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Capcom's ''[[Viewtiful Joe]]'' (2003) used [[Cel-shaded animation|cel-shaded]] graphics and innovative gameplay features (such as the protagonist's special powers) to "reinvigorate" its traditional 2D scrolling formula.<ref>Bramwell, Tom [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_viewtifuljoe_gc Viewtiful Joe], ''EuroGamer'', Oct 13, 2003, Accessed Mar 19, 2009</ref> [[The Behemoth]]'s ''[[Castle Crashers]]'' (2008) also featured cartoon graphics, quirky humor, and acclaimed cooperative gameplay.<ref>Francis, Don, [http://uk.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/castlecrashers/review.html Castle Crashers Review], ''GameSpot'', Aug 28, 2008, Accessed Mar 26, 2009</ref> [[Rockstar Games]]' ''[[The Warriors (video game)|The Warriors]]'' (based on the [[The Warriors (film)|1979 movie]] of the same name), released in 2005, featured large scale brawling in 3D environments interspersed with other activities such as chase sequences.<ref name="warriors">Navarro, Alex, [http://uk.gamespot.com/ps2/action/warriors/review.html The Warriors Review], ''GameSpot'', Oct 21, 2005, Accessed Mar 22, 2009</ref> The game also featured a more traditional side-scrolling beat 'em up ''Armies of the Night'' as bonus content, which was acclaimed along with the main game and was later released on the [[PlayStation Portable]].<ref name="warriors"/><ref>Cundy, Matt, [http://www.gamesradar.com/psp/the-warriors/news/rockstars-retro-beat-em-up-revealed/a-20070124151834484037/g-2006102517554345031 Rockstar's retro beat-'em-up revealed], ''GamesRadar'', Jan 24, 2007, Accessed Mar 22, 2009</ref> Releases such as ''[[God Hand]]'' in 2006 and ''[[MadWorld]]'' in 2009 were seen as [[parody|parodies]] of violence in popular culture, earning both games praise for not taking themselves as seriously as early beat 'em up games.<ref name="gamespymadworld"/><ref>Barnholt, Ray, [http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3152276&p=2 God Hand Preview], ''1UP'', July 17, 2006, Accessed Mar 26, 2009</ref> Classic beat 'em ups have been re-released on services such as the [[Virtual Console]]; critics reaffirmed the appeal of some,<ref name="finalfight"/><ref name="goldenaxe"/><ref name="nintendo mag"/> while the appeal of others has been deemed to have diminished with time.<ref name="tmnt"/> Although the genre lacks the same presence it did in the late 1980s, some titles such as ''Viewtiful Joe'' and ''God Hand'' kept the genre alive.<ref>"Clover Studios Wilts and Dies", ''GameAxis Unwired'', Nov 2006, p. 8</ref>
Capcom's ''[[Viewtiful Joe]]'' (2003) used [[Cel-shaded animation|cel-shaded]] graphics and innovative gameplay features (such as the protagonist's special powers) to "reinvigorate" its traditional 2D scrolling formula.<ref>Bramwell, Tom [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_viewtifuljoe_gc Viewtiful Joe], ''EuroGamer'', Oct 13, 2003, Accessed Mar 19, 2009</ref> [[The Behemoth]]'s ''[[Castle Crashers]]'' (2008) also featured cartoon graphics, quirky humor, and acclaimed cooperative gameplay.<ref>Francis, Don, [http://uk.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/castlecrashers/review.html Castle Crashers Review], ''GameSpot'', Aug 28, 2008, Accessed Mar 26, 2009</ref> [[Rockstar Games]]' ''[[The Warriors (video game)|The Warriors]]'' (based on the [[The Warriors (film)|1979 movie]] of the same name), released in 2005, featured large scale brawling in 3D environments interspersed with other activities such as chase sequences.<ref name="warriors">Navarro, Alex, [http://uk.gamespot.com/ps2/action/warriors/review.html The Warriors Review], ''GameSpot'', Oct 21, 2005, Accessed Mar 22, 2009</ref> The game also featured a more traditional side-scrolling beat 'em up ''Armies of the Night'' as bonus content, which was acclaimed along with the main game and was later released on the [[PlayStation Portable]].<ref name="warriors"/><ref>Cundy, Matt, [http://www.gamesradar.com/psp/the-warriors/news/rockstars-retro-beat-em-up-revealed/a-20070124151834484037/g-2006102517554345031 Rockstar's retro beat-'em-up revealed], ''GamesRadar'', Jan 24, 2007, Accessed Mar 22, 2009</ref> Releases such as ''[[God Hand]]'' in 2006 and ''[[MadWorld]]'' in 2009 were seen as [[parody|parodies]] of violence in popular culture, earning both games praise for not taking themselves as seriously as early beat 'em up games.<ref name="gamespymadworld"/><ref>Barnholt, Ray, [http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3152276&p=2 God Hand Preview], ''1UP'', July 17, 2006, Accessed Mar 26, 2009</ref> Classic beat 'em ups have been re-released on services such as the [[Virtual Console]]; critics reaffirmed the appeal of some,<ref name="finalfight"/><ref name="goldenaxe"/><ref name="nintendo mag"/> while the appeal of others has been deemed to have diminished with time.<ref name="tmnt"/> Although the genre lacks the same presence it did in the late 1980s, some titles such as ''Viewtiful Joe'' and ''God Hand'' kept the genre alive.<ref>"Clover Studios Wilts and Dies", ''GameAxis Unwired'', Nov 2006, p. 8</ref>


In recent years, the beat 'em up genre has seen a revival in the form of popular 3D [[Action RPG]] games, including ''[[Devil May Cry]]'' (2001 onwards), ''[[Ninja Gaiden]]'' (2004 onwards), ''[[God of War (series)|God of War]]'' (2005 onwards), ''[[Heavenly Sword]]'' (2006), ''[[Afro Samurai (video game)|Afro Samurai]]'' (2009),<ref>{{cite web|title=Afro Samurai Review|publisher=PSX Extreme|date=2009-01-31|author=Arnold Katayev|url=http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-reviews/216.html|accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref> and ''[[Bayonetta]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web|date=January 4, 2010|title=Bad hair day: Bayonetta hands-on|author=Jeff Bakalar, Scott Stein and Dan Ackerman|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10424434-1.html|accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref> Several traditional 2D scrolling beat 'em ups have also been released in recent years, including ''[[Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Gamer’s Guide to Comic-Con 2010|author=Chris Kohler|date=July 22, 2010|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=http://www.wired.com/gamelife/2010/07/comic-con-games/|accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref>
In recent years, the beat 'em up genre has seen a revival in the form of popular 3D [[hack and slash]] games in the style of ''[[Devil May Cry]]'' (2001 onwards), including ''[[Ninja Gaiden]]'' (2004 onwards), ''[[God of War (series)|God of War]]'' (2005 onwards), ''[[Heavenly Sword]]'' (2006), ''[[Afro Samurai (video game)|Afro Samurai]]'' (2009),<ref>{{cite web|title=Afro Samurai Review|publisher=PSX Extreme|date=2009-01-31|author=Arnold Katayev|url=http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-reviews/216.html|accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref> and ''[[Bayonetta]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web|date=January 4, 2010|title=Bad hair day: Bayonetta hands-on|author=Jeff Bakalar, Scott Stein and Dan Ackerman|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10424434-1.html|accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref> Several traditional 2D scrolling beat 'em ups have also been released in recent years, including ''[[Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Gamer’s Guide to Comic-Con 2010|author=Chris Kohler|date=July 22, 2010|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=http://www.wired.com/gamelife/2010/07/comic-con-games/|accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 20:57, 11 June 2012

This article is about the scrolling video game genre. For the related genre for one-on-one combat, see Fighting game. For the Iggy Pop album, see Beat 'Em Up.

File:Streets of Rage 2 action.png
Beat 'em ups, such as Streets of Rage 2, feature combat against multiple antagonists, often taking place on city streets
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Beat 'em up (also known as brawler) is a video game genre featuring melee combat between the protagonist and an improbably large number of underpowered enemies. These games typically take place in urban settings and feature crime-fighting and revenge-based plots, though some games may employ historical or fantasy themes. Traditional beat 'em ups take place in scrolling, two-dimensional (2D) levels, though some later games feature more open three-dimensional (3D) environments with yet larger numbers of enemies. These games are noted for their simple gameplay, a source of both critical acclaim and derision. Two-player cooperative gameplay and multiple player characters are also hallmarks of the genre.

The first influential beat 'em up was 1984's Kung-Fu Master, with 1986's Renegade introducing the urban settings and underworld revenge themes employed extensively by later games. The genre then saw a period of high popularity between the release of Double Dragon in 1987, which defined the two-player cooperative mode central to classic beat 'em ups, and 1991's Street Fighter II, which drew gamers towards one-on-one fighting games. Games such as Streets of Rage 2, Final Fight and Golden Axe are other classics to emerge from this period. The genre has been less popular since the emergence of 3D-based mass-market games, but still some beat 'em ups adapted the simple formula to utilize large-scale 3D environments.

Definition

A beat 'em up (sometimes also called "brawlers")[1][2] is a type of action game where the player character must fight a large number of enemies in unarmed combat or with melee weapons.[3][4][5] Gameplay consists of walking through a level, one section at a time, defeating a group of enemies before advancing to the next section; a boss fight normally occurs at the end of each level.[6] However arcade versions of these games are often quite difficult to win, causing players to spend more money to try to win.[7]

Beat 'em ups are related to—but distinct from—fighting games, which are based around one-on-one matches rather than scrolling levels and multiple enemies.[8] Such terminology is loosely applied, however,[8] as some commentators prefer to conflate the two terms.[9] At times, both one-on-one fighting games and scrolling beat 'em ups have influenced each other in terms of graphics and style and can appeal to fans of either genre.[8] Occasionally, a game will feature both kinds of gameplay.[10]

Game design

File:Golden Axe character select.png
Beat 'em ups such as Golden Axe often allow players to choose from several protagonists, each with different fighting styles, strengths and weaknesses.

Levels and enemies

Games usually employ vigilante crime fighting and revenge plots with the action taking place on city streets,[11] though historical and fantasy themed games also exist.[12][13] Players must walk from one end of the game world to the other,[14] and thus each game level will usually scroll horizontally.[2] Some later beat 'em ups dispense with 2D-based scrolling levels, instead allowing the player to roam around larger 3D environments, though they retain the same simple gameplay and control systems.[15][16] Throughout the level, players may acquire weapons that they can use as well as power-ups that replenish the player's health.[2]

As players walk through the level, they are stopped by groups of enemies who must be defeated before they can continue.[17] The level ends when all the enemies are defeated. Each level contains many identical groups of enemies,[14][18] making these games notable for their repetition.[14][19] In beat 'em up games, players often fight a boss—an enemy much stronger than the other enemies—at the end of each level.[2][20] In fact, the term "boss" likely originated in beat 'em ups, since this final enemy was literally the captain of the enemies seen earlier in the level.[20]

Multiple characters and players

Beat 'em ups often allow the player to choose between a selection of protagonists—each with their own strengths, weaknesses, and set of moves.[2][13][15][21] Attacks can include rapid combinations of basic attacks (combos) as well as jumping and grappling attacks.[2][21] Characters often have their own special attacks, which leads to different strategies depending on which character the player selects.[22] The control system is usually simple to learn, comprising as little as two buttons. These buttons can be combined to pull off combos, as well as jumping and grappling attacks.[2][21] Since the release of Double Dragon, many beat 'em ups have allowed two players to play the game cooperatively—a central aspect to the appeal of these games.[2][11][13][21][23] Beat 'em ups are more likely to feature cooperative play than other game genres.[24]

History

Origin

The first game to feature fist fighting was Sega's boxing game Heavyweight Champ (1976),[8] which was viewed from a side-view perspective like later fighting games.[25] Sega followed it with several more fighting games, including Samurai (1980), a martial arts themed arcade game where the player simultaneously fought multiple opponents in an enclosed area, before proceeding to fight a master samurai in a boss encounter.[26] Bruce Lee (1983) was a martial arts themed single-screen computer platform game that featured fist-fighting,[27] while Chuck Norris Superkicks (1983) was a martial arts themed Atari 2600 action-adventure game which used a vertical-scrolling overhead view for exploration and random encounters that switched to a single-screen side view for one-on-one fighting.[28]

However, it was Data East's fighting game Karate Champ (1984) which popularized martial arts themed games.[8] The same year, Irem's Hong Kong cinema-inspired Kung-Fu Master (known as Spartan X in Japan) laid the foundations for side-scrolling beat 'em ups with its simple gameplay and multiple enemies.[8][29] Later that year, Karateka combined the one-on-one fight sequences of Karate Champ with the freedom of movement in Kung-Fu Master, and it successfully experimented with adding plot to its fighting action. It was also among the first beat 'em ups to be successfully ported to home systems.[8] Another title that year, Chinese Hero, experimented with two-player cooperative gameplay and used an overheard view.[30] Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun, released in 1986 in Japan, deviated from the martial arts themes of earlier games and introduced street brawling to the genre. The Western adaptation Renegade (released the same year) added an underworld revenge plot that proved more popular with gamers than the principled combat sport of other games.[11] Renegade set the standard for future beat 'em up games as it introduced the ability to move both horizontally and vertically.[31] It also introduced the use of combo attacks; in contast to earlier games, the opponents in Renegade and Double Dragon could take much more punishment, requiring a succession of punches, with the first hit temporarily immobilizing the enemy, making him unable to defend himself against successive punches.[32]

Golden age

File:Double Dragon.png
The success of Double Dragon set the tone for numerous beat 'em ups to come, including its co-operative multiplayer gameplay.

In 1987, the release of Double Dragon ushered in a "Golden Age" for the beat 'em up genre that lasted nearly five years. The game was designed as Technōs Japan's spiritual successor to Renegade,[11] but it took the genre to new heights with its detailed set of martial arts attacks and its outstanding two-player cooperative gameplay.[11][33] Double Dragon's success largely resulted in a flood of beat 'em ups that came in the late 1980s,[33] where acclaimed titles such as Golden Axe and Final Fight (both 1989) distinguished themselves from the others.[11] Final Fight was Capcom's intended sequel to Street Fighter (provisionally titled Street Fighter '89),[34] but the company ultimately gave it a new title.[35] In contrast to the simple combo attacks in Renegade and Double Dragon, the combo attacks in Final Fight were much more dynamic.[32] Acclaimed as the best game in the genre,[2][36] Final Fight spawned two sequels and was later ported to other systems. Final Fight was also the cause for Capcom to be famous and for Technos Japan's bankruptcy. [35] Golden Axe was acclaimed for its visceral hack and slash action and cooperative mode and was influential through its selection of multiple protagonists with distinct fighting styles.[13] It is considered one of the strongest beat 'em up titles for its fantasy elements, distinguishing it from the urban settings seen in other beat 'em ups.[14] Another highly lauded beat 'em up—River City Ransom (1989), named Street Gangs in Europe—featured role-playing game elements with which the player's character could be upgraded, using money stolen from defeated enemies.[37][38] It was also non-linear,[39] allowing players to explore an open world.[40] In 1990, SNK released beat 'em ups with a first-person perspective: the hack & slash game Crossed Swords,[41] and the fighting & shooting game Super Spy.[42]

The acclaimed Streets of Rage series was launched in the early 1990s and borrowed heavily from Final Fight.[43] Streets of Rage 2 for Sega's Mega Drive was notable for being one of the first console games to match the acclaim of arcade beat 'em ups.[11] Its level design was praised for taking traditional beat 'em up settings and stringing them together in novel ways,[43] and its success led to it being ported to arcades.[11] Like Final Fight, Streets of Rage 2 has been claimed as "by far the best" scrolling beat 'em up.[37] Another notable beat 'em up was Sega's Arabian Fight (1992), which featured four-player cooperative gameplay and a three-dimensional playfield where players could move between several layers of scrolling backgrounds.[44] The beat 'em up was also a popular genre for video games based on television series and movies, with Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles a surprise success,[11] and encouraged many more beat 'em up games based on the characters.[45] However, the "Golden Age" of the genre ended in the wake of the success of Capcom's Street Fighter II (1991), which drew gamers back towards one-on-one fighting games, while the subsequent emerging popularity of 3D video games diminished the popularity of 2D-based pugilistic games in general.[11][33] By the mid-1990s, the genre suffered from a lack of innovation.[46]

32-bit era onward

Core Design's Fighting Force (1997) was anticipated to redefine the genre for 32-bit consoles through its use of a 3D environment. However, it was met with a lukewarm reception.[15] The Dynasty Warriors series, beginning with Dynasty Warriors 2 in 2000, offered traditional beat 'em up action on large 3D battlefields, displaying dozens of characters on the screen at a time.[16][47] The series to date spans 14 games (including expansions) which players in the West view as overly similar, although the games' creators claim their large audience in Japan appreciates the subtle differences between the titles.[12][48] While critics saw Dynasty Warriors 2 as innovative and technically impressive,[12][16] they held a mixed opinion of later titles. These later games received praise for simple, enjoyable gameplay but were simultaneously derided as overly simplistic and repetitive.[12][49] Another best-selling Japanese series,[50] Yakuza, combined elaborate plots and detailed interactive environments with street brawling action.[51] Despite these releases, game reviewers started to pronounce that the genre had died off.[14] By 2002, there were virtually no new beat 'em ups being released in arcades.[52]

Capcom's Viewtiful Joe (2003) used cel-shaded graphics and innovative gameplay features (such as the protagonist's special powers) to "reinvigorate" its traditional 2D scrolling formula.[53] The Behemoth's Castle Crashers (2008) also featured cartoon graphics, quirky humor, and acclaimed cooperative gameplay.[54] Rockstar Games' The Warriors (based on the 1979 movie of the same name), released in 2005, featured large scale brawling in 3D environments interspersed with other activities such as chase sequences.[55] The game also featured a more traditional side-scrolling beat 'em up Armies of the Night as bonus content, which was acclaimed along with the main game and was later released on the PlayStation Portable.[55][56] Releases such as God Hand in 2006 and MadWorld in 2009 were seen as parodies of violence in popular culture, earning both games praise for not taking themselves as seriously as early beat 'em up games.[19][57] Classic beat 'em ups have been re-released on services such as the Virtual Console; critics reaffirmed the appeal of some,[2][13][37] while the appeal of others has been deemed to have diminished with time.[21] Although the genre lacks the same presence it did in the late 1980s, some titles such as Viewtiful Joe and God Hand kept the genre alive.[58]

In recent years, the beat 'em up genre has seen a revival in the form of popular 3D hack and slash games in the style of Devil May Cry (2001 onwards), including Ninja Gaiden (2004 onwards), God of War (2005 onwards), Heavenly Sword (2006), Afro Samurai (2009),[59] and Bayonetta (2009).[60] Several traditional 2D scrolling beat 'em ups have also been released in recent years, including Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game (2010).[61]

See also

References

  1. ^ Thomas, Lucas M., Justice League Heroes: The Flash, Yahoo! Games, Oct 27, 2007, Accessed Mar 22, 2009
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Navarro, Alex, Final Fight Review, GameSpot, May 10, 2007, Accessed Mar 21 2009
  3. ^ Davis, Ryan, The Hulk (Xbox), CNET, May 5, 2003. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  4. ^ Ellis, David, MadWorld Review for the Wii, 1UP, March 10, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  5. ^ Ashcraft, Brian, (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo-Charged World of Japan's Games Centers, Kodansha International, p. 159
  6. ^ Navarro, Alex, McFarlane's Evil Prophecy Game (PS2), CNET, June 15, 2004, Accessed Mar 27, 2009
  7. ^ Navarro, Alex, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Xbox 360), CNET, Mar 14, 2007, Accessed Mar 27, 2009
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Spencer, Spanner, The Tao of Beat-'em-ups, Eurogamer, Feb 6, 2008, Accessed Mar 18, 2009
  9. ^ Staff, E3 Feature: Fighting Games Focus, Edge, May 3, 2006, Accessed Mar 22, 2009
  10. ^ Wales, Matt, Super Smash Bros. Brawl UK Review, IGN, June 8, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Spencer, Spanner, The Tao of Beat-'em-ups (part 2), EuroGamer, Feb 12, 2008, Accessed Mar 18, 2009
  12. ^ a b c d Fitch, Andy, Dynasty Warriors 6 (Xbox 360), 1UP, Mar 7, 2008, Accessed Mar 19, 2009
  13. ^ a b c d e Kasavin, Greg, Golden Axe Review, GameSpot, Dec 1, 2006, Accessed Mar 19, 2009
  14. ^ a b c d e Cassidy, William, Hall of Fame: Golden Axe, GameSpy, June 8, 2003. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  15. ^ a b c Gerstmann, Jeff, Fighting Force Review, GameSpot, Dec 1, 1997, Accessed Mar 19, 2009
  16. ^ a b c Sato, Ike, Dynasty Warriors 2 Review, GameSpot, Aug 17, 2000, Accessed Mar 19, 2009
  17. ^ Nguyen, Thierry, Watchmen: The End is Nigh (PS3), 1UP, Mar 4, 2009, Mar 26, 2009
  18. ^ Fudge, James, X-Men: The Official Game, Xploder June 13, 2006. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  19. ^ a b McGarvery, Sterling, Review - MadWorld (Wii), GameSpy, Mar 10, 2009, Accessed Mar 24, 2009
  20. ^ a b Ramachandran, Ryan, Gamasutra Opinion: Boss Design - Trial & Punishment, GamaSutra, June 17, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  21. ^ a b c d e Perry, Douglass C., Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1989 Arcade Review, IGN, Mar 14, 2007, Accessed Mar 22, 2009
  22. ^ The Death and Return of Superman, UGO, 2006, Accessed Mar 27, 2009
  23. ^ Staff, Game Help Editors' Picks Co-Op Games, IGN, June 13, 2005. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  24. ^ Cifaldi, Frank, The Quantum Leap Awards: The Most Important Multiplayer Games of All Time, GamaSutra, Feb 2, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  25. ^ Nadia Oxford, 20 Years of Street Fighter, 1UP.com, 12/11/2007
  26. ^ Samurai at the Killer List of Videogames
  27. ^ Template:Allgame
  28. ^ Chuck Norris Superkicks at MobyGames
  29. ^ Kunkel, Bill; Worley, Joyce; Katz, Arnie, "The Furious Fists of Sega!", Computer Gaming World, Oct 1988, pp. 48-49
  30. ^ Chinese Hero at the Killer List of Videogames
  31. ^ Evolution of a Genre: Beat 'Em Ups, ABC Television, Nov 6, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  32. ^ a b Jess Ragan (2006-06-15). "Playing With Power". 1UP.com. p. 3. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
  33. ^ a b c Cassidy, William, Hall of Fame: Double Dragon, Gamespy, Jan 5, 2003, Accessed, March 24, 2009
  34. ^ Did You Know? Volume 1: Street Fighter '89, Capcom, Accessed Aug 17, 2009
  35. ^ a b Kalata, Kurt, Final Fight, Hardcore Gaming 101, Accessed Feb 04, 2010
  36. ^ Ashcraft, Brian, Clip: Top Ten Beat 'Em Ups, Kotaku, Mar 16, 2007, Accessed Mar 21, 2009
  37. ^ a b c "Rated Wii Shop", Nintendo: The Official Magazine, September 2008 (issue 33), p. 129
  38. ^ IGN's Top 100 Games, IGN, Accessed Mar 22, 2009
  39. ^ Kramer, Josh (29 July 2004). "River City Ransom". Thunderbolt. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  40. ^ Plante, Chris (June 22, 2010). "Every Easter Egg Hidden in the Scott Pilgrim Video Game Trailer". UGO Networks. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  41. ^ Template:Allgame
  42. ^ Template:Allgame
  43. ^ a b Cassidy, William, Hall of Fame: Streets of Rage, GameSpy, Sept 23, 2003, Accessed Mar 24, 2009
  44. ^ Arabian Fight at the Killer List of Videogames
  45. ^ "TMNT Games". 1up.com. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
  46. ^ Davis, Ryan, Comix Zone (Wii), CNET, Jan 31, 2007, Accessed Mar 27, 2009
  47. ^ Villoria, Gerald, Dynasty Warriors 3 Review, GameSpot, Dec 18, 2001, Accessed Mar 19, 2009
  48. ^ Nutt, Christian, Interview: How Koei Aims For Western Audiences, GamaSutra, Dec 8, 2008, Mar 19, 2009
  49. ^ Ramsey, Randolph, Dynasty Warriors 6 Review, GameSpot, Mar 28, 2008, Accessed Mar 18, 2009
  50. ^ Jenkins, David, Japanese Charts: Yakuza 3 And Dynasty Warriors: Strikeforce Lead Busy Week, GamaSutra, Mar 5, 2009, Accessed Mar 19, 2009
  51. ^ Stanton, Rich, "Yakuza 2", Official Playstation Magazine UK, Nov 2008 (issue 24), pp. 108-09
  52. ^ Epperson, Justin, Die Hard Arcade EX: Asian Dynamite (Arcade), 1UP, Feb 17, 2007, Accessed Mar 26, 2009
  53. ^ Bramwell, Tom Viewtiful Joe, EuroGamer, Oct 13, 2003, Accessed Mar 19, 2009
  54. ^ Francis, Don, Castle Crashers Review, GameSpot, Aug 28, 2008, Accessed Mar 26, 2009
  55. ^ a b Navarro, Alex, The Warriors Review, GameSpot, Oct 21, 2005, Accessed Mar 22, 2009
  56. ^ Cundy, Matt, Rockstar's retro beat-'em-up revealed, GamesRadar, Jan 24, 2007, Accessed Mar 22, 2009
  57. ^ Barnholt, Ray, God Hand Preview, 1UP, July 17, 2006, Accessed Mar 26, 2009
  58. ^ "Clover Studios Wilts and Dies", GameAxis Unwired, Nov 2006, p. 8
  59. ^ Arnold Katayev (2009-01-31). "Afro Samurai Review". PSX Extreme. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  60. ^ Jeff Bakalar, Scott Stein and Dan Ackerman (January 4, 2010). "Bad hair day: Bayonetta hands-on". Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  61. ^ Chris Kohler (July 22, 2010). "The Gamer's Guide to Comic-Con 2010". Wired. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
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