Eth: Difference between revisions

Ð
Ð
Ð ð
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic and Logographic
Language of origin	Old English language; Old Norse language
Sound values	[ð]; [θ]; [ð̠]; /ˈɛð/hs#Ð
History
Development	Ð ð;
Other
Writing direction	Left-to-Right
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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This page uses notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis. For the meaning of how ⟨ ⟩, | |, / /, and [ ] are used here, see this page.

Eth in Arial and Times New Roman

Eth (/ɛð/, uppercase: Ð, lowercase: ð; also spelled edh or eð), known as ðæt in Old English,^[1] is a letter used in Old English, Middle English, Icelandic, Faroese (in which it is called edd), Khmer and Elfdalian.

It was also used in Scandinavia during the Middle Ages, but was subsequently replaced with ⟨dh⟩, and later ⟨d⟩.

It is often transliterated as ⟨d⟩.

The lowercase version has been adopted to represent a voiced dental fricative in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Old English

In Old English, ⟨ð⟩ (called ðæt) was used interchangeably with ⟨þ⟩ to represent the Old English dental fricative phoneme /θ/ or its allophone /ð/, which exist in modern English phonology as the voiced and voiceless dental fricatives both now spelled ⟨th⟩.

Unlike the runic letter ⟨þ⟩, ⟨ð⟩ is a modified Roman letter. Neither ⟨ð⟩ nor ⟨þ⟩ was found in the earliest records of Old English. A study of Mercian royal diplomas found that ⟨ð⟩ (along with ⟨đ⟩) began to emerge in the early 8th century, with ⟨ð⟩ becoming strongly preferred by the 780s.^[2] Another source indicates that the letter is "derived from Irish writing".^[3]

Under King Alfred the Great, ⟨þ⟩ grew greatly in popularity and started to overtake ⟨ð⟩. ⟨Þ⟩ completely overtook ⟨ð⟩ by Middle English, and ⟨þ⟩ died out by Early Modern English, mostly due to the rise of the printing press,^[4] and was replaced by the digraph th.

Icelandic

In Icelandic, ⟨ð⟩, called "eð", represents an alveolar non-sibilant fricative, voiced [ð̠] intervocalically and word-finally, and voiceless [θ̠] otherwise, which form one phoneme, /θ/. Generally, /θ/ is represented by thorn ⟨Þ⟩ at the beginning of words and by ⟨ð⟩ elsewhere. The ⟨ð⟩ in the name of the letter is devoiced in the nominative and accusative cases: [ɛθ̠]. In the Icelandic alphabet, ⟨ð⟩ follows ⟨d⟩.

Faroese

In Faroese, ⟨ð⟩ is not assigned to any particular phoneme and appears mostly for etymological reasons, but it indicates most glides. When ⟨ð⟩ appears before ⟨r⟩, it is in a few words pronounced [ɡ]. In the Faroese alphabet, ⟨ð⟩ follows ⟨d⟩.

Norwegian

In Olav Jakobsen Høyem's version of Nynorsk based on Trøndersk, ⟨ð⟩ was always silent, and was introduced for etymological reasons.

Welsh

⟨Ð⟩ has also been used by some in written Welsh to represent /ð/, which is normally represented as dd.^[5]

Khmer

⟨Ð⟩ is sometimes used in Khmer romanization to represent ឍ thô.

Phonetic transcription

U+00F0 ð LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH represents a voiced dental fricative in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

U+1D9E ᶞ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL ETH is used in phonetic transcription.^[6]

U+1D06 ᴆ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL ETH is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.^[7]

Computer input

The Faroese and Icelandic keyboard layouts have a dedicated button for eth.

On Microsoft Windows, eth can be typed using the alt code Alt+(0240) for lowercase or Alt+(0208) for uppercase, or by typing AltGr+d using the US International keyboard layout. On Windows 10, it can also be inserted into text via the symbol menu, presented by using Windows+;, then selecting Symbols, associated with the Omega (Ω) character, and then selecting Latin Symbols, associated with the C-cedilla (Ç) character.

Using the compose key ("multi key") which is popular on Linux, eth can be typed by typing Compose D H for lowercase or Compose ⇧ Shift+D ⇧ Shift+H for capital letters.

On ChromeOS with 'extended keyboard' Chrome extension, AltGr+D will result in ð being displayed; ⇧ Shift+AltGr+D will result in Ð.

Other

System	Uppercase	Lowercase
Unicode	U+00D0	U+00F0
HTML	`Ð`	`ð`
TeX/LaTeX	`\DH`	`\dh`
GTK	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`U` `D0` `↵ Enter`	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`U` `F0` `↵ Enter`
Vim^[8]	`Ctrl`+`K` `⇧ Shift`+`D` `-`	`Ctrl`+`K` `D` `-`

Modern uses

The letter ð is sometimes used in mathematics and engineering textbooks, as a symbol for a spin-weighted partial derivative.

This operator gives rise to spin-weighted spherical harmonics.

A capital eth is used as the currency symbol for Dogecoin.^[9]

References

^ Marsden, Richard (2004). The Cambridge Old English Reader. Cambridge University Press. p. xxix.
^ Shaw, Philip (2013). "Adapting the Roman alphabet for writing Old English: evidence from coin epigraphy and single-sheet charters". Early Medieval Europe. 21 (2): 115–139. doi:10.1111/emed.12012. S2CID 163075636.
^ Freeborn, Dennis (1992). From Old English to Standard English. London: Macmillan. p. 24. ISBN 9780776604695.
^ Hill, Will (30 June 2020). "Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text" (PDF). The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. p. 6. ISBN 9780367581565. The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood 'ye' occurs through a habit of printer's usage that originates in Caxton's time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169)
^ Testament Newydd (1567) [The 1567 New Testament].
^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
^ "Vim documentation: digraph".
^ "README.md". Dogecoin Integration/Staging Tree (Source code). February 5, 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014.

External links

"Thorn and eth: how to get them right", Operinan, Briem, archived from the original on 2019-07-26, retrieved 2010-08-22
"Älvdalsk ortografi", Förslag till en enhetlig stavning för älvdalska (PDF) (in Swedish), February 2007, archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2007.

[1] Marsden, Richard (2004). The Cambridge Old English Reader. Cambridge University Press. p. xxix.

[2] Shaw, Philip (2013). "Adapting the Roman alphabet for writing Old English: evidence from coin epigraphy and single-sheet charters". Early Medieval Europe. 21 (2): 115–139. doi:10.1111/emed.12012. S2CID 163075636.

[3] Freeborn, Dennis (1992). From Old English to Standard English. London: Macmillan. p. 24. ISBN 9780776604695.

[Hill-4] Hill, Will (30 June 2020). "Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text" (PDF). The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. p. 6. ISBN 9780367581565. The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood 'ye' occurs through a habit of printer's usage that originates in Caxton's time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169)

[5] Testament Newydd (1567) [The 1567 New Testament].

[L204132-6] Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).

[7] Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).

[8] "Vim documentation: digraph".

[README-9] "README.md". Dogecoin Integration/Staging Tree (Source code). February 5, 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014.

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@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 '''Eth''' ({{IPAc-en|ɛ|ð|}}, [[uppercase]]: '''Ð''', [[lowercase]]: '''ð'''; also spelled '''edh''' or '''eð'''), known as '''ðæt''' in Old English,<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Marsden |title=The Cambridge Old English Reader |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2004 |page=xxix }}</ref> is a [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] used in [[Old English]], [[Middle English]], [[Icelandic orthography|Icelandic]], [[Faroese language#Alphabet|Faroese]] (in which it is called ''edd''), [[Khmer language|Khmer]] and [[Elfdalian]].
-It was also used in [[Scandinavia]] during the [[Middle Ages]], but was subsequently replaced with ''[[dh (digraph)|dh]]'', and later ''[[d]]''.
+It was also used in [[Scandinavia]] during the [[Middle Ages]], but was subsequently replaced with {{angbr|[[dh (digraph)|dh]]}}, and later {{angbr|[[d]]}}.
-It is often [[transliteration|transliterated]] as ''d''.
+It is often [[transliteration|transliterated]] as {{angbr|d}}.
 The lowercase version has been adopted to represent a [[voiced dental fricative]] in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].
 ==Old English==
-In Old English, {{angbr|ð}} (called ''{{lang|ang|ðæt}}'') was used interchangeably with {{angbr|[[thorn (letter)|þ]]}} to represent the Old English [[dental consonant|dental]] [[fricative]] [[phoneme]] {{IPAslink|θ}} or its [[allophone]] {{IPAslink|ð}}, which exist in modern [[English phonology]] as the [[voiced dental fricative|voiced]] and [[voiceless dental fricative|voiceless]] dental fricatives both now spelled "[[th (digraph)|th]]".
+In Old English, {{angbr|ð}} (called ''{{lang|ang|ðæt}}'') was used interchangeably with {{angbr|[[thorn (letter)|þ]]}} to represent the Old English [[dental consonant|dental]] [[fricative]] [[phoneme]] {{IPAslink|θ}} or its [[allophone]] {{IPAslink|ð}}, which exist in modern [[English phonology]] as the [[voiced dental fricative|voiced]] and [[voiceless dental fricative|voiceless]] dental fricatives both now spelled {{angbr|[[th (digraph)|th]]}}.
-Unlike the [[runic]] letter {{angbr|[[þ]]}}, {{angbr|ð}} is a modified [[Roman cursive|Roman]] letter. Neither ð nor þ was found in the earliest records of [[Old English]]. A study of [[Mercia]]n [[Anglo-Saxon charters|royal diplomas]] found that ð (along with [[đ]]) began to emerge in the early 8th century, with ð becoming strongly preferred by the 780s.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Philip |last=Shaw |title=Adapting the Roman alphabet for writing Old English: evidence from coin epigraphy and single-sheet charters |journal=[[Early Medieval Europe (journal)|Early Medieval Europe]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=115–139 |doi=10.1111/emed.12012 |s2cid=163075636 }}</ref> Another source indicates that the letter is "derived from [[Insular script|Irish writing]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Freeborn |first=Dennis |title=From Old English to Standard English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CP16STG5NRUC |publisher=Macmillan |year=1992 |location=London |page=24 |isbn=9780776604695 }}</ref>
+Unlike the [[runic]] letter {{angbr|[[þ]]}}, {{angbr|ð}} is a modified [[Roman cursive|Roman]] letter. Neither {{angbr|ð}} nor {{angbr|þ}} was found in the earliest records of [[Old English]]. A study of [[Mercia]]n [[Anglo-Saxon charters|royal diplomas]] found that {{angbr|ð}} (along with {{angbr|[[đ]]}}) began to emerge in the early 8th century, with {{angbr|ð}} becoming strongly preferred by the 780s.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Philip |last=Shaw |title=Adapting the Roman alphabet for writing Old English: evidence from coin epigraphy and single-sheet charters |journal=[[Early Medieval Europe (journal)|Early Medieval Europe]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=115–139 |doi=10.1111/emed.12012 |s2cid=163075636 }}</ref> Another source indicates that the letter is "derived from [[Insular script|Irish writing]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Freeborn |first=Dennis |title=From Old English to Standard English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CP16STG5NRUC |publisher=Macmillan |year=1992 |location=London |page=24 |isbn=9780776604695 }}</ref>
-Under [[Alfred the Great|King Alfred the Great]], þ grew greatly in popularity and started to overtake ð. Þ completely overtook ð by [[Middle English]], and þ died out by [[Early Modern English]], mostly due to the rise of the [[printing press]],<ref name=Hill>{{cite book | title= The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System |isbn=9780367581565 |chapter=Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text |first=Will |last=Hill |date=30 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf |page=6 |quote=The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood ‘ye’ occurs through a habit of printer’s usage that originates in Caxton’s time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169)}}</ref> and was replaced by the digraph ''th''.
+Under [[Alfred the Great|King Alfred the Great]], {{angbr|þ}} grew greatly in popularity and started to overtake {{angbr|ð}}. {{angbr|Þ}} completely overtook {{angbr|ð}} by [[Middle English]], and {{angbr|þ}} died out by [[Early Modern English]], mostly due to the rise of the [[printing press]],<ref name=Hill>{{cite book | title= The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System |isbn=9780367581565 |chapter=Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text |first=Will |last=Hill |date=30 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf |page=6 |quote=The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood ‘ye’ occurs through a habit of printer’s usage that originates in Caxton’s time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169)}}</ref> and was replaced by the digraph ''th''.
 ==Icelandic==
 [[File:Icelandic handwriting.JPG|thumb|alt=Photo of black handwritten text on a seemingly yellow paper with the top and bottom blurry and vertical middle clear|A sample of Icelandic handwriting with some instances of lowercase ''ð'' clearly visible: in the words ''{{lang|is|[[wikt:borðum|Borðum]]}}'', ''{{lang|is|[[wikt:við|við]]}}'' and ''{{lang|is|[[wikt:niður|niður]]}}''. Also visible is a [[thorn (letter)|thorn]] in the word ''{{lang|is|[[wikt:því|því]]}}''.]]
-In Icelandic, {{angbr|ð}}, called "eð", represents an alveolar non-sibilant fricative, voiced {{IPAblink|ð̠}} intervocalically and word-finally, and voiceless {{IPAblink|θ̠}} otherwise, which form one phoneme, {{IPA|/θ/}}. Generally, {{IPA|/θ/}} is represented by  [[thorn (letter)|thorn]] {{angbr|Þ}} at the beginning of words and by {{angbr|ð}} elsewhere. The "ð" in the name of the letter is devoiced in the nominative and accusative cases: {{IPA|[ɛθ̠]}}. In the [[Icelandic alphabet]], {{angbr|ð}} follows {{angbr|d}}.
+In Icelandic, {{angbr|ð}}, called "eð", represents an alveolar non-sibilant fricative, voiced {{IPAblink|ð̠}} intervocalically and word-finally, and voiceless {{IPAblink|θ̠}} otherwise, which form one phoneme, {{IPA|/θ/}}. Generally, {{IPA|/θ/}} is represented by  [[thorn (letter)|thorn]] {{angbr|Þ}} at the beginning of words and by {{angbr|ð}} elsewhere. The {{angbr|ð}} in the name of the letter is devoiced in the nominative and accusative cases: {{IPA|[ɛθ̠]}}. In the [[Icelandic alphabet]], {{angbr|ð}} follows {{angbr|d}}.
 ==Faroese==
-In [[Faroese language|Faroese]], {{angbr|ð}} is not assigned to any particular phoneme and appears mostly for etymological reasons, but it indicates most  [[semivowel|glides]]. When "ð" appears before {{angbr|r}}, it is in a few words pronounced {{IPA|[ɡ]}}. In the [[Faroese alphabet]],  {{angbr|ð}} follows {{angbr|d}}.
+In [[Faroese language|Faroese]], {{angbr|ð}} is not assigned to any particular phoneme and appears mostly for etymological reasons, but it indicates most  [[semivowel|glides]]. When {{angbr|ð}} appears before {{angbr|r}}, it is in a few words pronounced {{IPA|[ɡ]}}. In the [[Faroese alphabet]],  {{angbr|ð}} follows {{angbr|d}}.
 ==Norwegian==