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The Paleolithic Continuity Theory (or PCT) is a proposal formulated in (1996-2000)^[1] by Italian linguist Mario Alinei that Indo-European origins can be traced to the Paleolithic era, earlier than estimates accepted in Renfrew’s NDT

The PCT posits that the advent of Indo-European languages should be linked to the 'arrival'^[2] of Homo sapiens in Europe and Asia from Africa in the Upper Paleolithic, some 30,000 years ago.^[3] Based on lexical periodization results in a timeline deeper than that of Colin Renfrew's Anatolian hypothesis.

Alineli cite^[4]:The sharp, and now at last admitted even by traditionalists (Villar 1991)^[5], differentiation of farming terminology in the different IE languages, while absolutely unexplainable in the context of Renfrew’s NDT, provides yet another fundamental proof that the differentiation of IE languages goes back to remote prehistory

In introduction to PCT M. Alinei recognize that in recent times at least five different sciences and disciplines have addressed the problems of the origin of language in general and of languages in particular: (i) general linguistics and, more specifically, psycho- and cognitive linguistics, (ii) paleo-anthropology, (iii) cognitive science, (iv) genetics and (v) archaeology]].^[6]

Alinei draws on a synthesis of linguistic studies and on, proposed by Chomsky, consequences of innate grammaticality^[7]. According to this Noam Chomsky's principles of generative grammar, which Alinei claims defines conservation as the law of language and languages, and change as the cline of grammaticality provoked by major external factors such as language contacts and hybridization, as well as ecological, socio-economic and cultural events.^[8] The theory was derived as a development of the Uralic Continuity Theory.

General lines

Scholars affiliated with the PCT workgroup on the origins of the Indo-Europeans and their language,^[9] operate within the framework of PCT and support its general lines. These are defined by four main assumptions:^[10]

Continuity is the basic pattern of European prehistory and the basic working hypothesis on the origins of IE languages.
Stability and antiquity are general features of languages.
The lexicon of natural languages, due to its antiquity, may be "periodized" along the entire course of human evolution.
Archaeological frontiers coincide with linguistic frontiers.

The continuity theory draws on a Continuity Model (CM), positing the presence of IE and non-IE peoples and languages in Europe from Paleolithic times and allowing for minor invasions and infiltrations of local scope, mainly during the last three millennia.^[11]

Arguing that continuity is "the archeologist's easiest pursuit," it is deemed - by its proponents - the easiest working hypothesis, putting the burden of proof on competing hypotheses as long as none provide irrefutable counter-evidence. Proponents also claim linguistic coherence, rigor and productivity in the pursuit of this approach.^[12]

Historical reconstruction

Associated with the Paleolithic Continuity Theory (PCT) is the historical reconstruction proposed by Alinei, which suggests that Indo-European speakers were native in Europe since paleolithic. According to this reconstruction, the differentiation process of languages would have taken an extremely long time; by the end of the Ice Age the Indo-European language family had differentiated into proto Celtic/Italic/Germanic/Slavic/Baltic speakers occupying territories within or close to their traditional homelands. The rate of change accelerated when (Neolithic) social stratification and colonial wars began. Summarizing:^[13]

The colonial expansion of the Celts started much earlier than La Tene and proceeded (generally) from West to East, not vice versa.
The Mesolithic cultures of Northern Europe are identified with already differentiated Celtic, Germanic, Baltic and Uralic groups.
Scandinavia was colonized by Germanic groups "only" after deglaciation, and was better able to preserve its original character in isolation. Germany, in contrast, suffered fragmentation as a result of the Neolithic appearance of the Linear Pottery culture, and developed a wealth of dialects.
The prehistoric distribution of proto-languages akin to Italic was an important factor underlying the current distribution of Romance languages throughout Europe.
The Slavic languages originated in the Balkans and became linked with the Neolithic expansion. This group would be especially identified by the Baden culture.^[14]

The Paleolithic Continuity hypothesis reverses the Kurgan hypothesis and largely identifies the Indo-Europeans with Gimbutas' "Old Europe",^[15]. PCT reassigns the Kurgan culture (traditionally considered early Indo-European) to a people of predominantly mixed Uralic and Turkic stock. This hypothesis is supported by the tentative linguistic identification of Etruscans as a Uralic, proto-Hungarian people that had already undergone strong proto-Turkish influence in the third millennium BC^[16], when Pontic invasions would have brought this people to the Carpathian Basin. A subsequent migration of Urnfield culture signature around 1250 BC caused this ethnic group to expand south in a general movement of people, attested by the upheaval of the Sea Peoples and the overthrow of an earlier Italic substrate at the onset of the "Etruscan" Villanovan culture.^[17]

Archaeological evidence

Proponents point to a lack of archaeological evidence for an Indo-European invasion in the Bronze Age; to the lack of substantial genetic change since the Paleolithic; and to analogy with a theory of a Paleolithic origin of Uralic peoples and languages in Eurasia. Moreover, the continuity theory is much more parsimonious in comparison with classical approaches to the IE developments.

A certain pan-European development is supported by archeological evidence, featuring a process of regional depopulation followed by repopulation in a "sparse wave" scenario. Hunter-gatherers may have migrated rapidly out of a refugial area to account for a disproportionate contribution to the genetic and linguistic legacy of the region. Most likely, this would have happened at the end of the coldest part of the Younger Dryas (around 10,800-9,400 cal. BC) or later, following the cold event at 6,200 cal BC.^[18]

Linguistic evidence

Linguistically, PCT seeks to connect the origin of the areal distribution of world's languages to that of the origin of language itself. Language continuity and evolution from Homo habilis and erectus to sapiens sapiens and to extant languages, is proposed to be reflected by a lithic-geolinguistic correlation of separate cognitive developments and groupings of fusional, isolating and agglutinating languages. As such this approach opposes the language discontinuity theory of Lieberman (1991) in adhering to the notion that language can be derived from animal communication. Additional support from Chomsky's innateness of language would yield to the proposition that the 'superficial structure' (Chomsky) - without excluding a further developing 'deep grammatical structure' (Chomsky) - points to a linguistic stability of a magnitude "unthinkable without projecting the emergence of language back to some Australopithecus." Thus, though confirming language indeed to be innate to humans, the language faculty is proposed to be "the result of a much longer evolution than traditionally thought, beginning with some Australopithecus".^[19]

PCT draws radically different conclusions about the rate of linguistic change from those of the "traditional" theories of Gimbutas and even Colin Renfrew, that instead compress all language evolution within the lapse of time starting with the theorized Neolithic or Chalcolithic expansions from the respective homelands. Moreover, a linear projection of the rapid rate of linguistic change observed in this lapse of time back into the Palaeolithic would yield completely different results.

The search for archaeological evidence beyond what can be motivated from historical linguistics has been criticized by linguist Kortlandt,^[20] considering the probability of irretrievable loss of many linguistic groups somewhere between the archeological horizon and the attestation of a language. Also, Kortlandt addressed a general tendency to date proto-languages farther back in time than is warranted by the linguistic evidence since, like with Romance languages, the linguistic impact of contact during the first expansions has proven to be decisive to the formative period. Against the ancient continuity of the Celtic language in Ireland he refers to the radical changes which embody the formation of Irish in the first half of the first millennium AD that are probably due to imperfect learning by speakers of an unknown substrate language which was lost forever. Kortlandt relates the earliest dialectal divergences within Slavic to the period of historically attested expansions, about the fourth century AD. Though reasonable to assume that many dialects arose and disappeared at earlier stages, the term “Slavic” would be inappropriate before the expansions of the first millennium AD. Accordingly, any proposal which goes back too much in time, say beyond the fifth millennium, would rather have to start from the possible affinities of Indo-European with other language families.^[21] Kortland wrote about languages Alineli & all about languages groups moreover Kortalnd do not cite "continuitas" works even Kontrad work predates (is earlier) PCT.

Linguist Peter Schrijver speculates on the reminiscent lexical and typological features of some northwestern European regions and assumes the preexistence of pre-Indo-European languages up to 9000 year ago, linked to the archeological Linear Pottery culture and to a family of languages featuring complex verbs, of which the Northwest Caucasian languages might have been the sole survivors: those influences would have been especially strong on Celtic languages originating north of the Alps and on the region including Belgium and the Rhineland,^[22] thus yielding some kind of other linguistic continuity rather that language continuity. This notion that Balkan farmers introduced a short lived non-Indo-European language into Europe is shared by Alinei, though so far the PCV does not accept the slight evidence this Balkan languages spread so far to the north.

Criticism

Alinei's book was reviewed favourably by Jonathan Morris in Mother Tongue, a journal dedicated to the reconstruction of Paleolithic language, judging Alinei's theory as being:^[23]

both simpler than its rivals and more powerful in terms of the insights it provides into language in the Meso- and Palaeolithic. While his book contains some flaws I believe that it deserves to be regarded as one of the seminal texts on linguistic archaeology, although given its lamentable lack of citation in English-language circles, it appears that recognition will have to wait until a translation of the original Italian appears.

Genetic evidence

Cavalli Sforza made fundamental discoveries: genetics and languages distribution correlate^[24] Before the time when Alinei wrote introduction to PCT^[25] Sykes based on mtDNA research reported that 80% of the genetic stock of Europeans goes back to Paleolithic. More research only acomodated more evidences confirming PCT prepositions : 'Europeans trace ancestry to paleolithic people' ^[26]. Renferew as author of concurrent theory of IE origin checked neolithic bones for classification of mitochondrial aDNA . Finally the opposing group concluded: Our finding lends weight to a proposed Paleolithic ancestry for modern Europeans^[27]

The major thesis binding genetics and lingiustics in PCT is : language differentiation must have proceeded step by step with the dispersal of humans (probably Homo sapiens sapiens) (idem).^[28]

Interest, Acceptance

Interest in, and acceptance of, the Paleolithic Continuity Theory are attributed to folowing ^[29] scholars:

Linguist Mario Alinei - University of Utrecht.
Linguist Xaverio Ballester - Universidad de Valencia.
Philologist Francesco Benozzo - Universit� di Bologna.
Linguist Franco Cavazza - Universit� di Bologna.
Linguist Michel Contini - Universit� Stendhal de Grenoble.
Linguist Gabriele Costa - Universit� del Molise.
Linguist Philippe Dalbera - Universit� de Nice.
Historian Paolo Galloni - Edizioni Viella, Roma.
Anthropologist Henry Harpending - University of Utah - Salt Lake C.
Prehistorian Alexander Hausler - Universitat Halle/Saale.
Linguist Alfio Lanaia - Universit� di Catania.
Linguist Jean Le D� - Universit� de Brest.
Anthropologist Matteo Meschiari - Universit� di Palermo.
Prehistorian Marcel Otte - Universit� de Li�ge.

References

^ Alinei, Mario (1996-2000), Origini delle lingue d'Europa, vol. I - La teoria della continuità. Vol. II: Continuità dal Mesolitico all'età del Ferro nelle principali aree etnolinguistiche. 2 voll., Bologna, Il Mulino.
^ The so called 'arival': "..of the ‘arrival’ of Homo sapiens in Europe and Asia from Africa, and not as an event of recent prehistory.
^ The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei
^ http://www.continuitas.com/intro.html
^ Villar, Francisco (1991), Los indoeuropeos y los orígines de Europa. Lenguaje y historia, Madrid, Gredos (quotations from the It. transl. Gli indoeuropei e le origini dell’Europa, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1997).
^ The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei
^ Quote: "Since language is innate—as claimed by Chomsky and now demonstrated by natural sciences—and Homo was thus born loquens, the evolution of language—and all world languages, including Indo-European (IE)—must be mapped onto the entire course of human cultural evolution, in the new framework provided by the Palaeolithic Continuity Theory (PCT)."(Darwinism, traditional linguistics and the new Palaeolithic Continuity Theory of language evolution - Mario Alinei, 2006)
^ The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei
^ The PCT workgroup
^ The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei
^ Mario Alinei- An alternative model for the origins of European peoples and languages: The Continuity Theory (summary)
^ The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei
^ The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei
^ Alinei, Mario. "Etruscan: An Archaic Form of Hungarian". Il Mulino, Bologna, 2003 (summary).
^ Gimbutas, Marija. "Old Europe c.7000-3500 BC., the earliest European cultures before the infiltration of the Indo-European peoples". Journal of Indo-European Studies, 1, 1973, pp. 1-20.
^ Alinei, Mario. "Etruscan: An Archaic Form of Hungarian". Il Mulino, Bologna, 2003 (summary).
^ Alinei, Mario. "Etruscan: An Archaic Form of Hungarian". Il Mulino, Bologna, 2003 (summary).
^ Adams, Jonathan and Otte, Marcel. "Did Indo-European Languages spread before farming?". Current Anthropology, 40, No. 1. (Feb., 1999), 73-77.
^ Alinei, Mario. "Geolinguistic and other Lines of Evidence for the Correlation between Lithic and Linguistic Development". Europaea, 3, 1997, pp. 15-38.
^ Kortlandt, Frederik. The spread of the Indo-Europeans, 1989.
^ Kortlandt, Frederik. The spread of the Indo-Europeans, 1989.
^ Schrijver, Peter. Keltisch en de buren: 9000 jaar taalcontact. University of Utrecht, March 2007.
^ Morris, Jonathan. Review: "Mario Alinei - Origini delle Lingue d’Europa [Origins of the Languages of Europe]; Volume 1 – Teoria della Continuità [The Continuity Theory], Volume 2 – Continuità dal Mesolítico all’età di ferro nelle principali aree etnolinguistiche [Continuities from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age in the Principal Ethnolinguistic Areas] (Il Mulino – Bologna, 1996 and 2000)." [1]
^ Cavalli Sforza et al. 1988, 1994, Menozzi et al. 1978 etc.);
^ section 2.4 Genetics [2]
^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/290/5494/1080
^ Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites; Science 11 November 2005: Vol. 310. no. 5750, pp. 1016 - 1018 DOI: 10.1126/science.1118725 Wolfgang Haak, Peter Forster, Barbara Bramanti, Shuichi Matsumura, Guido Brandt, Marc Tänzer, Richard Villems, Colin Renfrew, Detlef Gronenborn, Kurt Werner Alt, Joachim Burger
^ section 2.4 B [[3]]
^ alphabetical list of members of The PCT workgroup url: [4]

Literature

Adams, Jonathan and Otte, Marcel. "Did Indo-European Languages spread before farming?" Current Anthropology, 40, No. 1. (February, 1999), pp. 73-77. [5]
Alinei, Mario. "An Alternative Model for the Origins of European Peoples and Languages: the continuity theory". Quaderni di Semantica 21, 2000, pp. 21-50.
Alinei, Mario (2002). "Towards a Generalized Continuity Model for Uralic and Indo-European Languages" in The Roots of Peoples and languages of Northern Eurasia IV, edited by K. Julku.
Alinea Mario. "Interdisciplinary and Linguistic Evidence for Palaeolithic Continuity of European, Uralic and Altaic Populations in Eurasia". Quaderni di Semantica, 24, 2, 2003.

External links

continuitas.com - Principal PCT website
- Review of Mario Alinei's - Origini delle Lingue d’Europa (Origins of the Languages of Europe) - by Jonathan Morris

[1] Alinei, Mario (1996-2000), Origini delle lingue d'Europa, vol. I - La teoria della continuità. Vol. II: Continuità dal Mesolitico all'età del Ferro nelle principali aree etnolinguistiche. 2 voll., Bologna, Il Mulino.

[2] The so called 'arival': "..of the ‘arrival’ of Homo sapiens in Europe and Asia from Africa, and not as an event of recent prehistory.

[3] The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei

[4] ttp://www.continuitas.com/intro.html

[5] Villar, Francisco (1991), Los indoeuropeos y los orígines de Europa. Lenguaje y historia, Madrid, Gredos (quotations from the It. transl. Gli indoeuropei e le origini dell’Europa, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1997).

[6] The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei

[7] Quote: "Since language is innate—as claimed by Chomsky and now demonstrated by natural sciences—and Homo was thus born loquens, the evolution of language—and all world languages, including Indo-European (IE)—must be mapped onto the entire course of human cultural evolution, in the new framework provided by the Palaeolithic Continuity Theory (PCT)."(Darwinism, traditional linguistics and the new Palaeolithic Continuity Theory of language evolution - Mario Alinei, 2006)

[8] The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei

[9] The PCT workgroup

[10] The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei

[11] Mario Alinei- An alternative model for the origins of European peoples and languages: The Continuity Theory (summary)

[12] The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei

[13] The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei

[14] Alinei, Mario. "Etruscan: An Archaic Form of Hungarian". Il Mulino, Bologna, 2003 (summary).

[15] Gimbutas, Marija. "Old Europe c.7000-3500 BC., the earliest European cultures before the infiltration of the Indo-European peoples". Journal of Indo-European Studies, 1, 1973, pp. 1-20.

[16] Alinei, Mario. "Etruscan: An Archaic Form of Hungarian". Il Mulino, Bologna, 2003 (summary).

[17] Alinei, Mario. "Etruscan: An Archaic Form of Hungarian". Il Mulino, Bologna, 2003 (summary).

[18] Adams, Jonathan and Otte, Marcel. "Did Indo-European Languages spread before farming?". Current Anthropology, 40, No. 1. (Feb., 1999), 73-77.

[19] Alinei, Mario. "Geolinguistic and other Lines of Evidence for the Correlation between Lithic and Linguistic Development". Europaea, 3, 1997, pp. 15-38.

[20] Kortlandt, Frederik. The spread of the Indo-Europeans, 1989.

[21] Kortlandt, Frederik. The spread of the Indo-Europeans, 1989.

[Schrijver-22] Schrijver, Peter. Keltisch en de buren: 9000 jaar taalcontact. University of Utrecht, March 2007.

[23] Morris, Jonathan. Review: "Mario Alinei - Origini delle Lingue d’Europa [Origins of the Languages of Europe]; Volume 1 – Teoria della Continuità [The Continuity Theory], Volume 2 – Continuità dal Mesolítico all’età di ferro nelle principali aree etnolinguistiche [Continuities from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age in the Principal Ethnolinguistic Areas] (Il Mulino – Bologna, 1996 and 2000)." [1]

[24] Cavalli Sforza et al. 1988, 1994, Menozzi et al. 1978 etc.);

[25] section 2.4 Genetics [2]

[26] ttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/290/5494/1080

[27] Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites; Science 11 November 2005: Vol. 310. no. 5750, pp. 1016 - 1018 DOI: 10.1126/science.1118725 Wolfgang Haak, Peter Forster, Barbara Bramanti, Shuichi Matsumura, Guido Brandt, Marc Tänzer, Richard Villems, Colin Renfrew, Detlef Gronenborn, Kurt Werner Alt, Joachim Burger

[28] section 2.4 B [[3]]

[29] tical list of members of The PCT workgroup url: [4]

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 :Alineli cite<ref>http://www.continuitas.com/intro.html</ref>:''The sharp, and now at last admitted even by traditionalists (Villar 1991)<ref>Villar, Francisco (1991), Los indoeuropeos y los orígines de Europa. Lenguaje y historia, Madrid, Gredos (quotations from the It. transl. Gli indoeuropei e le origini dell’Europa, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1997).</ref>, differentiation of farming terminology in the different IE languages, while absolutely unexplainable in the context of [[Anatolian hypothesis|Renfrew’s NDT]], provides yet another fundamental proof that the differentiation of IE languages goes back to remote prehistory''
 In introduction to PCT M. Alinei recognize that ''in recent times at least five different sciences and disciplines have addressed the problems of the origin of language in general and of languages in particular: (i) general linguistics and, more specifically, psycho- and cognitive linguistics, (ii) paleo-anthropology, (iii) cognitive science, (iv) genetics and (v) archaeology]].''<ref>[http://www.continuitas.com/intro.html The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei]</ref>
 Alinei draws on a synthesis of linguistic studies and on, proposed by Chomsky, consequences of innate [[grammaticality]]<ref>Quote: ''"Since language is innate—as claimed by Chomsky and now demonstrated by natural sciences—and Homo was thus born loquens, the evolution of language—and all world languages, including Indo-European (IE)—must be mapped onto the entire course of human cultural evolution, in the new framework provided by the Palaeolithic Continuity Theory (PCT).''"(Darwinism, traditional linguistics and the new Palaeolithic Continuity Theory of language evolution - Mario Alinei, 2006)</ref>. According to this [[Noam Chomsky]]'s principles of [[generative grammar]], which Alinei claims defines ''conservation'' as the law of language and languages, and ''change'' as the [[Cline (linguistics)|cline of grammaticality]] provoked by major external factors such as language contacts and hybridization, as well as ecological, socio-economic and cultural events.<ref>[http://www.continuitas.com/intro.html The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei]</ref> The theory was derived as a development of the [[Uralic Continuity Theory]].
@@ Line 24: / Line 26: @@
 ==Historical reconstruction==
-Associated with the Paleolithic Continuity Theory (PCT) is the historical reconstruction proposed by Alinei, which suggests that Indo-European speakers were native in Europe for tens of millennia. According to this reconstruction, the differentiation process of languages would have taken an extremely long time; by the end of the Ice Age the Indo-European language family had differentiated into [[Celtic languages|Celtic]]/[[Italic]]/[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]/etc. speakers occupying territories within or close to their traditional homelands. The rate of change accelerated when (Neolithic) social stratification and colonial wars began. Summarizing:<ref>[http://www.continuitas.com/intro.html The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei]</ref>
+Associated with the Paleolithic Continuity Theory (PCT) is the historical reconstruction proposed by Alinei, which suggests that Indo-European speakers were native in Europe since [[paleolithic]]. According to this reconstruction, the differentiation process of languages would have taken an extremely long time; by the end of the Ice Age the Indo-European language family had differentiated into proto [[Celtic languages|Celtic]]/[[Italic]]/[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]/[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]/[[Baltic languages|Baltic]] speakers occupying territories within or close to their traditional homelands. The rate of change accelerated when (Neolithic) social stratification and colonial wars began. Summarizing:<ref>[http://www.continuitas.com/intro.html The Paleolithic Continuity Theory on Indo-European Origins: An Introduction - Mario Alinei]</ref>
 # The colonial expansion of the Celts started much earlier than [[La Tene]] and proceeded (generally) from West to East, not vice versa.
@@ Line 54: / Line 56: @@
 <blockquote>''both simpler than its rivals and more powerful in terms of the insights it provides into language in the Meso- and Palaeolithic. While his book contains some flaws I believe that it deserves to be regarded as one of the seminal texts on linguistic archaeology, although given its lamentable lack of citation in English-language circles, it appears that recognition will have to wait until a translation of the original Italian appears.''</blockquote>
+==Genetic evidence==
+Cavalli Sforza made fundamental discoveries: genetics and languages distribution [[correlation|correlate]]<ref>Cavalli Sforza et al. 1988, 1994, Menozzi et al. 1978 etc.);</ref> Before the time when Alinei wrote introduction to PCT<ref>section 2.4 Genetics [http://www.continuitas.com/intro.html]</ref> Sykes based on mtDNA research reported that 80% of the genetic stock of Europeans goes back to Paleolithic. More research only acomodated more evidences confirming PCT prepositions : 'Europeans trace ancestry to paleolithic people' <ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/290/5494/1080</ref>. Renferew as author of concurrent theory of IE origin checked neolithic bones for classification of mitochondrial aDNA . Finally the opposing group concluded: ''Our finding lends weight to a proposed Paleolithic ancestry for modern Europeans''<ref>Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites; Science 11 November 2005:
+Vol. 310. no. 5750, pp. 1016 - 1018
+DOI: 10.1126/science.1118725
+Wolfgang Haak, Peter Forster, Barbara Bramanti, Shuichi Matsumura, Guido Brandt, Marc Tänzer, Richard Villems, [[Colin Renfrew]], Detlef Gronenborn, Kurt Werner Alt, Joachim Burger</ref>
+The major thesis binding genetics and lingiustics in PCT is : ''language differentiation must have proceeded step by step with the dispersal of humans (probably Homo sapiens sapiens) (idem).''<ref>section 2.4 B [[http://www.continuitas.com/intro.html]]</ref>
 ==Interest, Acceptance==