Third generation of video game consoles: Difference between revisions
Please stop adding Brazil to the list. You have done some winderful work uncovering those European figures, but from the Retrogamer article info, sales of the Master System could be anything from 0-2million. That is too great a range to estimate. |
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In the [[history of computer and video games]], the '''third generation''' (sometimes referred to as the late 8-bit era) began on July 15, 1983, with the [[Japan]]ese release of both the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|Nintendo Family Computer]] (later known as the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] in the rest of the world) and [[SG-1000|Sega SG-1000]].<ref name=IGN-Sega/><ref>{{citation|title=The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond|author=Mark J. P. Wolf|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=031333868X|page=115|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&pg=PA115|accessdate=2011-04-19}}</ref> This generation marked the end of the [[North American video game crash of 1983]], a shift in the dominance of home video games from the [[United States]] to Japan,<ref name="cgw_50">{{citation|author=Arnie Katz, Bill Kunkel, Joyce Worley|title=[[Computer Gaming World]]|year=1988|month=August|issue=50|page=44|chapter=Video Gaming World|quote=I'm sure you've noticed that I've made no reference to the Nintendo craze that has repeated the Atari and Mattel Phenomenon of 8 years ago. That's because for American game |
In the [[history of computer and video games]], the '''third generation''' (sometimes referred to as the late 8-bit era) began on July 15, 1983, with the [[Japan]]ese release of both the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|Nintendo Family Computer]] (later known as the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]], or NES, in the rest of the world) and [[SG-1000|Sega SG-1000]].<ref name=IGN-Sega/><ref>{{citation|title=The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond|author=Mark J. P. Wolf|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=031333868X|page=115|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&pg=PA115|accessdate=2011-04-19}}</ref> This generation marked the end of the [[North American video game crash of 1983]], a shift in the dominance of home video games from the [[United States]] to Japan,<ref name="cgw_50">{{citation|author=Arnie Katz, Bill Kunkel, Joyce Worley|title=[[Computer Gaming World]]|year=1988|month=August|issue=50|page=44|chapter=Video Gaming World|quote=I'm sure you've noticed that I've made no reference to the Nintendo craze that has repeated the Atari and Mattel Phenomenon of 8 years ago. That's because for American game designers the Nintendo is a non-event: virtually all the work to date has been done in Japan. Only the future will tell if the design process ever crosses the Pacific as efficiently as the container ships and the letters of credit now do.}}</ref> and the transition from single-screen or [[flip-screen]] graphics to [[scrolling]] graphics, which was a pivotal leap in game design.<ref name=IGN-Sega/> |
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designers the Nintendo is a non-event: virtually all the work to date has been done in Japan. Only the future will tell if the design process ever crosses the Pacific as efficiently as the container ships and the letters of credit now do.}}</ref> and the transition from single-screen or [[flip-screen]] graphics to [[scrolling]] graphics, which was a pivotal leap in game design.<ref name=IGN-Sega/> |
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Although the previous generation of consoles had also used [[8-bit]] processors, it was at the end of this generation that home consoles were first labeled by their "bits". This also came into fashion as 16-bit systems like the [[Sega Mega Drive|Mega Drive/Genesis]] were marketed to differentiate between the generations of consoles. In the United States, this generation in gaming was primarily dominated by the NES/Famicom. The end of the 3rd generation of video games comes as 8-bit consoles become obsolete in graphics and processing power compared to 16-bit consoles. |
The best-selling console of this generation was the NES (which remained the [[List of best-selling video game consoles|best-selling home console]] up until the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]]), followed by the [[Sega Master System]] (which dominated the [[Europe]]an and [[South America]]n markets) and then the [[Atari 7800]]. Although the previous generation of consoles had also used [[8-bit]] processors, it was at the end of this generation that home consoles were first labeled by their "bits". This also came into fashion as 16-bit systems like the [[Sega Mega Drive|Mega Drive/Genesis]] were marketed to differentiate between the generations of consoles. In the United States, this generation in gaming was primarily dominated by the NES/Famicom. The end of the 3rd generation of video games comes as 8-bit consoles become obsolete in graphics and processing power compared to 16-bit consoles. |
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== Overview == |
== Overview == |
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The third generation also saw the dawn of the children's [[Educational game|educational console]] market. Although consoles such as the VideoSmarts and ComputerSmarts systems were stripped down to very primitive input systems designed for children, their use of [[ROM cartridge]]s would establish this as the standard for later such consoles. Due to their reduced capacities, these systems typically were not labeled by their "bits" and were not marketed in competition with traditional video game consoles. |
The third generation also saw the dawn of the children's [[Educational game|educational console]] market. Although consoles such as the VideoSmarts and ComputerSmarts systems were stripped down to very primitive input systems designed for children, their use of [[ROM cartridge]]s would establish this as the standard for later such consoles. Due to their reduced capacities, these systems typically were not labeled by their "bits" and were not marketed in competition with traditional video game consoles. |
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===Nintendo versus Sega=== |
===Nintendo versus Sega=== |
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| [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] || 61.91 million <small>(as of December 2009)</small><ref name="consolidatedsales">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/library/historical_data/pdf/consolidated_sales_e0912.pdf |title=Consolidated Sales Transition by Region |accessdate=2010-02-14 |date=2010-01-27 |publisher=Nintendo |format=PDF |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5nXieXX2B |archivedate=2010-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.com/systemsclassic?type=nes |title=NES |accessdate=2007-12-04 |publisher=Nintendo |work=Classic Systems |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070804161605/http://www.nintendo.com/systemsclassic?type=nes |archivedate=2007-08-04}}</ref> || 19.35 million <small>(December 2009)</small><ref name="consolidatedsales"/> || 34 million <small>(December 2009)</small><ref name="consolidatedsales"/> || 8.56 million <small>(December 2009)</small><ref name="consolidatedsales"/> |
| [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] || 61.91 million <small>(as of December 2009)</small><ref name="consolidatedsales">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/library/historical_data/pdf/consolidated_sales_e0912.pdf |title=Consolidated Sales Transition by Region |accessdate=2010-02-14 |date=2010-01-27 |publisher=Nintendo |format=PDF |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5nXieXX2B |archivedate=2010-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.com/systemsclassic?type=nes |title=NES |accessdate=2007-12-04 |publisher=Nintendo |work=Classic Systems |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070804161605/http://www.nintendo.com/systemsclassic?type=nes |archivedate=2007-08-04}}</ref> || 19.35 million <small>(December 2009)</small><ref name="consolidatedsales"/> || 34 million <small>(December 2009)</small><ref name="consolidatedsales"/> || 8.56 million <small>(December 2009)</small><ref name="consolidatedsales"/> |
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| [[Sega Master System]] || |
| [[Sega Master System]] || 10-13 million<ref>{{cite book | last= Forster | first= Winnie | title= The Encyclopedia of Game Machines | date= 2005 | publisher= Magdalena Gniatczynska | isbn=3000153594 | chapter=Sega SG-1000 & Master System | pages=80-81 [80] |url=http://i250.photobucket.com/albums/gg278/Salvidrim/PUBLIC/IMG_0001.jpg?t=1327588500 | accessdate=2011-01-31 | quote=Units sold: 10 Million }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = Buchanan | first = Levi | url = http://retro.ign.com/articles/965/965032p1.html | title = Genesis vs. SNES: By the Numbers | publisher = [[IGN]] | date = 2009-03-20 | accessdate = 2010-03-15 | quote=The Master System sold an anemic 13 million to the NES count of 62 million. }}</ref> || 1 million <small>(1986)</small><ref>{{cite journal|title=Amusement|journal=Business Japan|year=1986|volume=31|issue=7-12|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tJcSAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Sega+is+estimated+to+have+sold%22&dq=%22Sega+is+estimated+to+have+sold%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CM8eT7m8JonLsgbPpdnHDA&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA|accessdate=24 January 2012|author=Nihon Kōgyō Shinbunsha|page=89|publisher=Nihon Kogyo Shimbun}}</ref> || [[United States]]: 2 million <small>(1992)</small><ref>{{cite book|last=Sheff|first=David|title=[[Game Over (book){{!}}Game Over]]|year=1993|publisher=[[Random House]]|location=New York|isbn=0-679-40469-4|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=4pUUT-7MIoeM8gPGnoDTAw&id=gxyXUi336egC&dq=sheff+1993+game+over&q=master+systems#search_anchor|author=David Sheff|edition=1st ed.|authorlink=David Sheff|accessdate=16 January 2012|page=349}}</ref> <br> [[Brazil]]: 2 million <small>(2005)</small><ref name="MDB">{{cite web | url=http://gamehall.uol.com.br/site/a-historia-do-mega-drive/ | title=A História do Mega Drive|language=Portuguese|accessdate=2008-03-06|work=[http://gamehall.uol.com.br/ GameHall Network]|author=Alucard em Quarta-feira|date=2005-08-31}} ([http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?sl=pt&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fgamehall.uol.com.br%2Fsite%2Fa-historia-do-mega-drive%2F English translation])</ref> || [[Western Europe]]: 6.8 million <small>(1993)</small><ref name="digest_1995">{{cite book|title=Screen Digest|year=1995|publisher=[[Screen Digest]]|page=60|month=March|chapter=Sega Consoles: Active installed base estimates}} ([[cf.]] [http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=L0UeT47oMouEhQeoldjNDQ&id=jFnvAAAAMAAJ&dq=sega+active+installed here], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=XjkeT5KCHImJhQe45eiBDg&id=jFnvAAAAMAAJ&dq=8-bit+16-bit+32-bit here], and [http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=L0UeT47oMouEhQeoldjNDQ&id=jFnvAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22UK+600+1.100%22&q=%22UK+600%22 here])</ref> |
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| [[Atari 7800]] || 3.77 million <small>(December 1990)</small><ref>Matthew, Matt (May 26, 2009). [http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/MattMatthews/20090526/1521/Atari_7800_Sales_Figures_1986__1990.php Atari 7800 Sales Figures (1986 - 1990)], Gamasutra.</ref> || Unknown || United States: 2 million <small>(June 1988)</small><ref>{{cite news|title=Video Games|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-06-13/business/fi-3249_1_video-game-systems|accessdate=16 January 2012|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 13, 1988}}</ref> || Unknown |
| [[Atari 7800]] || 3.77 million <small>(December 1990)</small><ref>Matthew, Matt (May 26, 2009). [http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/MattMatthews/20090526/1521/Atari_7800_Sales_Figures_1986__1990.php Atari 7800 Sales Figures (1986 - 1990)], Gamasutra.</ref> || Unknown || United States: 2 million <small>(June 1988)</small><ref>{{cite news|title=Video Games|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-06-13/business/fi-3249_1_video-game-systems|accessdate=16 January 2012|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 13, 1988}}</ref> || Unknown |
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Revision as of 23:06, 1 February 2012
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2008) |
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| Part of a series on the |
| History of video games |
|---|
In the history of computer and video games, the third generation (sometimes referred to as the late 8-bit era) began on July 15, 1983, with the Japanese release of both the Nintendo Family Computer (later known as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or NES, in the rest of the world) and Sega SG-1000.[1][2] This generation marked the end of the North American video game crash of 1983, a shift in the dominance of home video games from the United States to Japan,[3] and the transition from single-screen or flip-screen graphics to scrolling graphics, which was a pivotal leap in game design.[1]
The best-selling console of this generation was the NES (which remained the best-selling home console up until the PlayStation), followed by the Sega Master System (which dominated the European and South American markets) and then the Atari 7800. Although the previous generation of consoles had also used 8-bit processors, it was at the end of this generation that home consoles were first labeled by their "bits". This also came into fashion as 16-bit systems like the Mega Drive/Genesis were marketed to differentiate between the generations of consoles. In the United States, this generation in gaming was primarily dominated by the NES/Famicom. The end of the 3rd generation of video games comes as 8-bit consoles become obsolete in graphics and processing power compared to 16-bit consoles.
Overview
The Family Computer (commonly abbreviated the Famicom) became very popular in Japan during this era, crowding out the other consoles in this generation. The Famicom's Western counterpart, the Nintendo Entertainment System, dominated the gaming market in Japan and North America, thanks in part to its restrictive licensing agreements with developers. This marked a shift in the dominance of home video games from the United States to Japan, to the point that Computer Gaming World described the "Nintendo craze" as a "non-event" for American video game designers as "virtually all the work to date has been done in Japan."[3] Although the NES dominated the market in Japan and North America, Sega's Master System made large inroads in Europe, Oceania and Brazil, where the NES was never able to break its grip.[4] The Atari 7800 also had a fairly successful life in the United States, and the Sharp X68000 began its niche run in Japan in 1987.
The third generation would mark the move away from single-screen or flip-screen graphics, which were more dominant in the previous generation, to scrolling graphics, which was a pivotal leap comparable to the move to 3D graphics during the fifth generation. While hardware scrolling had been present in various arcade games in the early 1980s, during the golden age of video arcade games, it did not become common in consoles until the 1983 release of the NES, establishing the dominance of scrolling games, which opened up the possibility of vast worlds that made earlier single-screen games seem quaint. This gave Nintendo's NES a major advantage over its main competitor, the Sega SG-1000, which was released on the same day but lacked hardware scrolling. Unlike the NES, the SG-1000 initially had very little to differentiate itself from earlier consoles such as the ColecoVision and contemporary computers such as the MSX. Despite the lack of hardware scrolling, Sega's SG-1000 Mark II was able to pull off advanced scrolling effects, including parallax scrolling in Orguss and sprite-scaling in Zoom 909.[1] In 1985, Sega's Master System incorporated hardware scrolling, alongside an increased colour palette, greater memory, pseudo-3D effects, and stereoscopic 3-D, gaining a clear hardware advantage over the NES. However, the NES would still continue to dominate the important North American and Japanese markets, while the Master System would gain more dominance in the emerging European and South American markets.[4]
In the later part of the third generation, Nintendo also introduced the Game Boy, which almost single-handedly solidified and then proceeded to dominate the previously scattered handheld market for 15 years. While the Game Boy product line has been incrementally updated every few years, until the Game Boy Micro and Nintendo DS, and partially the Game Boy Color, all Game Boy products were backwards compatible with the original released in 1989. Since the Game Boy's release, Nintendo had dominated the handheld market. Additionaly two popular 8-bit computers, the Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC, were repackaged as the as the Commodore 64 Games System and Amstrad GX4000 respectively, for entry in to the console market.
The third generation saw many of the first console role-playing video games (RPGs). Editing and censorship of video games was often used in localizing Japanese games to North America. During this era, many of the most famous video game franchises of all time were founded. Some examples are Super Mario Bros., Final Fantasy, The Legend of Zelda, Dragon Quest, Metroid, Mega Man, Metal Gear, Castlevania, Phantasy Star, Megami Tensei, Ninja Gaiden, and Bomberman.
The third generation also saw the dawn of the children's educational console market. Although consoles such as the VideoSmarts and ComputerSmarts systems were stripped down to very primitive input systems designed for children, their use of ROM cartridges would establish this as the standard for later such consoles. Due to their reduced capacities, these systems typically were not labeled by their "bits" and were not marketed in competition with traditional video game consoles.
Nintendo versus Sega
The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) / Family Computer (Famicom) sold by far the most units of any third generation console in North America and Japan. This was due to its earlier release, its strong lineup of first-party titles (such as Super Mario Bros. and Super Mario Bros. 3, The Legend of Zelda, and Metroid), and Nintendo's strict licensing rules that required NES titles to be exclusive to the console for two years after release. This put a damper on third party support for the other, less popular consoles. However, Sega's Master System was more popular than the NES in Europe, Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand, markets that were first reached by Sega. Many more games for the Master System were released in Europe and Brazil than in North America, and the console had a very long shelf-life in Brazil and New Zealand. In Europe, competition was tough for the NES, which was not as successful as the Master System in those other regions despite the hegemony that it had in the North American and Japanese markets.[5] The industry also started to grow in places west of the Soviet Union, including Lithuania via new programmers trained in that area. The Master System was finally discontinued in the late 1990s, while Nintendo of Japan continued to repair Famicom systems until October 31, 2007.[6][7][8]
Comparison
| Name | Famicom/NES | SG-1000 | Casio PV-1000 | Master System | Atari 7800 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Nintendo | Sega | Casio | Sega | Atari |
| Console | 
|
|
|
| |
| Launch prices | ¥14,800 US$199.99 CA$240 |
¥15,000 | ¥14,800 | ¥24,200 US$199.99 |
US$140.00 |
| Release date |
|
|
|
| |
| Media | Cartridge and floppy disk (Japan only) | Cartridge and Cassette (SG-3000) | Cartridge | Cartridge and data card | Cartridge |
| Top-selling games | Super Mario Bros. (pack-in), 40.23 million (as of 1999)[9] Super Mario Bros. 3, 18 million (as of May 21, 2003)[10] |
N/A | N/A | Hang-On and Safari Hunt (Pack-In) | Pole Position II (pack-in) [citation needed] |
| Backward compatibility | None | None | None | Sega SG-1000 (Japanese system only) | Atari 2600 |
| Accessories (retail) | N/A | N/A | |||
| CPU | Ricoh 2A03 (based on
MOS Technology 6502 |
NEC 780C (Zilog Z80 clone)
3.58 MHz for NTSC, 3.55 MHz for PAL |
D780C-1 (Z80A) 3.579 MHz |
NEC 780C (Zilog Z80 clone) 3.57 MHz (3.54 MHz PAL) |
Custom, 6502C (based on
MOS Technology 6502) |
| Memory | 2 KB main RAM 2 KB video RAM 256 bytes sprite RAM 28 bytes palette RAM |
2 kB Main RAM 16 kB video RAM |
2 KB + 1 KB (character generator) | 8 KB main RAM 16 KB video RAM |
4 KB main RAM |
| Video | 64 sprites (8 per scanline) 256x240 resolution 25 simultaneous colors 53 color palette |
256x192 resolution 32 sprites, maximum of 4 sprites per scanline 16 colors |
8 colors 256x192 resolution |
128 colors (16 colors with 8 intensity levels each) | Unlimited sprites 320x200 resolution 25 simultaneous colors 256 color palette |
| Audio | Mono audio with:
|
Mono audio with:
|
Unknown | Mono audio with:
|
Mono audio with:
|
Sales standings
| Console | Units sold worldwide | Japan | Americas | Elsewhere |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nintendo Entertainment System | 61.91 million (as of December 2009)[12][13] | 19.35 million (December 2009)[12] | 34 million (December 2009)[12] | 8.56 million (December 2009)[12] |
| Sega Master System | 10-13 million[14][15] | 1 million (1986)[16] | United States: 2 million (1992)[17] Brazil: 2 million (2005)[18] |
Western Europe: 6.8 million (1993)[19] |
| Atari 7800 | 3.77 million (December 1990)[20] | Unknown | United States: 2 million (June 1988)[21] | Unknown |
Software
See also
References
- ^ a b c Travis Fahs. "IGN Presents the History of SEGA: Coming Home". IGN. p. 2. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
- ^ Mark J. P. Wolf, The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 115, ISBN 031333868X, retrieved 2011-04-19
- ^ a b Arnie Katz, Bill Kunkel, Joyce Worley (1988), "Video Gaming World", Computer Gaming World, p. 44,
I'm sure you've noticed that I've made no reference to the Nintendo craze that has repeated the Atari and Mattel Phenomenon of 8 years ago. That's because for American game designers the Nintendo is a non-event: virtually all the work to date has been done in Japan. Only the future will tell if the design process ever crosses the Pacific as efficiently as the container ships and the letters of credit now do.
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Travis Fahs. "IGN Presents the History of SEGA: World War". IGN. p. 3. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
- ^ Travis Fahs. "IGN Presents the History of SEGA: World War". IGN. p. 3. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
- ^ "Nintendo's classic Famicom faces end of road". AFP. 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ "初代「ファミコン」など公式修理サポート終了". ITmedia News (in Japanese). ITmedia. 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ^ RyanDG (2007-10-16). "Nintendo of Japan dropping Hardware support for the Famicom". Arcade Renaissance. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ^ "Best-Selling Video Games". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 2006-03-17. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "All Time Top 20 Best Selling Games". 2003-05-21. Archived from the original on 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "-Sega Emulation Overview - another overview". retrocopy.com. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ a b c d "Consolidated Sales Transition by Region". Nintendo. 2010-01-27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-14. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
- ^ "NES". Classic Systems. Nintendo. Archived from the original on 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
- ^ Forster, Winnie (2005). "Sega SG-1000 & Master System". The Encyclopedia of Game Machines. Magdalena Gniatczynska. pp. 80-81 [80]. ISBN 3000153594. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
Units sold: 10 Million
- ^ Buchanan, Levi (2009-03-20). "Genesis vs. SNES: By the Numbers". IGN. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
The Master System sold an anemic 13 million to the NES count of 62 million.
- ^ Nihon Kōgyō Shinbunsha (1986). "Amusement". Business Japan. 31 (7–12). Nihon Kogyo Shimbun: 89. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Sheff, David (1993). [[Game Over (book)|Game Over]] (1st ed. ed.). New York: Random House. p. 349. ISBN 0-679-40469-4. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help); More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ Alucard em Quarta-feira (2005-08-31). "A História do Mega Drive". GameHall Network (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2008-03-06.
{{cite web}}: External link in|work= - ^ "Sega Consoles: Active installed base estimates". Screen Digest. Screen Digest. 1995. p. 60.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) (cf. here, here, and here) - ^ Matthew, Matt (May 26, 2009). Atari 7800 Sales Figures (1986 - 1990), Gamasutra.
- ^ "Video Games". Los Angeles Times. June 13, 1988. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
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