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|fatalities=68
|fatalities=68
|injuries=144
|injuries=144

|perps=[[Army of the Republika Srpska]]<ref name="ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement"/><ref name="ICTY:Dragomir Milošević judgement"/>
|motive=
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{{Infobox civilian attack
{{Infobox civilian attack
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|timezone=[[Central European Time]]
|timezone=[[Central European Time]]
|type=Mortar attack
|type=Mortar attack
|fatalities=38<ref>Dragomir Milosevic Judgment, para 467.</ref>
|fatalities=43<ref>{{cite web| publisher= RTS| url= http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/135/Hronika/1252690/Svedok%3A+Markale+nisu+inscenirane.html| author| title= Svedok: Markale nisu inscenirane| date= 23 January 2013| accessdate= 24 January 2013}}</ref>
|injuries=75
|injuries=75

|perps=[[Army of the Republika Srpska]]<ref name="ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement"/><ref name="ICTY:Dragomir Milošević judgement"/>
|motive=
}}
}}


The '''Markale massacres''' were two bombardments carried out by the [[Army of the Republika Srpska]]<ref name="ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement">{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/galic/acjug/en/gal-acjud061130.pdf|title=ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement}}</ref><ref name="ICTY:Dragomir Milošević judgement">{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/dragomir_milosevic/acjug/en/091112.pdf|title=ICTY: Dragomir Milošević judgement}}</ref> targeting [[civilian]]s during the [[Siege of Sarajevo]] in the [[Bosnian War]]. They occurred at the Markale ([[marketplace]]) located in the historic core of [[Sarajevo]], the capital of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].
The '''Markale massacres''' were two 120mm mortar attacks against [[civilian]]s during the [[Siege of Sarajevo]] in the [[Bosnian War]]. They occurred at the Markale ([[marketplace]]) located in the historic core of [[Sarajevo]], the capital of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. The first happened on 5 February 1994; 68 people were killed and 144 more were wounded. The second occurred on 28 August 1995; 38 people were killed and another 75 were wounded.

The first happened on 5 February 1994; 68 people were killed and 144 more were wounded. The second occurred on 28 August 1995 when five [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] shells killed 43 people and wounded another 75. This latter attack was the stated reason for [[Operation Deliberate Force|NATO air strikes]] against [[Republika Srpska|Bosnian Serb]] forces that would eventually lead to the [[Dayton Agreement|Dayton Peace Accords]] and the end of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina.


==First massacre==
==First massacre==
The first [[massacre]] occurred between 12:10 and 12:15 PM, on 5 February 1994, when a 120 millimeter mortar shell landed in the center of the crowded marketplace.<ref name=BBC>Fish, Jim. (5 February 2004). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3459965.stm Sarajevo massacre remembered]. BBC.</ref> Rescue workers and [[United Nations]] (UN) personnel rushed to help the numerous civilian casualties, while [[footage]] of the event soon made news reports across the world.<ref name=BBC/> Controversy over the event started when an initial [[United Nations Protection Force|UNPROFOR]] report claimed that the shell was fired from Bosnian government positions. General [[Hugh Michael Rose|Michael Rose]], the British head of UNPROFOR, revealed in his memoirs that three days after the blast he told [[General]] [[Jovan Divjak]], the deputy commander of ARBiH forces, that the shell had been fired from Bosnian positions.<ref name=BBC/> A later and more in-depth UNPROFOR report noted a calculation error in the original findings. With the error corrected, the United Nations concluded that it was impossible to determine which side had fired the shell.<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven L. Burg, Paul S. Shoup |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-4eKmp_qu_QC&pg=PA166 |title=The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina: ethnic conflict and international intervention|page=166|year=1999}}</ref> In January 2003, the [[ICTY]] Trial Chamber in the trial against [[Stanislav Galić]], a Serb general in the siege of Sarajevo, concluded that the massacre was committed by Serb forces around Sarajevo.<ref name="ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement" /> General Galić was sentenced to life imprisonment for the [[crimes against humanity]] during the Siege of Sarajevo.<ref name="ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement" /><ref name="ICTY:Dragomir Milošević judgement" />
The first [[massacre]] occurred between 12:10 and 12:15 PM, on 5 February 1994, when a shell landed in the center of the crowded marketplace.<ref name=BBC>Fish, Jim. (5 February 2004). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3459965.stm Sarajevo massacre remembered]. BBC.</ref> Rescue workers and [[United Nations]] (UN) personnel rushed to help the numerous civilian casualties, while [[footage]] of the event soon made news reports across the world.<ref name=BBC/> An initial [[United Nations Protection Force|UNPROFOR]] report claimed that the shell was fired from Bosnian government positions. General [[Hugh Michael Rose|Michael Rose]], the British head of UNPROFOR, revealed in his memoirs that three days after the blast he told [[General]] [[Jovan Divjak]], the deputy commander of ARBiH forces, that the shell had been fired from Bosnian positions.<ref name=BBC/> A later and more in-depth UNPROFOR report noted a calculation error in the original findings. With the error corrected, the United Nations concluded that "There is insufficient evidence to prove that one party or the other fired the mortar bomb. The mortar bomb in question could have been fired by either side." <ref>ICTY Galic Exhibit P2261, "UNPROFOR investigation report Sarajevo Market Explosion of 5 February 1994", Para. 17</ref>

The [[ICTY]] Trial Chamber's judgment in the trial against [[Stanislav Galic]], a Serb general in the siege of Sarajevo states that "The Majority finds that the mortar shell which exploded at Markale market on 5 February 1994 was fired from (Bosnian Serb) SRK-controlled territory." <ref>Stanislav Galic judgement, Para 493</ref> Judge Rafael Nieto-navia dissented from the majority's finding because he was "not satisfied that the evidence shows beyond a reasonable doubt that this projectile was fired from SRK-controlled territory."<ref>Separate and Partially Dissenting Opinion of Judge Nieto-navia, para 71 [http://www.icty.org/x/cases/galic/tjug/en/gal-so031205e.pdf]</ref>

The Bosnian-Serbs and Bosnian-Muslims accuse eachother of firing the shell. On the day of the massacre, [[Alija Izetbegovic]]'s spokesman, Kemal Muftic, said the 120mm mortar shell was fired from a Serb-held position north of Sarajevo. <ref>The Associated Press "Sarajevo's Worst Shelling Kills Dozens" February 5, 1994, Saturday, AM cycle</ref> The Serbs denied firing the shell and claimed that "the shell that landed on Markale market was launched from Bosnian Army positions some 2 km away."<ref>BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, "Karadzic and Serbian experts claim Sarajevo market massacre was faked" February 10, 1994</ref>

Although the Bosnian-Serbs are widely blamed for the massacre, some international officials have alleged that "the Bosnian government had the most to gain from the massacre." <ref>Foreign Policy "Anatomy of a Massacre," No. 97 (Winter, 1994-1995), pp. 70-78</ref> They allege that the Bosnian army shelled its own people to garner Western sympathy and draw NATO into a war with the Serbs. <ref>The Washington Post, "The Shell That Changed the Bosnian War; Mortar Attack on Market in Sarajevo Shattered Families, but Brought World Attention," February 05, 1995, Sunday, Final Edition</ref>

The Galic Trial Chamber also noted that "Evidence to the effect that ABiH forces attacked their own civilians was adduced at trial. UN representatives stationed in Sarajevo testified that, during the conflict, information had been gathered indicating that elements sympathetic or belonging to the ABiH may have shelled on occasions the Muslim population of Sarajevo. More generally, such elements would have engaged in behaviour objectively putting civilians in ABiH-controlled territory at risk in order to draw international sympathy."<ref>Stanislav Galic judgement, Paras 211, 589</ref>

In response to the massacre, NATO imposed a 20 kilometer heavy weapons "exclusion zone" around the city, which led to a temporary reduction in shelling and sniping. <ref>Rupert Smith, The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World, Vintage (February 12, 2008), ISBN-10: 0307278115</ref> <ref>Witness Statement of Gen. Michael Rose, ICTY Karadzic trial Exhibit P1638</ref> <ref>Newsweek, "Counting Down," February 28, 1994 pg. 20</ref>


==Second massacre==
==Second massacre==
The second massacre occurred about 18 months later, at around 11:00 AM on 28 August 1995. In response to the massacre, NATO launched [[Operation Deliberate Force|NATO air strikes]] against [[Republika Srpska|Bosnian Serb]] forces.
The second massacre occurred about 18 months later, at around 11:00 AM on 28 August 1995. This time, five shells were fired, but casualties were fewer—43 dead and 75 wounded. Republika Srpska authorities, as in the 1994 incident, denied all responsibility and accused the Bosnian government of bombarding its own people to incite international outrage and possible intervention.<ref name=ALBANEWS>Moore, Patrick. (29 August 2005). [http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9508E&L=albanews&P=R1142 Serbs Deny Involvement in Shelling]. Omri Daily Digest.</ref> A 1999 report to the [[United Nations General Assembly]], UNPROFOR considered the evidence clear: a confidential report from shortly after the event concluded that all five rounds had been fired by the Army of Republika Srpska. As soon as technical and weather conditions allowed, and the safety of UN personnel traveling through Serb territory was secured, [[Operation Deliberate Force]] commenced.

The UNPROFOR investigation states that "Five rounds landed in the vicinity of the Markale Market at 1110 hours on 28 August 1995. One round, in particular, caused the majority of the deaths, casualties and damage." They found that "After analysing all available data, the judgement was made that beyond reasonable doubt all mortar rounds fired in the attack on the Markale Market were fired from Bosnian Serb territory." The UNPROFOR investigation concluded that "Based on the evidence presented, the firing position of the five mortars was in BSA territory and probably fired from the Lukavica area at a range of between 3,000 and 5,000 meters."<ref>UNPROFOR investigation scheduled shelling incident of 28.08.95; Dragomir Milosevic ICTY Exhibit P00357</ref>

In contrast to UNPROFOR's finding that the fatal shell had been fired from the direction of Lukavica, the ICTY Trial Chamber in the Dragomir Milosevic case was "persuaded by the evidence of the BiH police, the UNMOs and the first UNPROFOR investigation, which concluded that the direction of fire was 170 degrees, that is, Mount Trebevic, which was (Bosnian-Serb) SRK-held territory."<ref>Dragomir Milosevic Judgment, Para 719</ref> In addition, a second ICTY trial chamber in the Perisic trial also found that "the mortar shell was fired from the (Bosnian-Serb) VRS held territory on the slopes of Mt. Trebevic."<ref>Perisic Judgment, Para 467</ref>


[[David Harland]], the former head of [[UN]] Civil Affairs in Bosnia, testified at the trial of General [[Dragomir Miloševic]] in [[ICTY]] that "the principal doubt about who fired these five mortar shells that killed all these civilians arises because General Smith made a statement to the press that his investigation showed that it was not clear who fired the shells. Now, in fact, I had been speaking with General Smith, and he chose to make that very neutral statement when, in fact, he was already aware - he had in his hand the technical assessment - that the shots were fired from Lukavica. He chose to make a neutral statement so as to not to alarm the Serbs, who would otherwise have known that he was about to call in NATO air-strikes, which is what, in fact, he did." He said, "I was advising him to do that. I was with him that morning. The situation, Your Honour, was that when it was reported that the Serbs had fired these rounds and killed this large number of civilians, he decided, on the advice of his colleagues, that he would call for widespread NATO air attacks. The problem that he had was that at that very moment some UNPROFOR troops, British troops, were on Serb-held territory between Gorazde and the Serbian border. He, therefore, needed a few hours of time to get the UNPROFOR troops off Serb territory to be entirely safe before the NATO bombers could be brought in." <ref>Dragomir Milosevic Trial Transcript, 16 January 2007, pg. 434-435</ref>
⚫
Russian colonel [[Andrei Demurenko]] asserted that UNPROFOR's research was flawed, as it began from the conclusion that the shells were fired from Bosnian Serb positions and didn't test any other hypothesis; and that he, immediately visiting the supposed mortar locations found that neither of them could be used to fire the shells. He concludes that Bosnian Serb forces were falsely blamed for the attack in order to justify NATO attacks against the Serbs.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.rusk.ru/newsdata.php?idar=172251 Русская линия / Новости / "Сербы не причастны к взрыву на сараевском рынке"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/icty/transe29-1/070705ED.htm 070705ED<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Steven L. Burg, Paul S. Shoup |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-4eKmp_qu_QC&pg=PA166 |title=The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina: ethnic conflict and international intervention|page=168|year=1999}}</ref>


⚫
The former commander of UN Forces in Sarajevo, Russian colonel [[Andrei Demurenko]], asserted that UNPROFOR's research was flawed, as it began from the conclusion that the shells were fired from Bosnian Serb positions and didn't test any other hypothesis; and that he, immediately visiting the supposed mortar locations found that neither of them could be used to fire the shells. He concludes that Bosnian Serb forces were falsely blamed for the attack in order to justify NATO attacks against the Serbs.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.rusk.ru/newsdata.php?idar=172251</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/icty/transe29-1/070705ED.htm 070705ED<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Steven L. Burg, Paul S. Shoup |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-4eKmp_qu_QC&pg=PA166 |title=The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina: ethnic conflict and international intervention|page=168|year=1999}}</ref>
[[David Harland]], the former head of [[UN]] Civil Affairs in Bosnia, claimed at the trial of General [[Dragomir Milošević]] in [[ICTY]] that he was responsible for the creation of the myth that [[UNPROFOR]] was unable to determine who had fired the mortar shells that caused the second Markale massacre. The myth that has survived for more than ten years, Harland said was created because of a ''“neutral statement”'' made by General [[Rupert Smith]], the UNPROFOR commander. On the day of the second attack on Markale, General Smith stated ''“it is unclear who fired the shells, although at that time he already had the technical report of UNPROFOR intelligence section, determining beyond reasonable doubt that they were fired from [[Army of Republika Srpska|VRS]] positions at Lukavica”''. Harland’s responsibility lies in the fact that he himself advised General Smith to make ''“a neutral statement in order not to alarm the Serbs who would be alerted to the impending [[NATO]] air strikes against their positions had he pointed a finger at them”''. That would have jeopardized the safety of UN troops in the territory under VRS control or on positions where they might have been vulnerable to retaliatory attacks by Serb forces.<ref name=ICTY>The Second Markale Massacre Myth [http://www.sense-agency.com/en/stream.php?sta=3&pid=9050&kat=3].</ref> In 2007, a Serb general, [[Dragomir Milošević]], former commander of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps, was found guilty of the shelling and sniper terror campaign against Sarajevo and its citizens from August 1994 to late 1995. Milošević was sentenced to 33 years in prison. The Trial Chamber concluded that the Markale town market was hit on 28 August 1995 by a 120&nbsp;mm mortar shell fired from the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps positions.<ref name="ICTY:Dragomir Milošević judgement" />


Republika Srpska authorities, as in the 1994 incident, denied all responsibility and accused the Bosnian government of bombarding its own people to incite international outrage and NATO intervention.<ref name=ALBANEWS>Moore, Patrick. (29 August 2005). [http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9508E&L=albanews&P=R1142 Serbs Deny Involvement in Shelling]. Omri Daily Digest.</ref>
==Trial==
In January 2004, prosecutors in the trial against [[Stanislav Galić]], a Bosnian-Serb general, Sarajevo-Romanija Corps commander in the siege of Sarajevo, introduced into evidence a report including the testimony of ammunition expert Berko Zečević. Working with two colleagues, Zečević's investigation revealed a total of six possible locations from which the shell in the first Markale massacre could have been fired, of which five were under VRS and one under ARBiH control. The ARBiH site in question was visible to UNPROFOR observers at the time, who reported that no shell was fired from that position. Zečević further reported that certain components of the projectile could only have been fired from one of two places, both of which were under the control of the Army of Republika Srpska. The court would eventually find Galić guilty beyond reasonable doubt of all five shellings prosecutors had charged him with, including Markale. Although widely reported by the international media, the [[Helsinki Committee for Human Rights]] noted that the verdict was ignored in [[Serbia]] itself.<ref name=BBC/>


In 2009 the ICTY Appeals Chamber overturned Dragomir Milosevic's conviction for the 28 August 1995 shelling of the Markale Market,<ref>ICTY Dragomir Milosevic Appeal Judgment, para 294</ref> and Perisic was acquitted by the ICTY Appeals Chamber in 2013.<ref>ICTY Perisic Appeal Judgment</ref>
According to [[Tim Judah]], "The Serbian argument was grotesque, since what they wanted the world to believe was that of the hundreds of thousands of shells they fired, none had ever hurt anyone. As [[Miroslav Toholj]], the novelist who became the Republika Srpska's information minister, put it, "We Serbs never kill civilians.""<ref>{{cite book|last=Judah|title=The Serbs|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-15826-7|page=216}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 23:09, 20 June 2013

1st Markale Market Shelling
LocationSarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Date5 February 1994
Between 12:10pm-12:15pm (Central European Time)
TargetOpen air market
Attack type
Mortar attack
Deaths68
Injured144
2nd Markale Market Shelling
LocationSarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Date28 August 1995
Appox. 11:00a.m. (Central European Time)
TargetOpen air market
Attack type
Mortar attack
Deaths38[1]
Injured75

The Markale massacres were two 120mm mortar attacks against civilians during the Siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian War. They occurred at the Markale (marketplace) located in the historic core of Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first happened on 5 February 1994; 68 people were killed and 144 more were wounded. The second occurred on 28 August 1995; 38 people were killed and another 75 were wounded.

First massacre

The first massacre occurred between 12:10 and 12:15 PM, on 5 February 1994, when a shell landed in the center of the crowded marketplace.[2] Rescue workers and United Nations (UN) personnel rushed to help the numerous civilian casualties, while footage of the event soon made news reports across the world.[2] An initial UNPROFOR report claimed that the shell was fired from Bosnian government positions. General Michael Rose, the British head of UNPROFOR, revealed in his memoirs that three days after the blast he told General Jovan Divjak, the deputy commander of ARBiH forces, that the shell had been fired from Bosnian positions.[2] A later and more in-depth UNPROFOR report noted a calculation error in the original findings. With the error corrected, the United Nations concluded that "There is insufficient evidence to prove that one party or the other fired the mortar bomb. The mortar bomb in question could have been fired by either side." [3]

The ICTY Trial Chamber's judgment in the trial against Stanislav Galic, a Serb general in the siege of Sarajevo states that "The Majority finds that the mortar shell which exploded at Markale market on 5 February 1994 was fired from (Bosnian Serb) SRK-controlled territory." [4] Judge Rafael Nieto-navia dissented from the majority's finding because he was "not satisfied that the evidence shows beyond a reasonable doubt that this projectile was fired from SRK-controlled territory."[5]

The Bosnian-Serbs and Bosnian-Muslims accuse eachother of firing the shell. On the day of the massacre, Alija Izetbegovic's spokesman, Kemal Muftic, said the 120mm mortar shell was fired from a Serb-held position north of Sarajevo. [6] The Serbs denied firing the shell and claimed that "the shell that landed on Markale market was launched from Bosnian Army positions some 2 km away."[7]

Although the Bosnian-Serbs are widely blamed for the massacre, some international officials have alleged that "the Bosnian government had the most to gain from the massacre." [8] They allege that the Bosnian army shelled its own people to garner Western sympathy and draw NATO into a war with the Serbs. [9]

The Galic Trial Chamber also noted that "Evidence to the effect that ABiH forces attacked their own civilians was adduced at trial. UN representatives stationed in Sarajevo testified that, during the conflict, information had been gathered indicating that elements sympathetic or belonging to the ABiH may have shelled on occasions the Muslim population of Sarajevo. More generally, such elements would have engaged in behaviour objectively putting civilians in ABiH-controlled territory at risk in order to draw international sympathy."[10]

In response to the massacre, NATO imposed a 20 kilometer heavy weapons "exclusion zone" around the city, which led to a temporary reduction in shelling and sniping. [11] [12] [13]

Second massacre

The second massacre occurred about 18 months later, at around 11:00 AM on 28 August 1995. In response to the massacre, NATO launched NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serb forces.

The UNPROFOR investigation states that "Five rounds landed in the vicinity of the Markale Market at 1110 hours on 28 August 1995. One round, in particular, caused the majority of the deaths, casualties and damage." They found that "After analysing all available data, the judgement was made that beyond reasonable doubt all mortar rounds fired in the attack on the Markale Market were fired from Bosnian Serb territory." The UNPROFOR investigation concluded that "Based on the evidence presented, the firing position of the five mortars was in BSA territory and probably fired from the Lukavica area at a range of between 3,000 and 5,000 meters."[14]

In contrast to UNPROFOR's finding that the fatal shell had been fired from the direction of Lukavica, the ICTY Trial Chamber in the Dragomir Milosevic case was "persuaded by the evidence of the BiH police, the UNMOs and the first UNPROFOR investigation, which concluded that the direction of fire was 170 degrees, that is, Mount Trebevic, which was (Bosnian-Serb) SRK-held territory."[15] In addition, a second ICTY trial chamber in the Perisic trial also found that "the mortar shell was fired from the (Bosnian-Serb) VRS held territory on the slopes of Mt. Trebevic."[16]

David Harland, the former head of UN Civil Affairs in Bosnia, testified at the trial of General Dragomir Miloševic in ICTY that "the principal doubt about who fired these five mortar shells that killed all these civilians arises because General Smith made a statement to the press that his investigation showed that it was not clear who fired the shells. Now, in fact, I had been speaking with General Smith, and he chose to make that very neutral statement when, in fact, he was already aware - he had in his hand the technical assessment - that the shots were fired from Lukavica. He chose to make a neutral statement so as to not to alarm the Serbs, who would otherwise have known that he was about to call in NATO air-strikes, which is what, in fact, he did." He said, "I was advising him to do that. I was with him that morning. The situation, Your Honour, was that when it was reported that the Serbs had fired these rounds and killed this large number of civilians, he decided, on the advice of his colleagues, that he would call for widespread NATO air attacks. The problem that he had was that at that very moment some UNPROFOR troops, British troops, were on Serb-held territory between Gorazde and the Serbian border. He, therefore, needed a few hours of time to get the UNPROFOR troops off Serb territory to be entirely safe before the NATO bombers could be brought in." [17]

The former commander of UN Forces in Sarajevo, Russian colonel Andrei Demurenko, asserted that UNPROFOR's research was flawed, as it began from the conclusion that the shells were fired from Bosnian Serb positions and didn't test any other hypothesis; and that he, immediately visiting the supposed mortar locations found that neither of them could be used to fire the shells. He concludes that Bosnian Serb forces were falsely blamed for the attack in order to justify NATO attacks against the Serbs.[18][19][20]

Republika Srpska authorities, as in the 1994 incident, denied all responsibility and accused the Bosnian government of bombarding its own people to incite international outrage and NATO intervention.[21]

In 2009 the ICTY Appeals Chamber overturned Dragomir Milosevic's conviction for the 28 August 1995 shelling of the Markale Market,[22] and Perisic was acquitted by the ICTY Appeals Chamber in 2013.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ Dragomir Milosevic Judgment, para 467.
  2. ^ a b c Fish, Jim. (5 February 2004). Sarajevo massacre remembered. BBC.
  3. ^ ICTY Galic Exhibit P2261, "UNPROFOR investigation report Sarajevo Market Explosion of 5 February 1994", Para. 17
  4. ^ Stanislav Galic judgement, Para 493
  5. ^ Separate and Partially Dissenting Opinion of Judge Nieto-navia, para 71 [1]
  6. ^ The Associated Press "Sarajevo's Worst Shelling Kills Dozens" February 5, 1994, Saturday, AM cycle
  7. ^ BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, "Karadzic and Serbian experts claim Sarajevo market massacre was faked" February 10, 1994
  8. ^ Foreign Policy "Anatomy of a Massacre," No. 97 (Winter, 1994-1995), pp. 70-78
  9. ^ The Washington Post, "The Shell That Changed the Bosnian War; Mortar Attack on Market in Sarajevo Shattered Families, but Brought World Attention," February 05, 1995, Sunday, Final Edition
  10. ^ Stanislav Galic judgement, Paras 211, 589
  11. ^ Rupert Smith, The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World, Vintage (February 12, 2008), ISBN-10: 0307278115
  12. ^ Witness Statement of Gen. Michael Rose, ICTY Karadzic trial Exhibit P1638
  13. ^ Newsweek, "Counting Down," February 28, 1994 pg. 20
  14. ^ UNPROFOR investigation scheduled shelling incident of 28.08.95; Dragomir Milosevic ICTY Exhibit P00357
  15. ^ Dragomir Milosevic Judgment, Para 719
  16. ^ Perisic Judgment, Para 467
  17. ^ Dragomir Milosevic Trial Transcript, 16 January 2007, pg. 434-435
  18. ^ Template:Ru icon [http://www.rusk.ru/newsdata.php?idar=172251
  19. ^ 070705ED
  20. ^ Steven L. Burg, Paul S. Shoup (1999). The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina: ethnic conflict and international intervention. p. 168.
  21. ^ Moore, Patrick. (29 August 2005). Serbs Deny Involvement in Shelling. Omri Daily Digest.
  22. ^ ICTY Dragomir Milosevic Appeal Judgment, para 294
  23. ^ ICTY Perisic Appeal Judgment

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