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Germany and Mozambique have maintained diplomatic relations since Mozambique's independence in 1975.[1] Since then, numerous visits by German politicians and business commissions to Mozambique have followed, and a number of Mozambican politicians have visited the Federal Republic of Germany.

History

Before 1975

Mozambique was a Portuguese colony after Vasco da Gama's arrival in 1498. The German Empire took possession of the adjacent territory to the north as German East Africa in 1885. After the Anglo-German Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty in 1890, the German Empire also considered the Kionga Triangle in the extreme northeast of Portuguese East Africa (now Mozambique) as belonging to German East Africa and occupied the area in 1894.[2]

When World War I broke out in August 1914, Portugal was initially still neutral and did not receive a declaration of war from Germany until March 9, 1916. Portuguese troops then reoccupied the disputed Kionga Triangle.

At the end of World War I in East Africa, the remainder of the German Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Ostafrika retreated to Mozambican territory in November 1917 ahead of British forces. In September 1918, they moved on to Northern Rhodesia, where they surrendered on November 25, 1918, following news of the armistice in Europe.[1]

The Kionga Triangle was finally granted to Portugal in the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919.

In 1932, the Laurentina Brewery was founded, the first beer brewery in Mozambique. The recipe was developed by a German brewmaster who was recruited for the purpose in Germany and initially managed the fabrication in Mozambique.[3]

Portuguese East Africa became the Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique in 1951 and gained independence in 1975, following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal.

After 1975

The German Democratic Republic (GDR) was the first German state to recognize the young People's Republic of Mozambique, followed by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1976.[1]

Mozambique and the GDR subsequently maintained intensive relations, and the country became a focus of GDR development aid. Thus, numerous Mozambicans studied here, and as of 1979, over 16,000[4] to about 22,000[1] contract workers came to the GDR. In total, the number of Mozambicans who studied or worked in the GDR is estimated at about 26,000.[5]

Within the framework of scientific and technical cooperation, numerous GDR technicians were also sent to Mozambique to work on various projects for the reconstruction and development of the country. In the process, the foreign aid workers, whose expertise made an essential contribution to the stabilization and development of the newly independent, socialist-oriented country, repeatedly became the target of planned attacks. These attacks were carried out by RENAMO, a rebel group largely under the control of the South African military intelligence service of the time, which was used to destabilize Mozambique.[6][7][8][9] The Unango attack on December 6, 1984, was the worst of these incidents. Seven GDR citizens died as a result. RENAMO received considerable material and moral support from a right-wing conservative network around then-Bavarian Prime Minister Franz Josef Strauß, who at times pursued his own foreign policy, parallel to the German government's foreign policy aimed at détente. This West German network of supporters of RENAMO ranged from representatives of the Hanns-Seidel Foundation to intelligence actors.[10][11][12][13]

After the end of the People's Republic of Mozambique in 1990 and the Mozambican Civil War in 1992, the now reunified Germany participated in the reconstruction in Mozambique. A large number of reciprocal high-level visits have taken place since then.[1]

However, the problem of the Madgermanes, the approximately 15,000 contract workers whose wages were to be paid partly locally and partly in Mozambique, remained unsolved. They came to Germany after a state treaty between the GDR and Mozambique in 1979. After reunification in 1990, however, the Federal Republic did not adopt the contract and expelled the Mozambicans with severance payments. They are now waiting for the outstanding portions of their wage payments, which the German government said they should receive from the Mozambican government. Claims arising from their social security contributions paid in Germany also remain in dispute.[4] Since then, those affected have regularly demonstrated in Maputo, including briefly occupying the German Embassy in 2004.[14]

In 2000, the case of the Mozambican Alberto Adriano, who was beaten to death by neo-Nazis in Dessau, attracted international attention.

Education

There are a large number of cooperation and funding programs between the two countries, particularly through the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).[1] In addition, the DAAD promotes student exchanges. In 2015, for example, 30 DAAD scholarship holders came to Mozambique from Germany, while 65 Mozambicans came to Germany with a DAAD scholarship for study purposes in the same period.

Economic relations

Particularly after the significant offshore natural gas discoveries in the northern Rovuma Basin in 2011, economic interest in Mozambique has also grown in Germany. For example, the German Chamber of Commerce Abroad for Southern Africa, based in South Africa, opened a German-Mozambican business development office in Maputo in April 2014.[1]

In 2021, Germany exported 52 million euros worth of goods to Mozambique and in return imported 162 million euros worth of goods from the country.[15] However, goods and services are also traded with Mozambique through German branches in South Africa, which are therefore not included in the German-Mozambican trade statistics.

Diplomatic locations

  • The Federal Republic of Germany is represented in Mozambique by an Embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique is represented in Germany by an Embassy in Berlin.
  • German embassy in Mozambique
    German embassy in Mozambique
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Germany-Mozambique relations.
  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Germany and Mozambique: Bilateral relations". German Federal Foreign Office. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  2. ^ "Deutsch-mosambikanische Beziehungen - pangloss.de". www.pangloss.de. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  3. ^ "Duas cervejas que contam a história de Moçambique". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  4. ^ a b deutschlandfunk.de. "Madgermanes in Maputo". Deutschlandfunk (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  5. ^ "Deutsche Botschaft Maputo - Bilaterale Kulturbeziehungen". web.archive.org. 2017-01-08. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  6. ^ Paul Moorcraft (2018-08-30), Total Onslaught: War and Revolution in Southern Africa Since 1945, Pen and Sword, ISBN 978-1-5267-0490-0, retrieved 2021-11-23
  7. ^ "Opperman reveals Renamo links". The Mail & Guardian. 1996-03-22. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  8. ^ Anders Themnér (2017-04-15), Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics, Zed Books Ltd., ISBN 978-1-78360-251-3, retrieved 2021-11-23
  9. ^ Cabrita, João M. "The Pretoria Talks." Mozambique. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2000. 226–231.
  10. ^ Hennie van Vuuren (2019-03-01), Apartheid Guns and Money: A Tale of Profit, Oxford University Press, pp. 414–424, ISBN 978-1-78738-247-3, retrieved 2021-11-23
  11. ^ Claudius Wenzel (2013-11-21), Südafrika-Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1982 – 1992: Politik gegen Apartheid?, Springer-Verlag, pp. 130–138, ISBN 978-3-663-14541-7, retrieved 2021-11-23
  12. ^ "Guter Klang", Der Spiegel, 1987-12-20, ISSN 2195-1349, retrieved 2021-11-23
  13. ^ Margaret Hall, Tom Young (1997), Confronting Leviathan: Mozambique Since Independence, Hurst, pp. 133–136, ISBN 978-1-85065-115-4, retrieved 2021-11-23
  14. ^ "Mosambik: Ehemalige DDR-Vertragsarbeiter besetzen deutsche Botschaft". Der Spiegel (in German). 2004-07-14. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  15. ^ "Rangfolge der Handelspartner im Außenhandel" (PDF). Statistisches Bundesamt. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
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