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==History==
==History==

===Pre-discovery===
===Discovery===
===Discovery===
⚫
Between July 2009 and February 2010, the team at the [[JINR|JINR (Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions)]] ran a 7-month-long experiment to synthesize ununseptium using the reaction above.<ref>[http://www.atominfo.ru/en/news/e0298.htm Ununseptium&nbsp;– the 117th element] at AtomInfo.ru</ref>
⚫
The expected cross-section was of the order of 2 [[Barn (unit)|pb]]. The expected evaporation residues, <sup>293</sup>Uus and <sup>294</sup>Uus, were predicted to decay via relatively long decay chains as far as isotopes of [[dubnium]] or [[lawrencium]].

In January 2010, scientists at the [[Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions]] announced internally<ref name=E117/> that they had succeeded in detecting the [[Radioactive decay|decay]] of a new element with Z=117 using the reactions:
In January 2010, scientists at the [[Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions]] announced internally<ref name=E117/> that they had succeeded in detecting the [[Radioactive decay|decay]] of a new element with Z=117 using the reactions:


Line 11: Line 16:


Just six atoms were synthesized of two neighbouring [[isotopes]], neither of which decayed to known isotopes of lighter elements. Their results were published on 9 April 2010 in the journal ''[[Physical Review Letters]]''.<ref>Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al., [http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v104/i14/e142502 ''Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z=117''], Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 142502 (2010). {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502}}.</ref>
Just six atoms were synthesized of two neighbouring [[isotopes]], neither of which decayed to known isotopes of lighter elements. Their results were published on 9 April 2010 in the journal ''[[Physical Review Letters]]''.<ref>Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al., [http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v104/i14/e142502 ''Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z=117''], Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 142502 (2010). {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502}}.</ref>

⚫
===Naming===
⚫
The element with atomic number 117 is historically known as [[Dmitri Mendeleev's predicted elements|eka]]-[[astatine]]. The name ununseptium is a [[systematic element name]], used as a [[placeholder name|placeholder]] until the discovery is acknowledged by the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]], and the IUPAC decides on a name. Usually, the name suggested by the discoverer(s) is chosen.

⚫
According to current guidelines from IUPAC, the ultimate name for all new elements should end in "-ium", which means the name for ununseptium may end in -ium, not -ine, even if ununseptium turns out to be a [[halogen]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1351/pac200274050787|url=http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7405x0787.pdf|title=Naming of new elements (IUPAC Recommendations 2002)|year=2002|author=Koppenol, W. H.|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|volume=74|page=787|issue=5}}</ref>
<!--===Current experiments===
None-->

===Future experiments===
The team at the GSI in Darmstadt, recently acknowledged as the discoverers of [[copernicium]], have begun experiments aimed towards a synthesis of ununseptium. The GSI have indicated that if they are unable to acquire any <sup>249</sup>Bk from the United States, which is likely given the situation regarding the attempt in Russia, they will study the reaction <sup>244</sup>Pu(<sup>51</sup>V,''x''n) instead, or possibly <sup>243</sup>Am(<sup>50</sup>Ti,''x''n).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-win.gsi.de/tasca08/contributions/TASCA08_Cont_Duellmann2b.pdf |title=Toward element 117 – CED – TASCA 08|format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-12}}</ref>

⚫
==Isotopes and nuclear properties==
===Nucleosynthesis===
;Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=117 compound nuclei
The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with atomic number 117.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Target !! Projectile !! CN !! Attempt result
|-
!<sup>208</sup>Pb
|<sup>81</sup>Br||<sup>289</sup>Uus||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>209</sup>Bi
|<sup>79</sup>Se||<sup>288</sup>Uus||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>209</sup>Bi
|<sup>82</sup>Se||<sup>291</sup>Uus||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>226</sup>Ra
|<sup>63</sup>Cu||<sup>289</sup>Uus||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>226</sup>Ra
|<sup>65</sup>Cu||<sup>291</sup>Uus||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>232</sup>Th
|<sup>59</sup>Co||<sup>291</sup>Uus||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>238</sup>U
|<sup>55</sup>Mn||<sup>293</sup>Uus||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>237</sup>Np
|<sup>54</sup>Cr||<sup>291</sup>Uus||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>244</sup>Pu
|<sup>51</sup>V||<sup>295</sup>Uus||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>243</sup>Am
|<sup>50</sup>Ti||<sup>293</sup>Uus||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>248</sup>Cm
|<sup>45</sup>Sc||<sup>293</sup>Uus||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>249</sup>Bk
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>297</sup>Uus||{{yes|Successful reaction}}
|-
!<sup>249</sup>Cf
|<sup>41</sup>K||<sup>290</sup>Uus||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|}<!--Please use {{no|Failure to date}} for reactions which have been tried but failed, and {{yes|Successful reaction}} for successes, thanks-->

====Hot fusion====
;<sup>249</sup>Bk (<sup>48</sup>Ca, ''x''n)<sup>297-''x''</sup>Uus (''x''=3,4)
⚫
Between July 2009 and February 2010, the team at the [[JINR|JINR (Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions)]] ran a 7-month-long experiment to synthesize ununseptium using the reaction above.<ref>[http://www.atominfo.ru/en/news/e0298.htm Ununseptium&nbsp;– the 117th element] at AtomInfo.ru</ref>
⚫
The expected cross-section was of the order of 2 [[Barn (unit)|pb]]. The expected evaporation residues, <sup>293</sup>Uus and <sup>294</sup>Uus, were predicted to decay via relatively long decay chains as far as isotopes of [[dubnium]] or [[lawrencium]].


<gallery widths="330px" heights="300px" perrow="2">
<gallery widths="330px" heights="300px" perrow="2">
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A further experiment in May 2010, looking at the chemistry of one of the decay products, [[ununtrium]], identified a further two atoms derived from <sup>294</sup>117.
A further experiment in May 2010, looking at the chemistry of one of the decay products, [[ununtrium]], identified a further two atoms derived from <sup>294</sup>117.


⚫
===Naming===
====Chronology of isotope discovery====
⚫
The element with atomic number 117 is historically known as [[Dmitri Mendeleev's predicted elements|eka]]-[[astatine]]. The name ununseptium is a [[systematic element name]], used as a [[placeholder name|placeholder]] until the discovery is acknowledged by the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]], and the IUPAC decides on a name. Usually, the name suggested by the discoverer(s) is chosen.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|-
⚫
According to current guidelines from IUPAC, the ultimate name for all new elements should end in "-ium", which means the name for ununseptium may end in -ium, not -ine, even if ununseptium turns out to be a [[halogen]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1351/pac200274050787|url=http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7405x0787.pdf|title=Naming of new elements (IUPAC Recommendations 2002)|year=2002|author=Koppenol, W. H.|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|volume=74|page=787|issue=5}}</ref>
!Isotope!!Year discovered!!Discovery reaction
|-
|<sup>294</sup>Uus||2009||<sup>249</sup>Bk(<sup>48</sup>Ca,3n)
|-
|<sup>293</sup>Uus||2009||<sup>249</sup>Bk(<sup>48</sup>Ca,4n)
|}


⚫
==Predicted properties==
===Theoretical calculations===
===Isotopic===
====Evaporation residue cross sections====
====Evaporation residue cross sections====
The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.
The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.
Line 132: Line 69:
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>295</sup>Uus||3n (<sup>292</sup>Uus)||0.8, 0.9 pb||DNS||<ref name=FengE117 /><ref name=FengHotFusion />
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>295</sup>Uus||3n (<sup>292</sup>Uus)||0.8, 0.9 pb||DNS||<ref name=FengE117 /><ref name=FengHotFusion />
|}
|}

====Decay characteristics====
====Decay characteristics====
Theoretical calculations in a quantum tunneling model with mass estimates from a macroscopic-microscopic model predict the alpha-decay half-lives of isotopes of ununseptium (namely, <sup>289–303</sup>Uus) to be around 0.1–40 ms.<ref name=prediction117>{{cite journal|journal=Nucl. Phys. A|volume=789|page=142|year=2007| title=Predictions of alpha decay half lives of heavy and superheavy elements|author=C. Samanta, P. Roy Chowdhury and D.N. Basu|doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.04.001|bibcode=2007NuPhA.789..142S|arxiv = nucl-th/0703086 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Phys. Rev. C|volume=77|page=044603|year=2008|title=Search for long lived heaviest nuclei beyond the valley of stability|author=P. Roy Chowdhury, C. Samanta, and D. N. Basu|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.77.044603|bibcode=2008PhRvC..77d4603C|issue=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=At. Data & Nucl. Data Tables|volume=94|pages=781–806|year=2008|title=Nuclear half-lives for α -radioactivity of elements with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130|author=P. Roy Chowdhury, C. Samanta, and D. N. Basu|doi=10.1016/j.adt.2008.01.003|bibcode=2008ADNDT..94..781C|issue=6}}</ref>
Theoretical calculations in a quantum tunneling model with mass estimates from a macroscopic-microscopic model predict the alpha-decay half-lives of isotopes of ununseptium (namely, <sup>289–303</sup>Uus) to be around 0.1–40 ms.<ref name=prediction117>{{cite journal|journal=Nucl. Phys. A|volume=789|page=142|year=2007| title=Predictions of alpha decay half lives of heavy and superheavy elements|author=C. Samanta, P. Roy Chowdhury and D.N. Basu|doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.04.001|bibcode=2007NuPhA.789..142S|arxiv = nucl-th/0703086 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Phys. Rev. C|volume=77|page=044603|year=2008|title=Search for long lived heaviest nuclei beyond the valley of stability|author=P. Roy Chowdhury, C. Samanta, and D. N. Basu|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.77.044603|bibcode=2008PhRvC..77d4603C|issue=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=At. Data & Nucl. Data Tables|volume=94|pages=781–806|year=2008|title=Nuclear half-lives for α -radioactivity of elements with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130|author=P. Roy Chowdhury, C. Samanta, and D. N. Basu|doi=10.1016/j.adt.2008.01.003|bibcode=2008ADNDT..94..781C|issue=6}}</ref>


⚫
===Extrapolated chemical===
==Chemical properties==
⚫
===Extrapolated chemical properties===
Certain chemical properties, such as bond lengths, are predicted to differ from what one would expect based on periodic trends from the lighter [[halogen]]s (because of [[relativistic quantum chemistry|relativistic effects]]). It may have some [[metalloid]] properties, similar to [[astatine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dirac.chem.sdu.dk/thesis/96.saue_phd.pdf|title=Principles and Applications of Relativistic Molecular Calculations|author=Trond Saue}}, page 76</ref> For example, solid ununseptium should resemble astatine in its metallic appearance, and it is expected that ununseptium will show dominant +1 and +3 [[oxidation state]]s instead of the −1 oxidation state common to all the natural halogens.<ref name=EB>{{cite web|author=Seaborg|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603220/transuranium-element|title=transuranium element (chemical element)|publisher=Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica|date=ca. 2006|accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref>
Certain chemical properties, such as bond lengths, are predicted to differ from what one would expect based on periodic trends from the lighter [[halogen]]s (because of [[relativistic quantum chemistry|relativistic effects]]). It may have some [[metalloid]] properties, similar to [[astatine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dirac.chem.sdu.dk/thesis/96.saue_phd.pdf|title=Principles and Applications of Relativistic Molecular Calculations|author=Trond Saue}}, page 76</ref> For example, solid ununseptium should resemble astatine in its metallic appearance, and it is expected that ununseptium will show dominant +1 and +3 [[oxidation state]]s instead of the −1 oxidation state common to all the natural halogens.<ref name=EB>{{cite web|author=Seaborg|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603220/transuranium-element|title=transuranium element (chemical element)|publisher=Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica|date=ca. 2006|accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref>


Revision as of 20:08, 27 June 2012

Tennessine, 117Ts
Tennessine
Pronunciation/ˈtɛnəsiːn/[1] ​(TEN-ə-seen)
Appearancesemimetallic (predicted)[2]
Mass number[294]
Tennessine in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
At
↑
Ts
↓
—
livermorium ← tennessine → oganesson
Atomic number (Z)117
Groupgroup 17 (halogens)
Periodperiod 7
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5 (predicted)[3]
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 7 (predicted)
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid (predicted)[3][4]
Melting point623–823 K ​(350–550 °C, ​662–1022 °F) (predicted)[3]
Boiling point883 K ​(610 °C, ​1130 °F) (predicted)[3]
Density (near r.t.)7.1–7.3 g/cm3 (extrapolated)[4]
Atomic properties
Oxidation states(−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[2][3]
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 742.9 kJ/mol (predicted)[5]
  • 2nd: 1435.4 kJ/mol (predicted)[5]
  • 3rd: 2161.9 kJ/mol (predicted)[5]
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 138 pm (predicted)[4]
Covalent radius156–157 pm (extrapolated)[4]
Other properties
Natural occurrencesynthetic
CAS Number54101-14-3
History
Namingafter Tennessee region
DiscoveryJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (2010)
Isotopes of tennessine
Main isotopes[6] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
293Ts synth 25 ms[6][7] α 289Mc
294Ts synth 51 ms[8] α 290Mc
 Category: Tennessine
| references

Ununseptium is the temporary name of a superheavy artificial chemical element with temporary symbol Uus and atomic number 117. Six atoms were detected by a joint Russia–US collaboration at Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russia, in November 2010.[9][10] Although it is currently placed as the heaviest member of the halogen family, there is no experimental evidence that the chemical properties of ununseptium match those of the lighter members like iodine or astatine and theoretical analysis suggests there may be some notable differences.

History

Pre-discovery

Discovery

Between July 2009 and February 2010, the team at the JINR (Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions) ran a 7-month-long experiment to synthesize ununseptium using the reaction above.[11] The expected cross-section was of the order of 2 pb. The expected evaporation residues, 293Uus and 294Uus, were predicted to decay via relatively long decay chains as far as isotopes of dubnium or lawrencium.

In January 2010, scientists at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions announced internally[10] that they had succeeded in detecting the decay of a new element with Z=117 using the reactions:

48
20Ca
 + 249
97Bk
 → The element Uus does not exist.* → The element Uus does not exist. + 3 1
0
n
48
20Ca
 + 249
97Bk
 → The element Uus does not exist.* → The element Uus does not exist. + 4 1
0
n

Just six atoms were synthesized of two neighbouring isotopes, neither of which decayed to known isotopes of lighter elements. Their results were published on 9 April 2010 in the journal Physical Review Letters.[12]


The team published a scientific paper in April 2010 (first results were presented in January 2010[10]) that six atoms of the neighbouring isotopes 294Uus (one atom) and 293Uus (five atoms) were detected. The heavier isotope decayed by the successive emission of six alpha particles down as far as the new isotope 270Db which underwent apparent spontaneous fission. On the other hand, the lighter odd-even isotope decayed by the emission of just three alpha particles, as far as 281Rg, which underwent spontaneous fission. The reaction was run at two different excitation energies of 35 MeV (dose 2x1019) and 39 MeV (dose 2.4×1019). Initial decay data was published as a preliminary presentation on the JINR website.[14]

A further experiment in May 2010, looking at the chemistry of one of the decay products, ununtrium, identified a further two atoms derived from 294117.

Naming

The element with atomic number 117 is historically known as eka-astatine. The name ununseptium is a systematic element name, used as a placeholder until the discovery is acknowledged by the IUPAC, and the IUPAC decides on a name. Usually, the name suggested by the discoverer(s) is chosen.

According to current guidelines from IUPAC, the ultimate name for all new elements should end in "-ium", which means the name for ununseptium may end in -ium, not -ine, even if ununseptium turns out to be a halogen.[15]

Predicted properties

Isotopic

Evaporation residue cross sections

The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; σ = cross section

Target Projectile CN Channel (product) σmax Model Ref
209Bi 82Se 291Uus 1n (290Uus) 15 fb DNS [16]
209Bi 79Se 288Uus 1n (287Uus) 0.2 pb DNS [16]
232Th 59Co 291Uus 2n (289Uus) 0.1 pb DNS [16]
238U 55Mn 293Uus 2-3n (291,290Uus) 70 fb DNS [16]
244Pu 51V 295Uus 3n (292Uus) 0.6 pb DNS [16]
248Cm 45Sc 293Uus 4n (289Uus) 2.9 pb DNS [16]
246Cm 45Sc 291Uus 4n (287Uus) 1 pb DNS [16]
249Bk 48Ca 297Uus 3n (294Uus) 2.1 pb ; 3 pb DNS [16][17]
247Bk 48Ca 295Uus 3n (292Uus) 0.8, 0.9 pb DNS [16][17]

Decay characteristics

Theoretical calculations in a quantum tunneling model with mass estimates from a macroscopic-microscopic model predict the alpha-decay half-lives of isotopes of ununseptium (namely, 289–303Uus) to be around 0.1–40 ms.[18][19][20]

Extrapolated chemical

Certain chemical properties, such as bond lengths, are predicted to differ from what one would expect based on periodic trends from the lighter halogens (because of relativistic effects). It may have some metalloid properties, similar to astatine.[21] For example, solid ununseptium should resemble astatine in its metallic appearance, and it is expected that ununseptium will show dominant +1 and +3 oxidation states instead of the −1 oxidation state common to all the natural halogens.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ritter, Malcolm (June 9, 2016). "Periodic table elements named for Moscow, Japan, Tennessee". Associated Press. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  2. ^ a b Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d e Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
  4. ^ a b c d Bonchev, D.; Kamenska, V. (1981). "Predicting the Properties of the 113–120 Transactinide Elements". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 85 (9): 1177–1186. doi:10.1021/j150609a021.
  5. ^ a b c Chang, Zhiwei; Li, Jiguang; Dong, Chenzhong (2010). "Ionization Potentials, Electron Affinities, Resonance Excitation Energies, Oscillator Strengths, And Ionic Radii of Element Uus (Z = 117) and Astatine". J. Phys. Chem. A. 2010 (114): 13388–94. Bibcode:2010JPCA..11413388C. doi:10.1021/jp107411s.
  6. ^ a b Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  7. ^ Khuyagbaatar, J.; Yakushev, A.; Düllmann, Ch. E.; et al. (2014). "48Ca+249Bk Fusion Reaction Leading to Element Z=117: Long-Lived α-Decaying 270Db and Discovery of 266Lr". Physical Review Letters. 112 (17): 172501. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112q2501K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.172501. PMID 24836239.
  8. ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (2013). "Experimental studies of the 249Bk + 48Ca reaction including decay properties and excitation function for isotopes of element 117, and discovery of the new isotope 277Mt". Physical Review C. 87 (5): 054621. Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4621O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054621.
  9. ^ Element 117 discovered at physicstoday.org
  10. ^ a b c Recommendations: 31st meeting, PAC for Nuclear Physics
  11. ^ Ununseptium – the 117th element at AtomInfo.ru
  12. ^ Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al., Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z=117, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 142502 (2010). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502.
  13. ^ a b Roman Sagaidak. "Experiment setting on synthesis of superheavy nuclei in fusion-evaporation reactions. Preparation to synthesis of new element with Z=117" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  14. ^ Walter Grenier: Recommendations, a PowerPoint presentation at the January 2010 meeting of the PAC for Nuclear Physics
  15. ^ Koppenol, W. H. (2002). "Naming of new elements (IUPAC Recommendations 2002)" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 74 (5): 787. doi:10.1351/pac200274050787.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i Zhao-Qing, Feng; Gen-Ming, Jin; Ming-Hui, Huang; Zai-Guo, Gan; Nan, Wang; Jun-Qing, Li (2007). "Possible Way to Synthesize Superheavy Element Z = 117". Chinese Physics Letters. 24 (9): 2551. arXiv:0708.0159. Bibcode:2007ChPhL..24.2551F. doi:10.1088/0256-307X/24/9/024.
  17. ^ a b Feng, Z; Jin, G; Li, J; Scheid, W (2009). "Production of heavy and superheavy nuclei in massive fusion reactions". Nuclear Physics A. 816: 33. arXiv:0803.1117. Bibcode:2009NuPhA.816...33F. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.11.003.
  18. ^ C. Samanta, P. Roy Chowdhury and D.N. Basu (2007). "Predictions of alpha decay half lives of heavy and superheavy elements". Nucl. Phys. A. 789: 142. arXiv:nucl-th/0703086. Bibcode:2007NuPhA.789..142S. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.04.001.
  19. ^ P. Roy Chowdhury, C. Samanta, and D. N. Basu (2008). "Search for long lived heaviest nuclei beyond the valley of stability". Phys. Rev. C. 77 (4): 044603. Bibcode:2008PhRvC..77d4603C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.77.044603.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ P. Roy Chowdhury, C. Samanta, and D. N. Basu (2008). "Nuclear half-lives for α -radioactivity of elements with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130". At. Data & Nucl. Data Tables. 94 (6): 781–806. Bibcode:2008ADNDT..94..781C. doi:10.1016/j.adt.2008.01.003.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Trond Saue. "Principles and Applications of Relativistic Molecular Calculations" (PDF)., page 76
  22. ^ Seaborg (ca. 2006). "transuranium element (chemical element)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-03-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

External links

  • Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007
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