Gilaki language: Difference between revisions
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{{language |
{{language |
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|name=Gilaki |
|name=Gilaki |
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|nativename= |
|nativename=گیلکی ''Giləki'' |
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|states=[[Iran]] |
|states=[[Iran]] |
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|region=South Western [[Caspian Sea]] ([[Gilan]] province.) |
|region=South Western [[Caspian Sea]] ([[Gilan]] province.) |
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|fam4=Western |
|fam4=Western |
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|fam5=Northwestern |
|fam5=Northwestern |
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|fam6=[[Caspian langauges|Caspian]] |
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|iso2=ira |
|iso2=ira |
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|iso3=glk}} |
|iso3=glk}} |
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The '''Giləki language''' is |
The '''Giləki language''' ({{lang-fa|'''گیلانی، گیلی'''}}) is local regional [[dialect]] of the [[Persian language|Persian]] language, and a member of northwestern [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]] branch, spoken in [[Iran]]'s [[Gīlān Province]]. |
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Within the Gilaki dialect, there at least three localized sub-dialects: Western Gilaki, Eastern Gilaki, and [[Galeshi]] (in the mountains of Gilan). The Gilaki dialect of the [[Persian language|Persian]] is closely related to the [[Mazanderani]] dialect of neighboring [[Mazandaran Province]], and the two languages have similar vocabularies. The western and eastern dialects are separated by the [[Sefid River]] (Rud-e Sefid)<ref>[http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/files/NWIran.html Stilo, Don "A Description of the Northwest Iranian Project at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology"]</ref>. According to [[Ethnologue]], there were more than 3 million native speakers of Gilaki in [[1993]] <ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=glk "Gilaki: A language of Iran" Ethnologue]</ref>. |
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Gilaki also shares many features and structures with [[Zazaki language|Zazaki]], now spoken in [[Turkey]] and the [[Talysh language]]. There are some |
Gilaki also shares many features and structures with [[Zazaki language|Zazaki]], now spoken in [[Turkey]] and the [[Talysh language]]. There are some[[grammatical]] differences between Gilaki and standard [[Persian language|Persian]], especially in possessive and adjectives. Unlike Persian, most [[possessive]]s and [[adjective]]s precede the head noun, similar to [[English language|English]].<ref>[http://www.iranica.com/articles/v10f6/v10f633i.html "Languages" ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'']</ref> |
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*Example for noun-noun possessives in Western Gilaki: ''məhin zakan'' (Mæhin's children) (''Bæče-ha-ye Mæhin'' in [[Persian language|Persian]]), ''Baγi gulan'' (garden flowers) (''Gol-ha-ye Baγ'' in Persian). In Eastern Gilaki: ''Xirsi Kuti'' (bear cub) (''Bæč-e Xers'' in Persian). |
*Example for noun-noun possessives in Western Gilaki: ''məhin zakan'' (Mæhin's children) (''Bæče-ha-ye Mæhin'' in [[Persian language|Persian]]), ''Baγi gulan'' (garden flowers) (''Gol-ha-ye Baγ'' in Persian). In Eastern Gilaki: ''Xirsi Kuti'' (bear cub) (''Bæč-e Xers'' in Persian). |
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[[br:Gilakeg]] |
[[br:Gilakeg]] |
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[[de:Gilaki]] |
[[de:Gilaki]] |
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[[es:Gileki]] |
[[es:Gileki]] |
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[[eo:Gila lingvo]] |
[[eo:Gila lingvo]] |
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[[fa:گیلکی]] |
[[fa:گیلکی]] |
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[[fr:Gilaki]] |
[[fr:Gilaki]] |
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[[glk:گیلکی |
[[glk:گیلکی زوان]] |
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[[mzn:گیلکی]] |
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[[no:Gileki]] |
[[no:Gileki]] |
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[[sv:Gilaki]] |
[[sv:Gilaki]] |
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[[th:ภาษาคิเลกิ]] |
[[th:ภาษาคิเลกิ]] |
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[[tr:Gilanice]] |
[[tr:Gilanice]] |
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Revision as of 05:39, 25 June 2008
error: ISO 639 code is required (help)
The Giləki language (Persian: گیلانی، گیلی) is local regional dialect of the Persian language, and a member of northwestern Iranian language branch, spoken in Iran's Gīlān Province. Within the Gilaki dialect, there at least three localized sub-dialects: Western Gilaki, Eastern Gilaki, and Galeshi (in the mountains of Gilan). The Gilaki dialect of the Persian is closely related to the Mazanderani dialect of neighboring Mazandaran Province, and the two languages have similar vocabularies. The western and eastern dialects are separated by the Sefid River (Rud-e Sefid)[1]. According to Ethnologue, there were more than 3 million native speakers of Gilaki in 1993 [2].
Gilaki also shares many features and structures with Zazaki, now spoken in Turkey and the Talysh language. There are somegrammatical differences between Gilaki and standard Persian, especially in possessive and adjectives. Unlike Persian, most possessives and adjectives precede the head noun, similar to English.[3]
- Example for noun-noun possessives in Western Gilaki: məhin zakan (Mæhin's children) (Bæče-ha-ye Mæhin in Persian), Baγi gulan (garden flowers) (Gol-ha-ye Baγ in Persian). In Eastern Gilaki: Xirsi Kuti (bear cub) (Bæč-e Xers in Persian).
- Example for adjectival modification: Western Gilaki: pilla-yi zakan (big children), Surx gul (red flower). Eastern Gilaki: Sərd aw (cold water) (ɑb-e særd in Persian), kul čaqu (sharp knife) (čaqu-ye Tiz in Persian).
Some Gilaki words
Gilaki | English | Persian | Persian Romanization |
---|---|---|---|
dim | face | روي/چهره | ruy/chehreh |
zäy | baby/kid | کودک/بچه | kudæk/bæčé |
pilə per | grandfather | پدربزرگ | pedær bozorg |
zamat | time | زمان | zaman |
shoo per | father of the hasband | پدرشوهر | pedær shohar |
kark | hen | مرغ خانگی | morgh khanegi |
gow | cow | گاو | gaav |
buĵor | up | بالا | ba:la |
roĵä/kiĵi | star | ستاره | setaré |
kor/kiĵä/kilka/läku | girl | دختر | doxtær |
re/rikä/ri | boy | پسر | pesær |
pitär | ant | مورچه | murčé |
siftäl=garzak | bee | زنبور | zanbur |
piča=bamši | cat/pussy (cat) | گربه/پیشی | gorbe/piši |
nesä | shadow | سایه | saye |
hargentån | to hang | آویزان کردن/آویختن | avixtan/avizan kardan |
hanirgentån | not to hang | آویزان نکردن | na.avixtan/avizan nakardan |
pilə=pila | great | بزرگ | bozorg |
zak | kid | بچه | bačče |
per | father | پدر | pedar |
kåråš=kereš | draw on the ground | کشیدن به دنبال | be donbal kešidan |
fuduštån | suck | مکیدن | makidan |
havesån | appetite or desire | اشتها or میل | ešteha or meyl |
šondån | pouring of liquids | ریختن مایعات | rixtan e mayeaat |
lisk | lubricious | ليز / سور | leez/sor |
kårč=kerč | brittle | ترد و شکننده | tord o šekanande |
där | tree | دار و درخت | där o deraxt |
malĵå, čičini | sparrow | گنجشک | gonješk |
bošu | go | برو | boro |
hagir or fagir | take it in your hand | بگیر | begir |
hanigir or fanigir | don't take in your hand | نگیر | nagir |
purd | bridge | پل | pol |
si | stone and mountain | کوه و سنگ | koh o sang |
kenes | touch | تماس | tamås |
morgane | egg | تخم مرغ | toxm e morq |
Lanti | Snake | مار | Mar |
Picha | Cat | گربه | Gorbeh |
Kalach | Crow | کلاغ | Kalagh |
Garmalat | Pepper | فلفل | Felfel |
Pamador | Tomato | گوجه فرنگی | Gojeh |
Vatarkasan | Explode | ترکیدن | Terkidan |
Shimi Shin | For You | برای شما | Baraye Shoma |
Me Shin | For Me | برای من | Baraye Man |
kishkazay | Chicken | جوجه | Joojeh |
Varza | Male Cow | گاو نر | Gave Nar |
Leshe | Female Cow | گاو ماده | Gave Maddeh |
Bojor | UP | بالا | BALA |
Bijir | Down | پائین | Paein |
Loochan | Wink | چشمک | Cheshmak |
Bijar | Rice Farm | مزرعه برنج | Mazraeye berenj |
Comparison of Gilaki and Kurdish
Gilaki | English | Kurdish |
---|---|---|
zay/zak | baby/kid | zarok |
ĵor | up | jor/jûr |
kiĵa/kilka | girl | kîj |
daar | tree | dar |
bošu | go | biçe |
purd | bridge | pird |
zama | groom | zawa |
kaft | fell | keft/kewt |
Phonology
Gilaki has the same consonants as Persian, but different vowels. Here is a table of correspondences for the Western Gilaki of Rasht (as will be the variety used in the remainder of the article):
Gilaki | Persian | Example (Gilaki) |
---|---|---|
i | e | ki.tab |
e(ː) | iː, eː/ei | seb |
ə | æ, e | mən |
a | aː | zai |
ɒ (perhaps allophonic) | aː | lɒ.nə |
o | uː, oː/ɔ | ʤoɾ |
u | o/uː | ɡul |
The consonants are:
labial |
alveolar |
post-alveolar |
velar |
glottal |
|
voiceless stops | p |
t | ʧ |
k | ʔ |
voiced stops | b |
d | ʤ |
ɡ | |
voiceless fricatives | f |
s | ʃ |
x | h |
voiced fricatives | v |
z |
ʒ |
ɣ | |
nasals | m |
n | |||
liquids | l, ɾ |
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glides | j |
Verb system
The verb system of Gilaki is very similar to that of Persian. All infinitives end in -tən/-dən, or in -V:n, where V: is a long vowel (from contraction of an original *-Vdən). The present stem is usually related to the infinitive, and the past stem is just the infinitive without -ən or -n (in the case of vowel stems).
Present tenses
From the infinitive dín, "to see", we get present stem din-.
Present indicative
The present indicative is formed by adding the personal endings to this stem:
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
dinəm | diním(i) |
diní | diníd(i) |
diné | diníd(i) |
Present subjunctive
The present subjunctive is formed with the prefix bí-, bú-, or bə- (depending on the vowel in the stem) added to the indicative forms. Final /e/ neutralizes to /ə/ in the 3rd singular and the plural invariably lacks final /i/.
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
bídinəm | bídinim |
bídini | bídinid |
bídinə | bídinid |
The negative of both the indicative and the subjunctive is formed in the same way, with n- instead of the b- of the subjunctive.
Past tenses
Preterite
From xurdən, "to eat", we get the perfect stem xurd. To this are added unaccented personal endings and the unaccented b- prefix (or accented n- for the negative):
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
buxúrdəm | buxúrdim(i) |
buxúrdi | buxúrdid(i) |
buxúrdə | buxúrdid(i) |
Imperfect
The imperfect is formed with what was originally a suffix -i:
xúrdim | xúrdim(i) |
xúrdi | xúrdid(i) |
xúrdi | xúrdid(i) |
Pluperfect
The pluperfect is paraphrastically formed with the verb bon, "to be", and the past participle, which is in turn formed with the perfect stem+ə (which can assimilate to become i or u). The accent can fall on the last syllable of the participle or on the stem itself:
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
buxurdə bum | buxurdə bim |
buxurdə bi | buxurdə bid |
buxurdə bu | buxurdə bid |
Past subjunctive
A curious innovation of Western Gilaki is the past subjunctive, which is formed with the (artificial) imperfect of bon+past participle:
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
bidé bim | bidé bim |
bidé bi | bidé bid |
bidé be/bi | bidé bid |
This form is often found in the protasis and apodosis of unreal conditions, e.g., mən agə Əkbəra bidé bim, xušhal bubosti bim, "If I were to see/saw/had seen Akbar, I would be happy".
Progressive
There are two very common paraphrastic constructions for the present and past progressives. From the infinitive šon, "to go", we get:
Present progressive
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
šón darəm | šón darim |
šón dari | šón darid |
šón darə | šón darid |
Past progressive
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
šón də/du bum | šón də/di bim |
šón də/di bi | šón də/di bid |
šón də/du bu | šón də/di bid |
Compound verbs
There are many compound verbs in Gilaki, whose forms differ slightly from simple verbs. Most notably, bV- is never prefixed onto the stem, and the negative prefix nV- can act like an infix -n-, coming between the prefix and the stem. So from fagiftən, "to get", we get present indicative fagirəm, but present subjunctive fágirəm, and the negative of both, faángirəm or fanígirəm. The same applies to the negative of the past tenses: fángiftəm or fanígiftəm.
Nouns, cases and postpositions
Gilaki employs a combination of quasi-case endings and postpositions to do the work of many particles and prepositions in English and Persian.
Cases
There are essentially three "cases" in Gilaki, the nominative (or, better, unmarked, as it can serve other grammatical functions), the genitive, and the (definite) accusative. The accusative form is often used to express the simple indirect object in addition to the direct object. A noun in the genitive comes before the word it modifies. These "cases" are in origin actually just particles, similar to Persian ra.
Nouns
For the word "per", father, we have:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nom | per | perán |
Acc | pera | perána |
Gen | perə | peránə |
The genitive can change to -i, especially before some postpositions.
Pronouns
The 1st and 2nd person pronouns have special forms:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nom | mən | amán |
Acc | məra | amána |
Gen | mi | amí |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nom | tu | šumán |
Acc | təra | šumána |
Gen | ti | šimí |
The 3rd person (demonstrative) pronouns are regular: /un/, /u.ˈʃan/, /i.ˈʃan/
Postpositions
With the genitive can be combined many postpositions. Examples:
Gilaki | English |
---|---|
re | for |
həmra | with |
ĵa | from, than (in comparisons) |
mian | in |
ĵor | above |
ĵir | under |
ru | on top of |
The personal pronouns have special forms with "-re": mere, tere, etc.
Adjectives
Gilaki adjectives come before the noun they modify, and may have the genitive "case ending" -ə/-i. They do not agree with the nouns they modify.
Notes
See also
- Gilaki WiktionaryZ
- Wikipedia in Gilaki
- Mazandarani language, Another Caspian language
External links
![]() | This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png)
- Translation of Bible portions in Gilaki plus songs
- Ethnologue report on Gilaki
- Gilaki language, Encyclopeadia Iranica
- Sample recording in Gilaki
- Some fish names in Gilaki and Persian
- Dictionary of Gilaki (Dialect of Lahijan) and some of its characteristics
- A weblog on Gilaki language
- Gilaki poets and Gilaki poetry
- An on-line Gilaki-Persian Dictionary
- A Gilaki Weblog containing some Gilaki words
- Audio files in Gilaki from Varg online collections
- Audio files in Gilaki from Giliran
- Literatures and Newspapers in Gilaki from Varg online collections