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Shark classification

Identification of the 8 extant shark orders

Template:Sharksportal Sharks belong to the superorder Selachimorpha in the subclass Elasmobranchii in the class Chondrichthyes. The Elasmobranchii also include rays and skates; the Chondrichthyes also include Chimaeras. It is currently thought that the sharks form a polyphyletic group: in particular, some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks. The first sharks appeared in the oceans 400 to 350 million years ago. Most of the species we know today are as old as the Jurassic period.

Listed below are extant species of shark in taxonomic order. Sharks are spread across eight orders which are listed in roughly evolutionary order (from primitive to modern), and the familes and genera within the orders are listed in alphabetical order.

Hexanchiformes: Examples from this group include the cow sharks, frilled shark and even a shark that looks on first inspection to be a marine snake.
Squaliformes: Examples from this group include the bramble sharks, dogfish sharks and roughsharks, and prickly shark.
Pristiophoriformes: These are the sawsharks, with an elongated, toothed snout that they use for slashing the fishes that they subsequently eat.
Squatiniformes: Angel sharks.
Heterodontiformes: They are commonly referred to as the bullhead or horn sharks.
Orectolobiformes: They are commonly referred to as the carpet sharks, including zebra sharks, nurse sharks, wobbegongs and the whale shark.
Carcharhiniformes: They are commonly referred to as the groundsharks, and some of the species include the blue, tiger, bull, reef and oceanic whitetip sharks (collectively called the requiem sharks) along with the houndsharks, catsharks and hammerhead sharks. They are distinguished by an elongated snout and a nictitating membrane which protects the eyes during an attack.
Lamniformes: They are commonly referred to as the mackerel sharks. They include the goblin shark, basking shark, megamouth shark, the thresher sharks, shortfin and longfin mako sharks, and great white shark. They are distinguished by their large jaws and ovoviviparous reproduction.

The Lamniformes include the extinct megalodon (Carcharodon megalodon), which like all extinct sharks is only known from its teeth (the only bone found in these cartilaginous fishes, and therefore the only fossils produced). A reproduction of the jaw was based on some of the largest teeth (up to almost 17 cm (7 inches) in length) and suggested a fish that could grow 25 metres (80 feet) long to 30.5 metres (100 feet). The jaw was realized to be inaccurate, and estimates revised downwards to around 13 metres (43 feet) to 15.9 meters (52 feet).

Taxonomic listing

ORDER HEXANCHIFORMES (Cow sharks and frilled sharks)
- Family Chlamydoselachidae (Frilled sharks)
  - Genus Chlamydoselachus
    - Chlamydoselachus anguineus (Frill shark)
  - Genus Heptranchias
    - Heptranchias perlo (Sharpnose sevengill shark)
- Family Hexanchidae (Cow sharks, sevengill sharks, and sixgill sharks)
  - Genus Hexanchus
  - Genus Notorynchus
    - Notorynchus cepedianus (Broadnose sevengill shark)
ORDER SQUALIFORMES
- Family Centrophoridae
  - Genus Deania
    - Deania calcea (Birdbeak dogfish)
    - Deania hystricosa (Rough longnose dogfish)
    - Deania profundorum (Arrowhead dogfish)
    - Deania quadrispinosum (Longsnout dogfish)
- Family Dalatiidae (Sleeper sharks)
  - Genus Scymnorhinus
    - Scymnorhinus lichia
  - Sub-Family Dalatiinae
    - Genus Centrophorus
    - Genus Dalatias
      - Dalatias licha (Kitefin shark)
    - Genus Euprotomicroides
      - Euprotomicroides zantedeschia (Taillight shark)
    - Genus Euprotomicrus
      - Euprotomicrus bispinatus (Pygmy shark)
    - Genus Heteroscymnoides
      - Heteroscymnoides marleyi (Longnose pygmy shark)
    - Genus Isistius
      - Isistius brasiliensis (Cookiecutter shark)
      - Isistius plutodus (Largetooth cookiecutter shark)
    - Genus Mollisquama
      - Mollisquama parini
    - Genus Squaliolus
      - Squaliolus laticaudus (Spined pigmy shark)
  - Sub-Family Etmopterinae
    - Genus Aculeola
      - Aculeola nigra (Hooktooth dogfish)
    - Genus Centroscyllium
    - Genus Etmopterus
      - Etmopterus brachyurus (Shorttail laternshark)
      - Etmopterus bullisi (Lined lanternshark)
      - Etmopterus decacuspidatus (Combtoothed lanternshark)
      - Etmopterus gracilispinis (Broadband dogfish)
      - Etmopterus granulosus (Southern laternshark)
      - Etmopterus hillianus (Caribbean lanternshark)
      - Etmopterus lucifer (Blackbelly lanternshark)
      - Etmopterus molleri
      - Etmopterus polli (African lanternshark)
      - Etmopterus princeps (Great lanternshark)
      - Etmopterus pusillus (Smooth lanternshark)
      - Etmopterus schultzi (Fringefin lanternshark)
      - Etmopterus sentosus (Thorny lanternshark)
      - Etmopterus spinax (Velvet belly)
      - Etmopterus unicolor (Brown lanternshark)
      - Etmopterus villosus (Hawaiian lanternshark)
      - Etmopterus virens (Green lanternshark)
    - Genus Miroscyllium
      - Miroscyllium shiekoi
    - Genus Trigonognathus
      - Trigonognathus kabeyai
  - Sub-Family Oxynotinae
    - Genus Oxynotus
      - Oxynotus bruniensis (Prickly dogfish)
      - Oxynotus caribbaeus (Caribbean roughshark)
      - Oxynotus centrina (Angular roughshark)
      - Oxynotus paradoxus (Sailfin roughshark)
  - Sub-Family Somniosinae
    - Genus Centroscymnus
    - Genus Somniosus (sleeper sharks)
    - Genus Zameus
      - Zameus squamulosus
- Family Echinorhinidae (Bramble sharks)
  - Genus Echinorhinus
    - Echinorhinus brucus (Bramble shark)
    - Echinorhinus cookei (Prickly shark)
- Family Squalidae (Dogfish sharks)
  - Genus Cirrhigaleus
    - Cirrhigaleus barbifer (Mandarin dogfish)
  - Genus Scymnodalatias
  - Genus Scymnodon
  - Genus Squalus
    - Squalus acanthias (Spiny dogfish)
    - Squalus asper (Roughskin dogshark)
    - Squalus cubensis (Cuban dogfish)
    - Squalus japonicus (Japanese spurdog)
    - Squalus megalops (Shortnose spurdog)
    - Squalus melanurus (Blacktailed spurdog)
    - Squalus mitsukurii (Shortspine spurdog)
    - Squalus rancureli (Cyrano spurdog)
ORDER PRISTIOPHORIFORMES (Saw sharks)
- Family Pristiophoridae (Saw fishes and saw sharks)
  - Genus Pliotrema
    - Pliotrema warreni (Sixgill sawshark)
  - Genus Pristiophorus (Saw sharks)
ORDER SQUATINIFORMES
- Family Squatinidae (Angelsharks and sand devils)
  - Genus Squatina
    - Squatina aculeata (Sawback angelshark)
    - Squatina africana (African angelshark)
    - Squatina argentina (Argentine angelshark)
    - Squatina australis (Australian angelshark)
    - Squatina californica (Pacific angelshark)
    - Squatina dumeril (Atlantic angelshark)
    - Squatina formosa (Taiwan angelfish)
    - Squatina japonica (Japanese angelshark)
    - Squatina nebulosa (Clouded angelshark)
    - Squatina oculata (Monk fish)
    - Squatina squatina (Angelshark)
    - Squatina tergocellata (Ornate angelshark)
    - Squatina tergocellatoides (Ocellated angelshark)
ORDER HETERODONTIFORMES (Bullhead sharks)
- Family Heterodontidae (Bullhead sharks, horn sharks, and port jackson sharks)
  - Genus Heterodontus
ORDER ORECTOLOBIFORMES (Carpet sharks)
- Family Brachaeluridae (Blind catsharks and blind sharks)
  - Genus Brachaelurus
    - Brachaelurus waddi (Blind shark)
  - Genus Heteroscyllium
    - Heteroscyllium colcloughi (Bluegray carpetshark)
- Family Ginglymostomatidae (Nurse sharks)
  - Genus Ginglymostoma
    - Ginglymostoma cirratum (Nurse shark)
  - Genus Nebrius
    - Nebrius concolor
    - Nebrius ferrugineus (Tawny nurse shark)
  - Genus Pseudoginglymostoma
    - Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum (Shorttail nurse shark)
- Family Hemiscylliidae (Bamboo sharks and longtailed carpetsharks)
  - Genus Chiloscyllium
  - Genus Hemiscyllium
- Family Orectolobidae (Wobbegongs)
  - Genus Eucrossorhinus
    - Eucrossorhinus dasypogon (Tasselled wobbegong)
  - Genus Orectolobus
    - Orectolobus halei
    - Orectolobus hutchinsi
    - Orectolobus japonicus (Japanese wobbegong)
    - Orectolobus maculatus (Spotted wobbegong)
    - Orectolobus ornatus (Ornate wobbegong)
    - Orectolobus wardi
  - Genus Sutorectus
    - Sutorectus tentaculatus (Cobbler wobbegong)
- Family Parascyllidae (Collared carpetsharks)
  - Genus Cirrhoscyllium
  - Genus Parascyllium
- Family Rhincodontidae
  - Genus Rhincodon
    - Rhincodon typus (Whale shark)
- Family Stegostomatidae (Zebra sharks)
  - Genus Stegostoma
    - Stegostoma fasciatum (Zebra shark)
ORDER CARCHARHINIFORMES (Ground sharks)
- Family Carcharhinidae (Requiem sharks)
  - Genus Carcharhinus
    - Carcharhinus acronotus (Blacknose shark)
    - Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Silvertip shark)
    - Carcharhinus altimus (Bignose shark)
    - Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides (Graceful shark)
    - Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Gray reef shark)
    - Carcharhinus amboinensis (Pigeye shark)
    - Carcharhinus borneensis (Borneo shark)
    - Carcharhinus brachyurus (Copper shark)
    - Carcharhinus brevipinna (Spinner shark)
    - Carcharhinus cautus (Nervous shark)
    - Carcharhinus dussumieri (Whitecheek shark)
    - Carcharhinus falciformis (Silky shark)
    - Carcharhinus fitzroyensis (Creek whaler)
    - Carcharhinus galapagensis (Galapagos shark)
    - Carcharhinus hemiodon (Pondicherry shark)
    - Carcharhinus isodon (Finetooth shark)
    - Carcharhinus leiodon (Smooth tooth blacktip shark)
    - Carcharhinus leucas (Bull shark)
    - Carcharhinus limbatus (Blacktip shark)
    - Carcharhinus longimanus (Oceanic whitetip shark)
    - Carcharhinus macloti (Hardnose shark)
    - Carcharhinus melanopterus (Blacktip reef shark)
    - Carcharhinus obscurus (Dusky shark)
    - Carcharhinus perezii (Caribbean reef shark)
    - Carcharhinus plumbeus (Sandbar shark)
    - Carcharhinus porosus (Smalltail shark)
    - Carcharhinus sealei (Blackspot shark)
    - Carcharhinus signatus (Night shark)
    - Carcharhinus sorrah (Spottail shark)
    - Carcharhinus tilstoni
  - Genus Galeocerdo
    - Galeocerdo cuvier (Tiger shark)
  - Genus Glyphis
    - Glyphis gangeticus (Ganges shark)
    - Glyphis glyphis (Speartooth shark)
  - Genus Isogomphodon
    - Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus (Daggernose shark)
  - Genus Lamiopsis
    - Lamiopsis temminckii (Broadfin shark)
  - Genus Loxodon
    - Loxodon macrorhinus (Sliteye shark)
  - Genus Nasolamia
    - Nasolamia velox (Whitenose shark)
  - Genus Negaprion (Lemon sharks)
    - Negaprion acutidens (Sicklefin lemon shark)
    - Negaprion brevirostris (Lemon shark)
  - Genus Prionace
    - Prionace glauca (Blue shark)
  - Genus Rhizoprionodon (Sharpnose sharks)
  - Genus Scoliodon
    - Scoliodon laticaudus (Spadenose shark)
  - Genus Triaenodon
    - Triaenodon obesus (Whitetip reef shark)
- Family Hemigaleidae (Weasel sharks)
  - Genus Chaenogaleus
    - Chaenogaleus macrostoma (Hooktooth shark)
  - Genus Hemigaleus
    - Hemigaleus microstoma (Sicklefin weasel shark)
  - Genus Hemipristis
    - Hemipristis elongatus (Snaggletooth shark)
    - Hemipristis serra
  - Genus Paragaleus
    - Paragaleus pectoralis (Atlantic weasel shark)
    - Paragaleus tengi (Straight-tooth weasel shark)
- Family Leptochariidae (Barbeled houndsharks)
  - Genus Leptocharias
    - Leptocharias smithii (Barbeled houndshark)
- Family Proscylliidae (Finback catsharks)
  - Genus Ctenacis
    - Ctenacis fehlmanni (Harlequin catshark)
  - Genus Eridacnis
  - Genus Proscyllium
    - Proscyllium venustum
- Family Pseudotriakidae (False cat sharks)
  - Genus Pseudotriakis
    - Pseudotriakis microdon (False cat shark)
- Family Scyliorhinidae (Cat sharks)
  - Genus Apristurus
    - Apristurus atlanticus (Atlantic ghost catshark)
    - Apristurus brunneus (Brown catshark)
    - Apristurus canutus (Hoary catshark)
    - Apristurus herklotsi (Longfin catshark)
    - Apristurus indicus (Smallbelly catshark)
    - Apristurus investigatoris (Broadnose catshark)
    - Apristurus japonicus (Japanese catshark)
    - Apristurus kampae (Longnose catshark)
    - Apristurus laurussonii (Iceland catshark)
    - Apristurus longicephalus (Longhead catshark)
    - Apristurus macrorhynchus (Flathead catshark)
    - Apristurus maderensis (Madeira catshark)
    - Apristurus manis (Ghost catshark)
    - Apristurus microps (Smalleye catshark)
    - Apristurus nasutus (Largenose catshark)
    - Apristurus parvipinnis (Smallfin catshark)
    - Apristurus platyrhynchus (Spatulasnout catshark)
    - Apristurus profundorum (Deepwater catshark)
    - Apristurus riveri (Broadgill catshark)
    - Apristurus saldanha (Saldanha catshark)
    - Apristurus sibogae (Pale catshark)
    - Apristurus sinensis (South china catshark)
    - Apristurus spongiceps (Spongehead catshark)
    - Apristurus stenseni (Panama ghost catshark)
    - Apristurus verweyi (Borneo catshark)
  - Genus Asymbolus
    - Asymbolus analis (Australian spotted catshark)
    - Asymbolus vincenti (Gulf catshark)
  - Genus Atelomycterus
    - Atelomycterus macleayi (Australian marbled catshark)
    - Atelomycterus marmoratus (Coral catshark)
  - Genus Aulohalaelurus
    - Aulohalaelurus labiosus (Blackspotted catshark)
  - Genus Cephaloscyllium
  - Genus Cephalurus
    - Cephalurus cephalus (Lollipop catshark)
  - Genus Galeus
    - Galeus arae (Roughtail catshark)
    - Galeus boardmani (Australian sawtail catshark)
    - Galeus eastmani (Gecko catshark)
    - Galeus melastomus (Blackmouth catshark)
    - Galeus murinus
    - Galeus nipponensis (Broadfin sawtail catshark)
    - Galeus piperatus (Peppered catshark)
    - Galeus polli (African sawtail catshark)
    - Galeus sauteri (Blacktip sawtail catshark)
    - Galeus schultzi (Dwarf sawtail catshark)
  - Genus Halaelurus
    - Halaelurus alcockii (Arabian catshark)
    - Halaelurus boesemani (Speckled catshark)
    - Halaelurus buergeri (Blackspotted catshark)
    - Halaelurus canescens (Dusky catshark)
    - Halaelurus dawsoni (New Zealand catshark)
    - Halaelurus hispidus (Bristly catshark)
    - Halaelurus immaculatus (Spotless catshark)
    - Halaelurus lineatus (Lined catshark)
    - Halaelurus lutarius (Mud catshark)
    - Halaelurus natalensis (Tiger catshark)
    - Halaelurus quagga (Quagga catshark)
  - Genus Haploblepharus
  - Genus Holohalaelurus
    - Holohalaelurus punctatus (African spotted catshark)
    - Holohalaelurus regani (Izak catshark)
  - Genus Parmaturus
  - Genus Pentanchus
    - Pentanchus profundicolus (Onefin catshark)
  - Genus Poroderma
    - Poroderma africanum (Striped catshark)
    - Poroderma marleyi (Barbeled catshark)
    - Poroderma pantherinum (Leopard catshark)
  - Genus Schroederichthys
  - Genus Scyliorhinus
    - Scyliorhinus besnardi (Polkadot catshark)
    - Scyliorhinus boa (Boa catshark)
    - Scyliorhinus canicula (Small-spotted catshark)
    - Scyliorhinus capensis (Yellowspotted catshark)
    - Scyliorhinus cervigoni (West african catshark)
    - Scyliorhinus garmani (Brownspotted catshark)
    - Scyliorhinus haeckelii (Freckled catshark)
    - Scyliorhinus hesperius (Whitesaddled catshark)
    - Scyliorhinus meadi (Blotched catshark)
    - Scyliorhinus retifer (Chain catshark)
    - Scyliorhinus stellaris (Nursehound)
    - Scyliorhinus torazame (Cloudy catshark)
    - Scyliorhinus torrei (Dwarf catshark)
- Family Sphyrnidae (Bonnethead sharks, hammerhead sharks, and scoophead sharks)
  - Genus Eusphyra
    - Eusphyra blochii (Winghead shark)
  - Genus Sphyrna
    - Sphyrna corona (Scalloped bonnethead)
    - Sphyrna couardi (Whitefin hammerhead)
    - Sphyrna lewini (Scalloped hammerhead)
    - Sphyrna media (Scoophead)
    - Sphyrna mokarran (Great hammerhead)
    - Sphyrna tiburo (Bonnethead shark)
    - Sphyrna tudes
    - Sphyrna zygaena (Smooth hammerhead)
- Family Triakidae (Houndsharks, smooth-hounds, topes, and whiskery sharks)
  - Sub-Family Galeorhininae
    - Genus Furgaleus
      - Furgaleus macki (Whiskery skark)
    - Genus Galeorhinus
      - Galeorhinus galeus (Tope shark)
    - Genus Gogolia
      - Gogolia filewoodi (Sailback houndshark)
    - Genus Gollum
      - Gollum attenuatus (Slender smooth-hound)
    - Genus Hemitriakis
      - Hemitriakis japanica (Japanese topeshark)
      - Hemitriakis leucoperiptera (Whitefin topeshark)
    - Genus Hypogaleus
      - Hypogaleus hyugaensis (Blacktip tope)
    - Genus Iago
      - Iago garricki (Longnose houndshark)
      - Iago omanensis (Bigeye houndshark)
  - Sub-Family Triakinae
    - Genus Mustelus
      - Mustelus antarcticus (Gummy shark)
      - Mustelus asterias (Starry smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus californicus (Gray smoothhound)
      - Mustelus canis (Dusky smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus dorsalis (Sharptooth smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus fasciatus (Striped smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus griseus (Spotless smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus henlei (Brown smoothhound)
      - Mustelus higmani (Smalleye smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus lenticulatus (Spotted estuary smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus lunulatus (Sicklefin smoothhound)
      - Mustelus manazo (Starspotted smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus mento (Speckled smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus mosis (Arabian smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus mustelus (Smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus norrisi (Florida smoothhound)
      - Mustelus palumbes (Whitespotted smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus punctulatus (Blackspotted smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus schmitti (Narrownose smooth-hound)
      - Mustelus whitneyi (Humpback smooth-hound)
    - Genus Scylliogaleus
      - Scylliogaleus quecketti (Flapnose houndshark)
    - Genus Triakis (Leopard sharks)
      - Triakis acutipinna (Sharpfin houndshark)
      - Triakis maculata (Spotted houndshark)
      - Triakis megalopterus (Sharptooth houndshark)
      - Triakis scyllium (Banded houndshark)
      - Triakis semifasciata (Leopard shark)
ORDER LAMNIFORMES (Mackerel sharks)
- Family Alopiidae (Thresher sharks)
  - Genus Alopias
    - Alopias pelagicus (Pelagic thresher shark)
    - Alopias superciliosus (Bigeye thresher)
    - Alopias vulpinus (Thresher shark)
- Family Cetorhinidae (Basking sharks)
  - Genus Cetorhinus
    - Cetorhinus maximus (Basking shark)
- Family Lamnidae (Mackerel sharks, porbeagles, and white sharks)
  - Genus Carcharodon
    - Carcharodon carcharias (Great white shark)
  - Genus Isurus (Shortfin mako)
    - Isurus oxyrinchus (Shortfin mako)
    - Isurus paucus (Longfin mako)
  - Genus Lamna
    - Lamna ditropis (Salmon shark)
    - Lamna nasus (Porbeagle)
- Family Megachasmidae (Megamouth sharks)
  - Genus Megachasma
    - Megachasma pelagios (Megamouth shark)
- Family Mitsukurinidae (Goblin sharks)
  - Genus Mitsukurina
    - Mitsukurina owstoni (Goblin shark)
- Family Odontaspididae (Sand sharks and sand tiger sharks)
  - Genus Carcharias
    - Carcharias taurus
    - Carcharias tricuspidatus
  - Genus Odontaspis
    - Odontaspis ferox (Smalltooth sand tiger)
    - Odontaspis noronhai (Bigeye sand tiger)
- Family Pseudocarchariidae (Crocodile sharks)
  - Genus Pseudocarcharias
    - Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Crocodile shark)

References

Animal Diversity Web

@@ Line 290: / Line 290: @@
 *** Genus [[Prionace]]
 **** ''[[Prionace glauca]]'' ([[Blue shark]])
-*** Genus [[Rhizoprionodon]] ([[Sharpnose sharks)
+*** Genus [[Rhizoprionodon]] (Sharpnose sharks)
 **** ''[[Rhizoprionodon acutus]]'' ([[Milk shark]])
 **** ''[[Rhizoprionodon lalandii]]'' ([[Brazilian sharpnose shark]])

Revision as of 15:45, 25 September 2006

Shark classification

Taxonomic listing

See also

References