Medical college in India

For introductory information about medical schools and information about medical schools in other countries, see Medical school.

In India, a medical college is an educational institution that provides medical education. These institutions may vary from stand-alone colleges that train doctors to conglomerates that offer training related in all aspects of medical care. The term is synonymous with "medical school" as used in the USA and some other countries.

Recognition

Indian law requires these institutions to be recognised by the Medical Council of India. The Indian government keeps an updated list of these approved medical colleges.

Graduation courses

Prospective students for an undergraduate course leading towards a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (M.B.B.S.) degree must have completed a Higher Secondary (School) Certificate (HSC) (10+2, or high school) with the Science stream, including the subjects Biology, Chemistry and Physics.

Admission process

Traditionally, admission criteria differed from one part of the country to another and even from Institution to Institution. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges. The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following:

1. Marks obtained in the competitive examinations conducted at central or state level.
2. Marks obtained in the final examinations of Std. XII.(higher for general and lower for reserved category)
3. Donation/Management based seats.

Similarly for Post-graduate degrees and diplomas (residencies) the competitive examinations conducted at central or state level forms the basis for admission or donation based seats. Specific institutions may also require a personal interview of the candidate but this is more in cases of sub-specialty courses.

These donation based seats have come under heavy criticism because this makes effectively India the only country that authorises, as official policy, the sale of medical seats by private medical colleges, implicitly accepting the principle that the ability to pay, and not merit, is what counts. These illegal capitation fees range from Rs.50 lakh to Rs.1 crore for a MBBS seat. But medical colleges in states like Kerala, require minimum marks / ranks in their respective competitive entrance exams even for the management seats.

In order to reduce stress of multiple examinations and ensuring minimum competence and importantly with the purpose to weed out corruption in medical education across the country NEET-UG and NEET-PG were first proposed in the Vision 2015 by Board of Governors (BOGs) appointed after by Government of India after dissolution of MCI. These exams were supposed to be a single window for entry into a medical college (except institutions like AIIMS, PGIMER, JIPMER, which were set up by parliamentary order). Although specifics of implemented NEET for UG and PG courses are different from what was proposed in Vision 2015 document, it has essentially maintained its core purpose.

NEET-UG (Undergraduate), for MBBS and BDS courses, was conducted in 2013 by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). NEET-UG replaced the All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) and all individual MBBS exams conducted by states or colleges themselves. However, many colleges and institutes took a stay order and conducted private examinations for admission to their MBBS and BDS courses. Nevertheless, many other reputed institutes such as the Armed Forces Medical College and Banaras Hindu University have opted to admit students on the basis of the NEET-UG. The first exam was held on 5 May 2013, and the results were announced on 5 June 2013. In India, there is a huge competition to qualify for an MBBS seat. In NEET-UG 2013, among the registered candidates, a total of 7,17,127 candidates were eligible to appear in the NEET-UG, 2013, out of which 6,58,040 candidates appeared in the test and 3,66,317 candidates qualified the test for 31,000 seats. This makes a 4.71% appearing the exam to securing a seat success rate.

On 18 July 2013 the Indian Supreme Court struck down the NEET exam with a 2:1 decision. The Medical Council of India has appealed for a review in August 2013, in may of 2016 supreme court of India cancelled all medical exams and neet ug and neet pg becomes an only way to get admission in almost all medical colleges of India

Postgraduate

Similarly for Post graduation courses (residencies), the NEET -PG is the single eligibility cum entrance examination for MD/MS and post-graduate diploma courses. This effectively replaced the existing AIPGMEE and similar state level exams for entry into post-graduate courses. The first NEET-PG was conducted by the National Board of Examinations from 23 November – 6 December 2012, which was referred to as the testing window (with 24th, 25th, 28 November and 2 December as non-testing days). The test was a computer-based test unlike the traditional paper and pen based test AIIMS had been conducting over years for admission to 50% all India quota Post graduate courses in the country. In all, 90,377 candidates took the exam.

Foreign nationals

Apart from non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin (NRI) quotas in different government as well as private colleges, Government of India has also allocated a number of seats for students from developing countries where facilities for medical education are either inadequate. The exact number and country-based allocation of these reserved seats may vary annually.

Students seeking admission to the reserved seats are required to apply through the Indian missions abroad or through the diplomatic missions of the respective countries in India. The Indian Embassy or High Commission in a country will be able to provide more information on request. The requirement for an entrance is usually waived for such sponsored candidates.

Its important to note that foreign nationals wishing to take seats through NRI quota should still qualify through NEET (at least for all government colleges) and seats will be allotted on merit in that quota from all the NRI candidates eligible. The fee structure for NRI candidates is also different.

Courses offered

MBBS

A medical college offers graduate degree Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Only institutions offering MBBS course in its curriculum are referred to as a Medical Colleges. The college may teach Post Graduate as well as Paramedical courses. The admission to government MBBS programs is highly competitive because of high subsidy and extensive hands on experience.

The MBBS course starts with the basic pre and para-clinical subjects such as biochemistry, physiology, anatomy, microbiology, pathology and pharmacology. The students simultaneously obtain hands-on training in the wards and out-patient departments, where they interact with real patients for five long years. The curriculum aims to inculcate standard protocols of history taking, examination, differential diagnosis and Complete patient Management. The student is taught to determine what investigations will be useful for a patient and what are the best treatment options. The curriculum also contains a thorough practical knowledge and practice of performing standard clinical procedures. The course also contains a 12-month-long internship, in which an intern is rotated across various specialties. Besides standard clinical care, one also gets a thorough experience of ward management, staff management and thorough counselling skills.

The degree awarded is "Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery". The minimum requirements for the MBBS course are 50% marks in physics, chemistry, biology and English in the '10+2' examinations. For reserved category students the requirement is 40%. MBBS admissions are not centralised. The admission requirements differ across universities. Generally, students who attain higher marks in the qualifying examinations and in the Medical Entrance examinations conducted by various agencies are accepted onto the MBBS course.

Entrance examinations are conducted by the following agencies

• AIIMS Entrance Exams – All India Institute of Medical Science Entrance Exam
• AIPMT - All India –Pre Medical/ Pre Dental Entrance Exam
• AIMS - Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
• AFMC - Armed Forces Medical College exam
• AIPGDET – All India Post Graduate Dental Entrance Test
• AIPGMET – All India Post Graduate Medical Entrance Test
• AIPVT – All India Pre Veterinary Test
• AIPGMEE – All India Post Graduate Medical/Dental Entrance Exam
• All India Common Entrance Exam, Vinayaka Mission University
• All India common Entrance test, Dr. DY Patil Medical College.
• AMU Medical Entrance Exam
• BFUHS( Baba Farid University of Health Sciences)
• BLDE University under graduate entrance Test
• DUMET – Delhi University Medical/Dental Entrance test
• DUPGMET – Delhi University Post Graduate Medical Entrance Test
• DUSET - Delhi University Super-speciality Entrance Test
• EAMCET – Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test, Andhra Pradesh
• Haryana PMT - Haryana Pre- Medical Test
• HP CPMT – Himachal Pradesh Combined Pre Medical Entrance Test HP CPMT Medical Entrance Exam
• GUJ CET-gujrat common enternce test
• JIPMER – Jawaharlal Institute of Post-graduate Medical Education and Research
• KLE UGAIET/PGAIET – KLE University Under Graduate/Post Graduate All India Entrance Test
• KEAM - Kerala Entrance Exam (MBBS, BDS, BV.Sc AND AH)
• MHT-CET - Maharashtra Health & Technical Common Entrance Test
• Odisha JEE - Odisha Joint Entrance Examination
• MP DMAT – All India Dental & Medical Admission Test – Madhya Pradesh
• PGIMER – Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
• SRM Institute of Science and Technology Medical Entrance Exam.
• UPCAT/UPCMET/UPCPMT – Uttar Pradesh Medical Entrance
• UPMT – Uttarakhand Pre Medical Test
• WBJEE - West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination

Postgraduate courses

All the major colleges also have Postgraduate Degree or Diploma courses in their programmes. The awards conferred are Doctor of Medicine (MD), Master of Surgery (MS) or Diplomate of National Board (DNB)). The MD/MS degrees are offered by the universities affiliated to the Medical Council of India and the DNB degree is awarded by the National Board of Examinations, an independent autonomous body under the Ministry of Health, India. They are available in different streams of medical science such as General medicine, General surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiodiagnosis, Radiotherapy, ENT, Obstetrics and gynaecology, Ophthalmology, Anaesthesia, Paediatrics, Community medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic medicine, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology etc. Degree courses are of 3 years duration while diploma courses are of 2 years duration. Following post-graduation, students can opt for further super-specialization in their area of interest by opting for courses called DM or DNB (Doctorate of Medicine), or MCh or DNB (Master of Chirurgery/Surgery) again of three years duration.

An MD or a DNB (general medicine or paediatrics) is the basic requirement for specialisation in Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology except for Clinical Hematology, Homeopathy, (Pathology or general medicine), etc., while an MS or a DNB (general surgery, ENT or Orthopaedic surgery) is the basic requirement for Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric Surgery, Plastic Surgery, etc.

Homeopathic medicine has now become an area of priority in India, and many hospitals offer Homeopathy ( M.D- Hom).

Post-doctoral fellowship courses in Neuro-radiology, Neuro or Cardiac anesthesiology, etc. are offered by select institutions.

List of states by number of medical colleges

S.No	State/Union Territory	Number of Colleges offering MBBS	State-run Colleges	Private Colleges	Govt. college seats	Private College Seats	Total no. of seats
1	Andhra Pradesh	40	15	28	2400	3850	6250
2	Assam	5	5	0	626	0	626
3	Bihar	11	7	4	540	369	909
4	Chandigarh	1	1	0	50	0	50
5	Chhattisgarh	9	6	3	500	300	800
6	Delhi	7	5	2	800	200	1000
7	Goa	1	1	0	150	0	150
8	Gujarat	22	9	13	1530	1400	2930
9	Haryana	6	2	4	300	400	700
10	Himachal Pradesh	2	2	0	200	0	200
11	Jammu and Kashmir	4	3	1			400
12	Jharkhand	3	3	0	250	0	250
13	Karnataka	43	11	32	1350	4655	6005
14	Kerala	24	6	18	1000	1850	2850
15	Madhya Pradesh	11	5	6	660	900	1560
16	Maharashtra	43	19	24	2200	2995	5195
17	Manipur	2	2	0	200	0	200
18	Odisha	6	3	3	550	300	850
19	Puducherry	9	2	7	225	900	1125
20	Punjab	9	3	6	350	645	995
21	Rajasthan	10	7	3	900	400	1300
22	Sikkim	1	0	1	0	100	100
23	Tamil Nadu	42	19	20	2205	2850	5055
24	Tripura	2	1	1	100	100	200
25	Uttar Pradesh	27	12	15	1449	1800	3249
26	Uttarakhand	4	2	2	200	250	450
27	West Bengal	14	13	2	1650	300	1950
SI	South India	154	52	102	6830	13705	20535
WI	West India	63	34	43	4540	5295	9835
NI	North India	81	37	33	4499	3745	8244
EI	East India	47	37	10	4116	1010	5026
T	Total	381	160	188	25085	38715	63800.

State-wise numbers of Medical Colleges as on 23.8.2013 of Indianstat

State and Outside the ambit of MCI	No of Government Colleges (status as on 23.8.2013)	MBBS seats in Government Colleges (status as on 23.8.2013)	No of Private Colleges (status as on 23.8.2013)	MBBS seats in Private Colleges (status as on 23.8.2013)	Total no of colleges (status as on 23.8.2013)	Total MBBS seats in Colleges (status as on 23.8.2013)
Andhra Pradesh	15	2,450	28	3,900	43	6,350
Assam	5	626	NA	NA	5	626
Bihar	9	950	4	360	13	1,310
Chandigarh	1	100	NA	NA	1	100
Chhattisgarh	4	450	1	150	5	600
Delhi	5	800	2	200	7	1,000
Goa	1	150	NA	NA	1	150
Gujarat	9	1,530	13	1,700	22	3,230
Haryana	3	400	4	400	7	800
Himachal Pradesh	2	200	1	150	3	350
Jammu and Kashmir	3	400	1	100	4	500
Jharkhand	3	350	NA	NA	3	350
Karnataka	12	1,500	34	5,255	46	6,755
Kerala	7	1,100	18	2,000	25	3,100
Madhya Pradesh	6	800	6	900	12	1,700
Maharashtra	19	2,600	25	3,145	44	5,745
Manipur	2	200	NA	NA	2	200
Meghalaya	1	50	NA	NA	1	50
Odisha	3	550	5	500	8	1,050
Puducherry	1	150	7	900	8	1,050
Punjab	3	400	7	845	10	1,245
Rajasthan	6	1,200	4	550	10	1,750
Sikkim	NA	NA	1	100	1	100
Tamil Nadu	21	2,715	24	3,500	45	6,215
Tripura	2	200	NA	NA	2	200
Uttar Pradesh	14	1,849	16	1,900	30	3,749
Uttarakhand	2	200	2	250	4	450
West Bengal	14	2,050	3	400	17	2,450
AIIMS(Outside the ambit of MCI)	7	677	NA	NA	7	677
JIPMER(Outside the ambit of MCI)	1	127	NA	NA	1	127
Total	181	24,774	206	27,205	387	51,979

Other health care courses in India

They include

1. B.A.M.S., Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine & surgery followed by M.D.
2. B.N.Y.S., Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences followed by M.D.
3. B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine and Surgery followed by M.D.
4. B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery followed by M.D.
5. B.H.M.S., Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery followed by M.D.

Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy are collectively called as AYUSH – Alternative medicine

1. BSc, MSc Nursing
2. BSc Medical Lab Technology
3. B.Pharm, M.Pharm. Ph.d
4. B.P.T, M.P.T, PhD (Physiotherapy)
5. [B.D.S], M.D.S [(Dental Surgery)]
6. [B.O.T] [Occupational Therap]
7. BSc [Speech Therapy]
8. Bsc ( neurology)

MBBS

Professionals holding MBBS, BHMS, BDS, BAMS BNYS, BUMS, BSMS Degrees are referred to by the title of "Doctor" and use the prefix "Dr".

I (First) MBBS

The pre-clinical course consists of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, and these are the basic subjects of medical students and it lasts for a year. Prior to 1997 the I MBBS consisted of 1½ years, but this was trimmed to make more time available for clinical exposure. Passing the I MBBS final examination is mandatory to proceed with the course. A candidate failing the first MBBS examination is detained until all the 1st MBBS subjects are cleared. This is considered a major drawback of the Indian medical education system.however the MCI has changed this in regulations on graduate medical education 2012. In many universities if one does not clear a subject that student will get into an intermediate batch. It is a severe drawback. Morning session usually consist of an Anatomy lecture followed by dissection, except for one day when a class in biostatistics may be taken. Afternoon sessions consist of a theory class followed by laboratory work in Physiology or Biochemistry or it may be histology branch of anatomy.

II (Second) MBBS

Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, and Forensic Medicine for one and half years. After clearing all the four subjects a student advances to III MBBS. The lecture classes and lab work of these subjects are usually held in the afternoons to enable students to attend the clinical wards and out patient departments in the mornings. These are followed by Short postings (15days duration) in Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy,& Respiratory medicine & TB. This may be followed directly by major postings or a clinical posting in Community Medicine may intervene.

III (Final) MBBS – Part I

Part I consists of one year, where Social and Preventive Medicine (Community Medicine), Ear Nose and Throat and Ophthalmology form the core subjects.

IV (Final) MBBS – Part II

One year of focused training in the four basic clinical subjects, namely: Medicine, Surgery (incl. Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. On passing the final MBBS examination, a candidate is awarded provisional registration by the MCI or the State medical council and can start the internship. Permanent registration (license to practice) and the final Medical degree (i.e., MBBS) is given only after successful and satisfactory completion of the Compulsory Rotatory Resident Internship, also called the CRRI.

Internship and Residency

After successful completion of the MBBS course, one has to compulsorily work in the hospital attached to the medical college or in any other approved hospital allowed in some medical colleges, for a period of one year. This posting is called the Compulsory Rotatory Residential Internship or the House Surgeon in Tamil Nadu. The student gets the degree only after satisfactory completion of the CRRI. An Intern (also called an Internee or a CRRI) is posted in all the clinical departments of the hospital on a rotation basis. This gives him or her the basic clinical and practical knowledge about all the disciplines of medicine and makes the medical graduate fit to work in the community as a General Physician. The schedules of an intern is usually extremely exhaustive. For example, one may have to work for the whole night and then have to start the next day duty only after about one or two hours. This may last till the afternoon. 24-hour sleepless duty at a stretch is not uncommon and sometimes the scheduled breaks are also not allowed by the superiors. He or she is also paid a monthly stipend for his work in the hospital which differs in different medical colleges on the basis of the management. The person is licensed to practice medicine only after completion of this internship. And only after finishing internship, one can receive his MBBS degree and can pursue postgraduate studies. The Interns are entrusted with clinical responsibilities under the supervision of a Medical teacher or a Resident/ PGT/ Senior medical officer. Interns are not supposed to issue medical certificates, death certificates or medico-legal documents under their own signatures.

The Internship is different from House Officership (which may follow Internship), as understood in UK and other countries. The latter is not a compulsory tenure. The House Physician or House Surgeon unlike an Intern, works in a particular department of his or her choice and is paid a monthly 'salary' for his work in the hospital (especially, in the UK). The American counterpart is simply called a "Resident" (i.e., a Resident Physician or a Resident Surgeon).

Post internship, some graduates may choose to work in different medical specialities and are often referred to as House Officers or House Physicians or House Surgeons. This is different from a post graduate training and does not lead to award of a degree. A doctor undergoing higher speciality training is referred to as a "Post Graduate Trainee" or simply a PGT. House Physicians, PGTs and interns are also called junior doctors across Indian hospitals. PGTs and House Officers are sometimes referred to as Junior Residents. After completion of post graduation, doctors may enter subspeciality training and are then known as "post doctoral trainees" or simply PDTs. They are also called as senior residents at some institutes.

Work Hours

The entire period of residency in India can be very demanding, both physically and psychologically. The Maharashtra Association of Resident Doctors (Mard) had filed a compliant with the Maharashtra Human Rights Commission (MHRC) regarding resident doctors being made to work for more than 30 hours at a stretch. There have been instances of doctor suicides due to stress and burnout. Premier Institutes have been criticised for lack of hygienic food supply to resident doctors and their shabby living conditions.

Postgraduate courses

Subject	Degree	Diploma
Anaesthesia	M.D./DNB	DA
Anatomy:	MD/DNB/MSc(Medical)	Not Applicable
Biochemistry	MD/DNB/MSc(Medical)	Not Applicable
Community Medicine/PSM	MD/DNB	DCM/DPH
Dermatology	MD/DNB	DDVL/DVD
ENT	MS/DNB	DLO
Family Medicine	MD/DNB	Not applicable
Forensic Medicine	MS/DNB	DFM
General Medicine	MD/DNB	Not applicable
General Surgery	MS/DNB	Not applicable
Microbiology	MD/DNB/MSc(Medical)	Not applicable
Nuclear Medicine	MD/DNB	DRM
Orthopaedics	MS/DNB	D Ortho
Ophthalmology	MS/DNB	DO/DOMS
Obs & Gynaecology	MS/DNB	DGO
Pathology	MD/DNB	DCP
Pharmacology	MD/DNB/MSc(Medical)	Not applicable
Physiology	MD/DNB/MSc(Medical)	Not applicable
Paediatrics	MD/DNB	DCH
Psychiatry	MD/DNB	DPM
Pulmonology	MD/DNB	DTCD
Radiodiagnosis	MD/DNB	DMRD
Radiotherapy	MD/DNB	DMRT

External links

• National Board of Examinations