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In recent decades the cathedral's stonework has decayed alarmingly, primarily because of environmental pollution,<ref name="cbs undergoing"/> and the spire was extensively rotted because fissures in its lead sheathing were admitting water.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/decades-of-neglect-threatened-notre-dame-well-before-it-burned-11555624252 | title=Decades of Neglect Threatened Notre Dame, Well Before It Burned | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=18 April 2019 | accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> In 2014, the [[Ministry of Culture (France)|Ministry of Culture]] estimated needed renovations at €150&nbsp;million, and in 2016 the [[Archdiocese of Paris]] launched an appeal to raise €100&nbsp;million over the following five to ten years. At the time of the fire, the spire was undergoing renovations<ref>{{cite web |title=Notre-Dame fire: Blaze breaks out amid renovations at 12th century cathedral |url=https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/notre-dame-fire-blaze-breaks-out-amid-renovations-at-12th-century-cathedral/10042011.article |website=New Civil Engineer |accessdate=16 April 2019 |date=15 April 2019 |first=Rob |last=Horgan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fire breaks out at top of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris |url=https://www.independent.ie/world-news/fire-breaks-out-at-top-of-notre-dame-cathedral-in-paris-38017758.html |accessdate=16 April 2019 |work=The Irish Independent |date=15 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="cbs undergoing">{{cite web | url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/notre-dame-cathedral-fire-notre-dame-68-million-renovation-massive-fire-today/ | title = Notre Dame was undergoing $6.8 million renovation when massive fire broke out | date = 15 April 2019 | accessdate = 15 April 2019 | publisher = [[CBS News]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190415194731/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/notre-dame-cathedral-fire-notre-dame-68-million-renovation-massive-fire-today/ | archive-date = 15 April 2019 | dead-url = no | df = dmy-all }}</ref> and scaffolding had been erected around much of the exterior.<ref name=CBC/><ref name="Villasanta-190416">{{cite news | url=https://www.ibtimes.com/notre-dame-cathedral-fire-photos-macron-vows-rebuild-670-year-old-church-2785632 | title=Notre Dame Cathedral Fire Photos: Macron Vows To Rebuild 670-Year Old Church | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=16 April 2019 | accessdate=16 April 2019 | first=Arthur | last=Villasanta}}</ref>
In recent decades the cathedral's stonework has decayed alarmingly, primarily because of environmental pollution,<ref name="cbs undergoing"/> and the spire was extensively rotted because fissures in its lead sheathing were admitting water.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/decades-of-neglect-threatened-notre-dame-well-before-it-burned-11555624252 | title=Decades of Neglect Threatened Notre Dame, Well Before It Burned | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=18 April 2019 | accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> In 2014, the [[Ministry of Culture (France)|Ministry of Culture]] estimated needed renovations at €150&nbsp;million, and in 2016 the [[Archdiocese of Paris]] launched an appeal to raise €100&nbsp;million over the following five to ten years. At the time of the fire, the spire was undergoing renovations<ref>{{cite web |title=Notre-Dame fire: Blaze breaks out amid renovations at 12th century cathedral |url=https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/notre-dame-fire-blaze-breaks-out-amid-renovations-at-12th-century-cathedral/10042011.article |website=New Civil Engineer |accessdate=16 April 2019 |date=15 April 2019 |first=Rob |last=Horgan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fire breaks out at top of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris |url=https://www.independent.ie/world-news/fire-breaks-out-at-top-of-notre-dame-cathedral-in-paris-38017758.html |accessdate=16 April 2019 |work=The Irish Independent |date=15 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="cbs undergoing">{{cite web | url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/notre-dame-cathedral-fire-notre-dame-68-million-renovation-massive-fire-today/ | title = Notre Dame was undergoing $6.8 million renovation when massive fire broke out | date = 15 April 2019 | accessdate = 15 April 2019 | publisher = [[CBS News]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190415194731/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/notre-dame-cathedral-fire-notre-dame-68-million-renovation-massive-fire-today/ | archive-date = 15 April 2019 | dead-url = no | df = dmy-all }}</ref> and scaffolding had been erected around much of the exterior.<ref name=CBC/><ref name="Villasanta-190416">{{cite news | url=https://www.ibtimes.com/notre-dame-cathedral-fire-photos-macron-vows-rebuild-670-year-old-church-2785632 | title=Notre Dame Cathedral Fire Photos: Macron Vows To Rebuild 670-Year Old Church | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=16 April 2019 | accessdate=16 April 2019 | first=Arthur | last=Villasanta}}</ref>

{{clear}}


<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="Structural elements relevant to the fire">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="Structural elements relevant to the fire">

Revision as of 15:32, 20 April 2019

Notre-Dame fire
View from Square René-Viviani at 19:51 CEST
Notre-Dame Cathedral is located in Paris
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral (Paris)
Notre-Dame Cathedral is located in France
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral (France)
Date15 April 2019; 5 years ago (2019-04-15)
Time18:50 CEST (16:50 UTC)
Duration15 hours[1]
VenueNotre-Dame Cathedral
LocationParis, France
Coordinates48°51′11″N 2°20′59″E / 48.8530°N 2.3498°E / 48.8530; 2.3498
Deaths0[2]
Non-fatal injuries3[3][4]
Property damageRoof and spire destroyed; windows and vaulted ceilings damaged

On 15 April 2019, just before 18:50 CEST, a fire broke out beneath the roof of Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris. By the time it was extinguished 15 hours later, the building's spire and most of its roof had collapsed, and its upper walls had been severely damaged; extensive damage to the interior was prevented by its stone vaulted ceiling, which largely contained the burning roof as it collapsed. Many works of art and other treasures were evacuated early in the emergency, but many others were damaged or destroyed. The cathedral's two pipe organs, and its three 13th-century rose windows, suffered little or no damage. Three people were injured.

Emmanuel Macron, the French President, promised that the cathedral would be restored, and launched a fundraising campaign which brought in pledges of €800 million within 24 hours. It has been estimated that restoration could require twenty years or more.

Background

The cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris ("Our Lady of Paris"), a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[5] was begun in the 12th century. Its walls and interior vaulted ceiling are of stone; its roof and flèche (spire) are of wood (much of it 13th-century oak)[6][7] sheathed in some 200 tonnes (220 short tons) of lead[8] to exclude water. The spire was rebuilt several times, most recently in the 19th century.[9][10]

In recent decades the cathedral's stonework has decayed alarmingly, primarily because of environmental pollution,[11] and the spire was extensively rotted because fissures in its lead sheathing were admitting water.[12] In 2014, the Ministry of Culture estimated needed renovations at €150 million, and in 2016 the Archdiocese of Paris launched an appeal to raise €100 million over the following five to ten years. At the time of the fire, the spire was undergoing renovations[13][14][11] and scaffolding had been erected around much of the exterior.[15][16]

  • Structural elements relevant to the fire
  • Left: timber-and-lead roof above stone ceiling; center: stone exterior walls; right: stone flying buttresses
    Left: timber-and-lead roof above stone ceiling; center: stone exterior walls; right: stone flying buttresses
  • Stone rib-vaulted ceiling
    Stone rib-vaulted ceiling
  • Timber roof framing; vaulted ceiling lies below walkways
    Timber roof framing; vaulted ceiling lies below walkways
  • Lead roof sheathing
    Lead roof sheathing
  • Roof and spire
    Roof and spire

Fire

View from Quai de Montebello around 25 minutes into the fire; the spire is engulfed in flames

At about 18:20, guards first heard the fire alarm and began evacuating the cathedral but did not see a fire until 18:43, when either the alarm sounded again[17] or a second alarm sounded.[18][clarification needed] The cathedral was evacuated without incident within minutes.[18]

White smoke rising from the roof[19] turned black before flames appeared from the spire, then yellow.[19][20] Police quickly evacuated the Île de la Cité.[19][21][22]

Firefighting

The Paris Fire Brigade had drilled regularly to prepare for fire at the cathedral, including two on-site training exercises in 2018. They also assisted with the routine thrice-daily fire watch and operation of the alarm system.[further explanation needed][23]

Per common French fire-fighting practice, the fire was primarily fought from inside the structure. Attacking from the outside risked damaging the interior by deflecting flames and hot gases (at temperatures up to 800 °C or 1,500 °F) inwards.[24] Twenty firefighters[18] climbed the two towers' narrow spiral stairs but were eventually driven back by the heat.[25]

Following emergency plans, water was supplied by boats pumping from the Seine.[23] Deluge guns on the ground were used carefully;[26][27][28] water streams were at lower-than-usual pressure to minimise damage to the cathedral and its contents.[29]

Firefighters using a deluge gun

Water dropped from the air was not used, as its impact could have contributed to structural damage and heated stone can crack if suddenly cooled.[30][31] Helicopters were not used because of dangerous updrafts[32] but drones were used for visual and thermal imaging, and robots were used for visual imaging and directing water streams.[23][33]

Firefighters focused on saving the cathedral's towers.[29] More than 400 firefighters were engaged;[26] another hundred worked to evacuate artefacts.[23] Along with the high temperatures, molten lead falling from the roof also posed a hazard.[19] While the lead cladding would initially have slowed the fire by excluding air, once it started melting, the wind would help spread the fire. A large oak beam is not normally very flammable, but once smaller timbers are burning nearby, it can catch fire.[34][35] One firefighter and two police officers were injured.[3][needs update][4]

Fire experts evaluated that the easier flammability of the oak timbers in the church had been understimated by Benjamin Mouton, the architect who was previously responsible for the church. François Chatillon, an architect involved in restoring several French monuments, commented that it was already known the timbers were at a risk of catching fire which could not be stopped once it started.[36]

Most of the fire was extinguished by 23:30 CEST, and was considered completely extinguished after about twelve hours.[37][3] The Paris fire chief said the bell towers and other structural elements would have likely failed had the fire burned for another 30 minutes.[38]

Damage

South facade before and after the fire, showing destruction of roof and spire

Within an hour of flames being seen, the roof and spire were fully involved[39][40] and collapsed onto the stone vaulting that formed the ceiling of the cathedral's interior.[41][42] A few sections of this vaulting collapsed in turn,[41] allowing the burning roof to fall to the marble floor below;[18] but most remained intact, greatly reducing damage to the cathedral's interior.[citation needed]

Around 23:15 CEST, officials reported that the fire had weakened and that both towers were safe.[40][43] The primary structure, including both of the towers and one-third of the roof, remained standing.[19][clarification needed] Inspectors later found some weaknesses in the surviving structure, and evacuated an adjacent row of apartment houses on the Rue du Cloître as a precaution.[23]

All three of the church's 13th-century rose windows survived,[44][45] although there was damage to some of the 19th-century windows.[46]

The cathedral contained a large number of artworks, religious artefacts, and other irreplaceable treasures.[47] These included a crown of thorns said to be the one Jesus wore prior to his crucifixion, a purported piece of the cross on which Jesus was crucified, the Tunic of St. Louis,[48][49] a much-rebuilt pipe organ by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, stained-glass windows, the Virgin of Paris statue of Mary and the baby Jesus, and bronze statues of the twelve Apostles.[47] Some contents were evacuated by a human chain of emergency workers and civil servants.[50] Many valuables that were not removed also survived, but the state of many others remains unknown.[6]

Statues of the Apostles had been removed for conservation days before the fire

Some artwork had been removed prior to the renovations, and most of the cathedral's sacred relics were held in the cathedral's sacristy,[51] a stone building that joins North Dame's south end.[52] The items held in the sacristy are thought to be safe.[51]

Several pews were destroyed and the sculpted arches[further explanation needed] were blackened by smoke, though the church's main cross and altar survived, along with the statues surrounding it.[53][54]

Some paintings, apparently only smoke-damaged,[55] are expected to be transported to the Louvre for restoration.

A number of statues, including those of the twelve Apostles at the base of the spire, had been removed in preparation for renovations.[15][49] The rooster reliquary atop the spire was found, damaged but not destroyed, among the debris.[56]

The fire seen from Pont de la Tournelle

Lead cames in some of the 19th-century stained-glass windows melted,[55] but the three major rose windows, dating to the 12th and 13th centuries, were undamaged; one is unstable and may have to be dismantled for safekeeping.[46]

The two pipe organs were not significantly damaged.[57]

Some[which?] of the cathedral's bells were preserved,[further explanation needed] including the bourdon.[6] The liturgical treasury of the cathedral and the "grands Mays" monumental tablets were evacuated during the fire.[6]

Reactions

Numerous world religious leaders and governments extended condolences.[a] French President Emmanuel Macron postponed a speech planned for that evening;[87] instead he travelled to Notre Dame, where he gave a brief address.[88]

Through the night of the fire and into the next day, people gathered along the Seine to hold vigils and pray.[89][90][91][92][93]

Investigation

On 16 April, the Paris prosecutor said there was no evidence of a deliberate act.[23]

The fire has been compared to the similar 1992 Windsor Castle fire and the Uppark fire, among others,[94] and has raised old questions about the safety of similar structures and the techniques used to restore them.[94] Renovation works increase fire risk, and a police source reported they are looking into whether the renovation works had caused this incident.[24][95] In general, fires started during renovations of historic buildings can smolder for hours unseen before breaking out.[95] It is likely that the Notre Dame fire remained small for a long time before abruptly expanding.[96]

Repairs to the lead roof required torch-welding lead sheets[24] which rested on dry, well-seasoned timber, much of it porous or powdery with age.[24] This is a particularly risky process for historic buildings. Restoration also involves electrical tools and wiring; normally, no electrical installations were allowed in the attics due to the extreme fire risk.[23]

Of the firms working on the restoration,[97] a Europe Echafaudage team was the only one working there on the day of the fire; the company said no soldering or welding was underway before the fire. The scaffolding was receiving electrical supply for elevators and lighting.[98][99] Le Bras Frères said it had followed procedure and that none of its personnel were on-site when the fire broke out.[50][b]

On 18 April, a judicial police official unofficially reported that investigators think a short circuit was the most likely cause.[101][102][103][104] Surveillance footage showed smoke first rising from the base of the spire.[97]

Reconstruction

Chartres Cathedral was rebuilt with wrought iron trusses and copper sheeting after the 1836 fire[105]

On the night of the fire, Macron announced that the cathedral, which is owned by the state, would be rebuilt, and launched an international fundraiser the next day.[21][58][106][107] The cathedral itself, as well as several other historical buildings in France, was not insured due to cost constraints, leaving the costs to rebuild to the state.[108] The heritage conservation organisation Fondation du Patrimoine estimated the damage in the hundreds of millions of euros;[50] European art insurers stated the cost would be similar to ongoing renovations of the Palace of Westminster in London, which currently is estimated around €7 billion.[109]

Unrealized rebuilding plan for Notre-Dame by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc; only a central flèche was built

This cost does not include damage to any of the artwork or artefacts within the cathedral; art insurers said any pieces on loan from other museums would have likely been insured, but the works owned by the cathedral would not have been insurable.[109] While Macron hoped the cathedral could be restored in time for the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris, architects expect the work could take from twenty to forty years, as any new structure would need to balance restoring the look of the original building, using wood and stone sourced from the same regions used in the original construction, with the structural reinforcement required for preventing a similar disaster in the future.[108][110]

The Île-de-France region announced it would allocate €10 million, and the City of Paris declared it would make €50 million available.[111]

There is discussion of whether to rebuild the cathedral in modified form.[112] Rebuilding the roof with titanium sheets and steel trusses has been suggested;[113] other options include rebuilding in the original lead and wood,[114] or a melding of restored old elements and newly-designed ones.[115]

Fundraising

Twelve hours after the fire started, over €900 million had been pledged by a number of people, companies, and institutions for the cathedral's reconstruction.[116] Pledges $10M and over include:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Including the Vatican,[58] Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom,[59] Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres,[60] President of the European Council Donald Tusk,[61][62] President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker,[63] Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel,[64] Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez,[65] Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Theresa May,[66][67] Prime Minister of the Netherlands Mark Rutte, President of Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa,[68] President of Bulgaria Rumen Radev,[69] President of Romania Klaus Iohannis,[70][71] Prime Minister of Hungary Viktor Orbán,[72] Prime Minister of Greece Alexis Tsipras,[73] Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau,[74][75] President of the United States Donald Trump,[76][77] President of Russia Vladimir Putin,[78] President of Israel Reuven Rivlin,[79] King of Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa,[80] President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping,[81] Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison, King Mohammed VI of Morocco,[82] President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,[83] President of Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo,[84] President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko,[85] and Gérald Caussé, Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who is from Paris.[86]
  2. ^ The fire set off alarms around 18:20 in the evening,[17] and the workers normally stop work at 17:00, 17:30 at the latest.[100]

References

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  2. ^ "France vows to rebuild Notre Dame Cathedral after devastating fire — live updates". CBS News. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "What We Know and Don't Know About the Notre-Dame Fire". The New York Times. 15 April 2019. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b El-Bawab, Nadine (15 April 2019). "Paris' Notre Dame 'saved from total destruction,' French fire official says, after blaze ravages cathedral". CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  12. ^ "Decades of Neglect Threatened Notre Dame, Well Before It Burned". The Wall Street Journal. 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
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  20. ^ Hinnant, Lori; Petrequin, Samuel (15 April 2019). "Massive fire engulfs beloved Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris". AP News. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  21. ^ a b "Notre-Dame: Massive fire ravages Paris cathedral". BBC News. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
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  40. ^ a b "How the Notre-Dame Cathedral Fire Spread". The New York Times. 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  41. ^ a b Lapin, Tamar (15 April 2019). "Photos show center of Notre Dame cathedral miraculously intact". New York Post.
  42. ^ Prior, Ryan (15 April 2019). "The entire wooden interior of Notre Dame Cathedral has been destroyed". CNN.
  43. ^ "NOW: French official says "both towers of the cathedral are safe" and the fire is cooling". CNN. 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  44. ^ Hignett, Katherine (16 April 2019). "Notre Dame "miracle"? Rose windows' stained glass appears to have survived savage blaze". Newsweek. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  45. ^ White, Sarah; Pineau, Elizabeth (16 April 2019). "Notre-Dame's famed rose window spared but blaze harms priceless artworks". Reuters. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  46. ^ a b Guyonnet, Paul (16 April 2019). "Notre-Dame: Les vitraux des rosaces ont survécu à l'incendie". Huffington Post France (in French). Retrieved 16 April 2019.
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  48. ^ Hartley-Parkinson, Richard (16 April 2019). "Notre Dame crown of thorns and St Louis tunic saved from cathedral fire". Metro. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
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  50. ^ a b c Lough, Richard; Pineau, Elizabeth (16 April 2019). "No sign of arson in Notre-Dame blaze as nation grieves for symbol". Reuters. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
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  55. ^ a b Marshall, Alex; Stack, Liam; Murphy, Heather (15 April 2019). "Notre-Dame: Fate of Priceless Cultural Treasures Uncertain". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
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