Jump to content

Electric bus: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Lagoset (talk | contribs)
6,740 edits
Lagoset (talk | contribs)
6,740 edits
Line 48: Line 48:


Future developments includes the use of [[inductive charging]] under the street, to avoid overhead wiring. A pad under each [[bus stop]] and at each [[stop light]] along the way would be used.
Future developments includes the use of [[inductive charging]] under the street, to avoid overhead wiring. A pad under each [[bus stop]] and at each [[stop light]] along the way would be used.

==Pantographs and underbody collectors at bus stops==
[[Pantograph (rail)|Pantographs]] and underbody collectors are integrated in buses stops to quick [[electric bus]] recharge, making possible to use a smaller battery on the bus, which reduces the investment and subsequent costs. <ref>[http://www.schunk-sbi.com/en/sbi/ElektrobusStromabnehmer/schunk01.c.78265.en Current collectors for electric busses]</ref>


==Solar-charged==
==Solar-charged==

Revision as of 07:41, 14 January 2015

This article is about the type of vehicle. For other uses, see Electric bus (disambiguation).
New (2004) Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Neoplan trolleybus
A battery electric Proterra BE35 bus operated by San Joaquin RTD, shown beside its fixed charging station.
Edison electric bus from 1915

An electric bus is a bus powered by electricity.

There are two main electric bus categories:

For information on buses using a combination of internal combustion engines and electric propulsion, see Hybrid electric buses and Dual-mode buses.

History

Seoul Metropolitan Government runs the world's first commercial all-electric bus service. The bus was developed by Hyundai Heavy Industries and Hankuk Fiber which make a lightweight body from carbon composite material. Provided with Li-on battery and regenerative braking, the bus may run to 52 miles (84 km) in a single 30 minutes charge. The maximum speed is 62 miles per hour (100 km/h).[3]

First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus

Proterra's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is the world’s first heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90% of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31-35%. It can travel 30–40 miles on a single charge, is up to 600% more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44% less carbon than CNG.[4]

Capabus

See also: Ultracapacitor

The best ultracapacitors can only store about 5 percent of the energy that lithium-ion batteries hold, limiting them to a couple of miles per charge. This makes them ineffective as an energy storage medium for passenger vehicles. But what ultracapacitors lack in range they make up in their ability to rapidly charge and discharge. So in vehicles that have to stop frequently and predictably as part of normal operation, energy storage based exclusively on ultracapacitors begins to make sense.[5]

China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus, known as Capabus, which runs without continuous overhead lines by using power stored in large onboard electric double-layer capacitors, which are quickly recharged whenever the vehicle stops at any bus stop (under so-called electric umbrellas), and fully charged in the terminus.

A few prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005. In 2006, two commercial bus routes began to use electric double-layer capacitor buses; one of them is route 11 in Shanghai.[6] In 2009, Sinautec Automobile Technologies,[7] based in Arlington, VA, and its Chinese partner, Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Company[8] are testing with 17 forty-one seat Ultracap Buses serving the Greater Shanghai area since 2006 without any major technical problems.[9] Another 60 buses will be delivered early next year with ultracapacitors that supply 10 watt-hours per kilogram.

The buses have very predictable routes and need to stop regularly, every 3 miles (4.8 km), allowing opportunities for quick recharging. The trick is to turn some bus stops along the route into charging stations. At these stations, a collector on the top of the bus rises a few feet and touches an overhead charging line. Within a couple of minutes, the ultracapacitor banks stored under the bus seats are fully charged. The buses can also capture energy from braking, and the company says that recharging stations can be equipped with solar panels. A third generation of the product, will give 20 miles (32 km) of range per charge or better. [5] Such a bus was delivered in Sofia, Bulgaria on May.2014 for 9 months test. It covers 23 km in 2 charges. [10]

Sinautec estimates that one of its buses has one-tenth the energy cost of a diesel bus and can achieve lifetime fuel savings of $200,000. Also, the buses use 40 percent less electricity compared to an electric trolley bus, mainly because they are lighter and have the regenerative braking benefits. The ultracapacitors are made of activated carbon, and have an energy density of six watt-hours per kilogram (for comparison, a high-performance lithium-ion battery can achieve 200 watt-hours per kilogram), but the ultracapacitor bus is also cheaper than lithium-ion battery buses, about 40 percent less expensive, with a far superior reliability rating.[5][9]

There is also a plug-in hybrid version, which also uses ultracaps.

Proterra Inc's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is the world’s first heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90% of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31-35%. It can travel 30–40 miles on a single charge, is up to 600% more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44% less carbon than CNG.[11]

Future developments

Sinautec is in discussions with MIT's Schindall about developing ultracapacitors of higher energy density using vertically aligned carbon nanotube structures that give the devices more surface area for holding a charge. So far, they are able to get twice the energy density of an existing ultracapacitor, but they are trying to get about five times. This would create an ultracapacitor with one-quarter of the energy density of a lithium-ion battery.[12]

Future developments includes the use of inductive charging under the street, to avoid overhead wiring. A pad under each bus stop and at each stop light along the way would be used.

Pantographs and underbody collectors at bus stops

Pantographs and underbody collectors are integrated in buses stops to quick electric bus recharge, making possible to use a smaller battery on the bus, which reduces the investment and subsequent costs. [13]

Solar-charged

Main article: Solar bus
See also: Solar-charged vehicle

Tindo is an experimental battery electric bus being tested in Adelaide, Australia. The word "Tindo" comes from the aboriginal word for sun. The bus will get its electricity from a photovoltaic system on Adelaide's central bus station. Rides are free as part of Adelaide's public transport system.[14]

Zinc

There is a 40-foot (12.2 m) pure electric bus being developed, using a pre-commercial battery technology. Electric Fuel Corporation is developing and demonstrating a 40-foot (12.2 m) electric bus powered by a zinc air cell,[15] along with an ultracapacitor. The zinc-air energy device, often described as a battery, converts zinc to zinc oxide in a process that provides energy to the bus. The bus is not recharged; instead, the zinc oxide cartridges are swapped out for new zinc ones. This bus has shown a range of over 100 miles (160 km) in testing and has been demonstrated in Las Vegas, Nevada. However, this technology is in the development phase, and several major hurdles must be overcome before it can be adopted for transit fleet use, including available refueling infrastructure or use in bus stations.[16]

Onboard solar panels

Main article: Solar vehicle

Air conditioning

Solar panels and supercapacitors are used in some electric buses to power the specific air conditioning circuit.

School Buses

In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The Class-A school bus was built by Trans Tech Bus, using an electric powertrain control system developed by Motiv Power Systems, of Foster City, CA. The bus was one of four the district ordered. The first round of SST-e buses (as they are called) is partly funded by the AB 118 Air Quality Improvement Program administered by the California Air Resources Board.

The Trans Tech/Motiv vehicle has passed all KCUSD and California Highway Patrol inspections and certifications. Although some diesel hybrids are in use, this is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.

Makers and models

See also: Coachbuilder
A fleet of eight Tecnobus Gulliver has been operated since 2008 by the Réseau de transport de la Capitale, in Quebec City.
Bus with trailer (trailer can be used to store batteries and/or generator - the latter to hybridize-)

There are currently more than 25 manufacturers of trolleybuses. See List of trolleybus manufacturers.

Makers of other types of all-electric (mostly battery-powered) buses:

Transit use

For information on where trolleybuses are in use, see Trolleybus usage by country and List of trolleybus systems.

Transit authorities that use battery buses or other types of all-electric buses, other than trolleybuses:

Asia

Malaysia

India

  • India's first electric bus has been launched in Bangalore.[40]

China

Beijing's electric bus fleet in service during the 2008 Olympics.

Japan

Community Bus "Hamurun"

South Korea

Seoul's "Peanut Bus" at Mt. Namsan.
  • Seoul has 15 electric buses nicknamed "Peanut Bus" for their shape, transferring people from subway stations in downtown to the N Seoul Tower, circulating Mt. Namsan.[44]
  • Seoul's Gangnam District will have 11 electric buses in operation from February 2013 and 270 electric buses by the end of 2013, increasing to 400 buses by 2014.[45] At least 3,500 electric buses will be introduced in phases until 2020, which will account for half of Seoul's bus fleet.[46]
  • Gumi will have the world's first wireless electric bus, known as Online Electric Vehicle, in operation from July 2013 developed by KAIST. Electricity is wirelessly fed into the bus from the tracks.[2][47]
  • Pohang will have automatically battery switching electric buses in operation from July 2013. Unlike conventional plug-in charging buses, the battery pack is automatically swapped with a fully charged one before complete drainage.[48]

Canada

Québec

Europe

There is an European Union directive that mandates the purchase of electric buses for public services.

Spain

Finland

  • Espoo Cobus EL2500 (bus 11 Friisilä-Tapiola Centre

Switzerland

ABB TOSA Energy Transfer System

Russia

  • In 2014 in Chelyabinsk began to run electric buses (hybrid trolleybus and electric car). Moves up to 30 kilometers on routes unequipped wires to distant parts of the city.[59]

United States

Federal Transit Administration Clean Air Program [60]

Dayton, OH

California

There is a Californian mandate (Zero Emission Bus, in short, ZBus) that 15% of new buses after 2011 be electric.[61] The ZBus Regulation is part of the Fleet Rule for Transit Agencies, which is also referred to as the Public Transit Agencies Regulation.[62][63]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Korean electric vehicle solution". Gizmag.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  2. ^ a b OLEV
  3. ^ http://inhabitat.com/south-korea-unveils-worlds-first-commerical-electric-bus/
  4. ^ http://www.proterra.com/index.php/mediacenter/companynews/proterra_launches_first_deployment_of_all-electric_zero-emission_buses/
  5. ^ a b c "Next Stop: Ultracapacitor Buses". Technology Review. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  6. ^ [1] (in Chinese, archived page)
  7. ^ "SINAUTEC, Automobile Technology, LLC". Sinautecus.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  8. ^ "Aowei Technology". Aowei.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  9. ^ a b "Ultracapacitor Buses Work... As Long as You have Lots of Quick-Charge Stations". TreeHugger. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  10. ^ http://www.chariot-electricbus.com/pilot-projects/sofia/
  11. ^ http://www.proterra.com/index.php/mediacenter/companynews/proterra_launches_first_deployment_of_all-electric_zero-emission_buses/
  12. ^ "Next Stop: Ultracapacitor Buses". Technology Review. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  13. ^ Current collectors for electric busses
  14. ^ "All-Electric, Solar-Powered, Free Bus!!!". Ecogeek.org. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  15. ^ http://www.electric-fuel.com
  16. ^ http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Electric_Drive_Bus_Analysis.pdf
  17. ^ TOSA2013 TOSA Flash Mobility, Clean City, Smart Bus A mass transport system with electric “flash” recharging of the buses at selected stops. The large capacity, large capacity bus (18.75m long, 133 passengers) its in service since May 26th 2013 in Geneva/Switzerland (overhead conductive charging)
  18. ^ "Enova | Electric, Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell Drive Systems". Enovasystems.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  19. ^ "Saft And Aps Systems Awarded Largest Transit Contract Ever For All-Electric Buses. | North America > United States From". AllBusiness.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  20. ^ "Astonbus". Astonbus. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  21. ^ "Bredamenarinibus". Bredamenarinibus.it. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  22. ^ "Clean. Reliable. Fuel Efficient". Ebus. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  23. ^ "Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd- Transportation>>Others". Alfabus.en.china.cn. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
  24. ^ "LUJO Electric Vehicle R&D Co., LTD". Lujoev.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  25. ^ "Proterra - Cost effective solutions for clean transportation". Proterra.com. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
  26. ^ http://www.pvi.fr?lang=en PVI's official website
  27. ^ "Smith Electric Vehicles - News". Smithelectricvehicles.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  28. ^ "Smith Electric Vehicles Launches Electric Minibus and Boom Lift at CV Operator Show". Green Car Congress. 2010-04-16. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  29. ^ [2][dead link]
  30. ^ "Solaris Urbino 8,9 LE electric".
  31. ^ "Prodotti - Tecnobus - Autobus e minibus per il trasporto pubblico". Tecnobus.it. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  32. ^ "Welcome Thomas Built Buses". Thomasbus.com. 2010-06-18. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  33. ^ "Home". Carolina Thomas. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  34. ^ "Thunder Sky website". Thunder-sky.com. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
  35. ^ Unknown. "Transit And School Bus Manufactures". Tpub.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  36. ^ "U.S. Electricar and Kaiser Aluminum Announce Memorandum of Understanding to Develop Advanced Aluminum Vehicle Structures. - Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  37. ^ "KALU, Aluminum Products". Kaiser Aluminum. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  38. ^ "中大客车 ZondaBus". Zondabus.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  39. ^ "Leaders of Yancheng Political Consultative Conference investigated Zonda New Energy Bus". ZondaBus. 2010-02-24. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  40. ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Electric-bus-launched-in-Bangalore/photostory/31544191.cms
  41. ^ "Zonda New Energy BRT City Bus served Yancheng". ZondaBus. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  42. ^ "【EVバス運行開始】定期路線として全国初の運用開始". Response. (in Japanese). 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
  43. ^ 墨田区内循環バス「すみまるくん」「すみりんちゃん」、3月20日運行開始　／東京. Yahoo! Japan News (in Japanese). 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
  44. ^ http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/life/namsan-electric-bus-cruises-limelight-262862
  45. ^ http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=103&oid=001&aid=0005299448
  46. ^ http://rpm9.etnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=6955
  47. ^ http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201301102209555&code=940100
  48. ^ http://www.breaknews.com/sub_read.html?uid=250841&section=sc2
  49. ^ "L'Écolobus sillonne les rues de la ville". Québec Hebdo. Québec. June 13, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  50. ^ "Écolobus". Réseau de transport de la Capitale (in French). Québec. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  51. ^ Loveday, Eric (2010-05-24). "Montreal's 1,300-plus bus fleet going all electric by 2025 — Autoblog Green". Green.autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  52. ^ [3][dead link]
  53. ^ http://www.noticiasdeautobus.es/2008/06/18/el-ayuntamiento-refuerza-la-escuadra-de-la-emt-con-210-nuevos-autobuses/ Template:Es icon
  54. ^ http://www.energie-cites.eu/db/figueres1_577_en.pdf
  55. ^ a b Periodista Digital. "El autobús eléctrico de El Ejido es el 1º de la comunidad y el 2º en España". Reporterodigital.com. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
  56. ^ "Our Products - Tecnobus - Autobus e minibus per il trasporto pubblico". Tecnobus.it. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
  57. ^ TOSA2013 The project aims to introduce a new system of mass transport with electric “flash” recharging of the buses at selected stops (overhead conductive charging)
  58. ^ http://www.tosa2013.com/en Template:Ch icon
  59. ^ "В Челябинске начал курсировать электробус".
  60. ^ "Design Guidelines for Bus Transit Systems Using Electric and Hybrid Electric Propulsion as an Alternative Fuel". Transit-safety.fta.dot.gov. 2001-12-15. Retrieved 2010-07-28. [dead link]
  61. ^ Yoney, Domenick (2009-02-08). "Proterra touring California with fast-charging electric bus — Autoblog Green". Green.autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  62. ^ "Zero Emission Buses". Arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  63. ^ "Transit Top Page: Public Transit Agencies". Arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_bus&oldid=642421877"