% BMG)
• Warner Music Group (USA based) — 15%
• EMI Group (UK based) — 9.55%
• independent labels — 18.13%

and in 2004, 72.64%:

• Universal Music Group — 29.59%
• Sony Music Entertainment — 28.46% (13.26% Sony, 15.20% BMG)
• Warner Music Group — 14.68%
• EMI Group — 9.91%
• independent labels — 17.36%

World music market sales shares, according to IFPI (2005)

The global market was estimated at $30–40 billion in 2004. Total annual unit sales (CDs, music videos, mp3s) in 2004 were 3 billion.

According to an IFPI report published in August 2005, the big four accounted for 71.7% of retail music sales:

• Sony Music Entertainment — 32.8%
• Universal Music Group — 25.5%
• EMI Group — 13.4%
• independent labels — 28.4%

Prior to December 1998, the industry was dominated by the "Big Six": Sony Music and BMG had not yet merged, and PolyGram had not yet been absorbed into Universal Music Group. After the PolyGram-Universal merger, the 1998 market shares reflected a "Big Five", commanding 77.4% of the market, as follows, according to MEI World Report 2000:

• Sony Music Entertainment — 28.8%
• Universal Music Group including PolyGram — 21.1%
• EMI — 14.1%
• Warner Music Group — 13.4%
• Independent labels — 22.6%

Note: the IFPI and Nielsen Soundscan use different methodologies, which makes their figures difficult to compare casually, and impossible to compare scientifically.

Total Value by country

According to the IFPI more than 95% of the total revenue from music in 2003 was derived from the 30 major countries in the proportions shown above.

Albums sales and market value

The following table shows album sales and market value in the world in the 1990s–2000s.

N	Country	Album Sales Share	Share of World Market Value
1	USA	37-40%	30-35%
2	Japan	9-12%	16-19%
3	UK	7-9%	6.4-9.1%
4	Germany	7-8%	6.4-5.3%
5	France	4.5-5.5%	5.4-6.3%
6	Canada	2.6-3.3%	1.9-2.8%
7	Australia	1.5-1.8%	1.5-2.0%
8	Brazil	2.0-3.8%	1.1-3.1%
9	Italy	1.7-2.0%	1.5-2.0%
10	Spain	1.7-2.3%	1.4-1.8%
11	Netherlands	1.2-1.8%	1.3-1.8%
12	Mexico	2.1-4.6%	0.8-1.8%
13	Belgium	0.7-0.8%	0.8-1.2%
14	Switzerland	0.75-0.9%	0.8-1.1%
15	Austria	0.5-0.7%	0.8-1.0%
17	Russia	2.0-2.9%	0.5-1.4%
18	Taiwan	0.9-1.6%	0.5-1.1%
19	Argentina	0.5-0.7%	0.5-1.0%
20	Denmark	0.45-0.65%	0.5-0.8%

Singles sales

Physical single sales in the world in the 1990s-2000s and digital single sales in 2005.

N	Country	Physical Sales Share	Digital Sales Share in 2005
	EU	34-50%	13.2%
1	UK	26-32%	1.7%
2	Japan	4-25%	85%
3	USA	14.5-16%	6.3%
4	Germany	9-12%	5%
5	France	4-12.5%	1.9%
6	Australia	1.8-4.6%	0.48%
7	Netherlands	1.3-1.7%	< 0.2%
8	Belgium	0.8-1.8%	< 0.2%
9	Sweden	0.6-0.96%	< 0.2%
10	Switzerland	0.5-0.92%	< 0.2%
11	Austria	0.58-0.82%	< 0.2%
12	Italy	0.3-1.0%	< 0.2%
13	Spain	0.3-0.7%	< 0.2%
14	Norway	0.3-0.47%	< 0.2%
15	Ireland	0.2-0.5%	< 0.2%
16	Canada	0.1-0.6%	< 0.2%
17	Portugal	0.01-1.0%	< 0.2%
18	Republic of Korea	0.02-0.45%	< 0.1%
19	New Zealand	0.19-0.29%	< 0.1%
20	Denmark	0.10-0.25%	< 0.1%

Recorded music retail sales

Interim Physical Retail Sales in 2005 - all figures in millions

COUNTRY		UNITS				VALUE		CHANGE
		Singles	CD	DVD	Total Units	$US	Local Currency	Units	Value
1	USA	14.7	300.5	11.6	326.8	4783.2	4783.2	-5.70%	-5.30%
2	Japan	28.5	93.7	8.5	113.5	2258.2	239759	-6.90%	-9.20%
3	UK	24.3	66.8	2.9	74.8	1248.5	666.7	-1.70%	-4.00%
4	Germany	8.5	58.7	4.4	71	887.7	689.7	-7.70%	-5.80%
5	France	11.5	47.3	4.5	56.9	861.1	669.1	7.50%	-2.70%
6	Italy	0.5	14.7	0.7	17	278	216	-8.40%	-12.30%
7	Canada	0.1	20.8	1.5	22.3	262.9	325	0.70%	-4.60%
8	Australia	3.6	14.5	1.5	17.2	259.6	335.9	-22.90%	-11.80%
9	Spain	1	17.5	1.1	19.1	231.6	180	-13.40%	-15.70%
10	Netherlands	1.2	8.7	1.9	11.1	190.3	147.9	-31.30%	-19.80%
11	Russia	-	25.5	0.1	42.7	187.9	5234.7	-9.40%	21.20%
12	Mexico	0.1	33.4	0.8	34.6	187.9	2082.3	44.00%	21.50%
13	Brazil	0.01	17.6	2.4	24	151.7	390.3	-20.40%	-16.50%
14	Austria	0.6	4.5	0.2	5	120.5	93.6	-1.50%	-9.60%
15	Switzerland **	0.8	7.1	0.2	7.8	115.8	139.2	n/a	n/a
16	Belgium	1.4	6.7	0.5	7.7	115.4	89.7	-13.80%	-8.90%
17	Norway	0.3	4.5	0.1	4.8	103.4	655.6	-19.70%	-10.40%
18	Sweden	0.6	6.6	0.2	7.2	98.5	701.1	-29.00%	-20.30%
19	India	-	10.9	-	55.3	79.2	3456.6	-19.20%	-2.40%
20	Denmark	0.1	4	0.1	4.2	73.1	423.5	3.70%	-4.20%
	Top 20	74.5	757.1	42.8	915.2	12378.7		-6.60%	-6.30%

In its June 30, 2000 annual report filed with the SEC, Seagram reported that Universal Music Group was responsible for 40% of worldwide classical music sales over the preceding year.

Music industry organizations

• Academy of Country Music aka ACM
• Alliance of Artists and Recording Companies aka AARC
• American Association of Independent Music aka A2IM
• American Federation of Musicians aka AFM
• American Federation of Television and Radio Artists aka AFTRA
• American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers aka ASCAP
• Association of Independent Music aka AIM
• Australian Recording Industry Association aka ARIA
• British Phonographic Industry (BPI)
• Broadcast Music Incorporated aka BMI
• Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA)
• Country Music Association
• Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI)
• Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA) in Germany
• Harry Fox Agency
• International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI)
• Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA)
• MCPS
• Musicians' Union
• National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (NARAS)
• National Association of Recording Merchandisers (NARM)
• Performing Right Society
• Recording Artists' Coalition aka RAC
• Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
• Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ)
• SESAC
• SoundExchange

References

• Krasilovsky, M. William; Shemel, Sidney; Gross, John M.; Feinstein, Jonathan (2007), This Business of Music (10th ed.), Billboard Books, ISBN 0-8230-7729-2

Further reading

• Lebrecht, Norman: When the Music Stops: Managers, Maestros and the Corporate Murder of Classical Music, Simon & Schuster 1996
• Imhorst, Christian: The ‘Lost Generation’ of the Music Industry, published under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License 2004
• Leonhard, Gerd: Music Like Water - the inevitable music ecosystem
• The Methods Reporter: Music Industry Misses Mark with Wrongful Suits
• Music CD Industry - a mid-2000 overview put together by Duke University undergraduate students
• d’Angelo, Mario: Does globalisation mean ineluctable concentration ? in The Music Industry in the New Economy, Report of the Asia-Europe Seminar, Lyon, 25-28 oct. 2001, IEP de Lyon/Asia-Europe Foundation/Eurical, Editors Roche F., Marcq B., Colomé D., 2002, pp. 53–54.
• d'Angelo, Mario: Perspectives of the Management of Musical Institutions in Europe, OMF, Musical Activities and Institutions Sery, ParisIV-Sorbonne University, Ed. Musicales Aug. Zurfluh, Bourg-la-Reine, 2006.
• The supply of recorded music: A report on the supply in the UK of prerecorded compact discs, vinyl discs and tapes containing music. Competition Commission, 1994.
• Tschmuck, Peter: Creativity and Innovation in the Music Industry, Springer 2006.

External links

• New York Metro article by Michael Wolff analyzing the decline of the record industry
• Salon article on Courtney Love's criticism of record industry business practices
• Federal Trade Commission press release regarding price fixing
• Antitrust settlement in Nevada price-fixing case
• Songwriter Janis Ian's critique of the record industry's policies
• The Net is the Independent Artist's Radio - August 10, 2005 MP3 Newswire article
• Advanced Peer-Based Technology Business Models. Ghosemajumder, Shuman. MIT Sloan School of Management, 2002.
• Music Downloads: Pirates- or Customers?. Silverthorne, Sean. Harvard Business School Working Knowledge, 2004.
• The British Library - Record Industry Guide (sources of information)

See also

• List of record labels and Category:Record labels
• Best selling music artists - World's top-selling music artists chart.
• Album cover
• file-sharing