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Prior to 1996, Dundee was governed by the City of Dundee District Council. This was formed in 1975, implementing boundaries imposed in the [[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973]]. Under these boundaries, the Angus burgh and district of Monifieth, and the Perth electoral division of [[Longforgan]] (which included [[Invergowrie]]) were annexed to the county of the city of Dundee. In 1996, the Dundee City unitary authority was created following impementation of the [[Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994]]. This placed [[Monifieth]] and [[Invergowrie]] in the unitary authorities of [[Angus]] and [[Perth and Kinross]], largely reinstating the pre-1975 [[County council|county]] boundaries. Some controversy has ensued as a result of these boundary changes, with Dundee city councillors arguing for the return of Monifieth and Invergowrie in order to subsidise Dundee City [[Council Tax]] revenues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.scotsman.com/politicalboundaryreview/Councils-plot-revolt-over-redraw.2603731.jp |title=Councils plot revolt over re-draw plan |accessdate=2009-02-02 |date= 2005-02-19|work= The Scotsman|publisher=news.scotsman.com}}</ref>
Prior to 1996, Dundee was governed by the City of Dundee District Council. This was formed in 1975, implementing boundaries imposed in the [[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973]]. Under these boundaries, the Angus burgh and district of Monifieth, and the Perth electoral division of [[Longforgan]] (which included [[Invergowrie]]) were annexed to the county of the city of Dundee. In 1996, the Dundee City unitary authority was created following impementation of the [[Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994]]. This placed [[Monifieth]] and [[Invergowrie]] in the unitary authorities of [[Angus]] and [[Perth and Kinross]], largely reinstating the pre-1975 [[County council|county]] boundaries. Some controversy has ensued as a result of these boundary changes, with Dundee city councillors arguing for the return of Monifieth and Invergowrie in order to subsidise Dundee City [[Council Tax]] revenues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.scotsman.com/politicalboundaryreview/Councils-plot-revolt-over-redraw.2603731.jp |title=Councils plot revolt over re-draw plan |accessdate=2009-02-02 |date= 2005-02-19|work= The Scotsman|publisher=news.scotsman.com}}</ref>


The council was controlled by a minority coalition of [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and [[Liberal Democrats]] of 12 councillors, with the support of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] who had five. Although the [[Scottish National Party]] (SNP) was the largest party on the council, with 11 councillors.<ref name="political map">[http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/elections/mappage.htm ''Dundee City Council Political Make-up''], Dundee City Council website</ref><ref>[http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2005/02/28/story6861222t0.shtm ''Dundee Tory leader hits out at critic''], [[The Evening Telegraph|Evening Telegraph]] (publisher [[DC Thomson]]), 28 February 2005</ref> Elections to the council are on a four year cycle, the most recent as of 2007 being on 3 May 2007. Previously, Councillors were elected from single-member [[Wards of the United Kingdom|wards]] by the [[first past the post]] system of election, although this changed in the 2007 election, due to the [[Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2004/20040009.htm |title='&#39;Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004'&#39;, full text, Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI) website |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-01-31}}</ref> Eight new multi-member wards were introduced, each electing three or four councillors by [[single transferable vote]], to produce a form of [[proportional representation]]. The 2007 election resulting in no single party having overall control, with 13 [[Scottish National Party]], 10 [[Scottish Labour Party|Labour]], 3 [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], 2 [[Liberal Democrats]], and 1 Independent Councillors.
The council was controlled by a minority coalition of [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and [[Liberal Democrats]] of 12 councillors, with the support of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] who had five. Although the [[Scottish National Party]] (SNP) was the largest party on the council, with 11 councillors.<ref name="political map">[http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/elections/mappage.htm ''Dundee City Council Political Make-up''], Dundee City Council website</ref><ref>[http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2005/02/28/story6861222t0.shtm ''Dundee Tory leader hits out at critic''], [[The Evening Telegraph|Evening Telegraph]] (publisher [[DC Thomson]]), 28 February 2005</ref> Elections to the council are on a four year cycle, the most recent as of 2007 being on 3 May 2007. Previously, Councillors were elected from single-member [[Wards of the United Kingdom|wards]] by the [[first past the post]] system of election, although this changed in the 2007 election, due to the [[Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2004/20040009.htm |title='&#39;Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004'&#39;, full text, Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI) website |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-01-31}}</ref> Eight new multi-member wards were introduced, each electing three or four councillors by [[single transferable vote]], to produce a form of [[proportional representation]]. The 2007 election resulting in no single party having overall control, with 13 [[Scottish National Party]], 10 [[Scottish Labour Party|Labour]], 3 [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], 2 [[Liberal Democrats]], and 1 Independent Councillors. A March 2009 by election in the Maryfield ward changed the balance to 14 [[Scottish National Party]], 9 [[Scottish Labour Party|Labour]], 3 [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], 2 [[Liberal Democrats]], and 1 Independent Councillors.<ref>http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2009/03/13/story12769982t0.shtm</ref>


===Westminster and Holyrood===
===Westminster and Holyrood===

Revision as of 20:27, 13 March 2009

For other uses, see Dundee (disambiguation).
Dundee
Dundee from the south shore of the River Tay
Area26 sq mi (67 km2) [1]
PopulationExpression error: "est. 141,930[2] (2006)

Urban area -
154,674[3] (2001 census),
est. 151,820[2] (2006),

inc. Invergowrie & Monifieth" must be numeric
OS grid referenceNO402306
Council area
Lieutenancy area
  • Dundee
CountryScotland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townDUNDEE
Postcode districtDD1-DD6
Dialling code01382
PoliceScotland
FireScottish
AmbulanceScottish
UK Parliament
Scottish Parliament
List of places
UK
Scotland

Dundee (Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Dèagh) is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and, fully named as Dundee City, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. It lies on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea.

Dundee and the surrounding area has been continuously occupied since the Mesolithic. The port developed initially on the back of the wool trade exporting wool from the Angus hinterland.[citation needed] Once it was cheaper to produce linen, which had supplanted the wool trade and was itself under pressure from cotton abroad, the weavers turned their skills to weaving imported jute. The weaving industry caused the city to grow rapidly with many migrant workers though the town contained very few stone buildings prior to 1860. In this period, Dundee also gained a reputation for its marmalade industry and its journalism, giving Dundee its epithet as the city of "jam, jute and journalism".

According to the latest estimates (2006), the population of Dundee City is around 141,930. Dundee's recorded population reached a peak of 182,204 in the 1971 census, but has since declined due to outward migration.

Today, Dundee is promoted as the City of Discovery, in honour of Dundee's history of scientific activities and of the RRS Discovery, Robert Falcon Scott's Antarctic exploration vessel, which was built in Dundee and is now berthed in the city harbour. Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s, and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdom's digital-entertainment industry. Dundee has two universities—the University of Abertay Dundee and the University of Dundee.

History

Main article: History of Dundee

Toponymy

The name "Dundee" is of uncertain etymology. It incorporates the place-name element dùn, fort, present in both Gaelic and in Brythonic languages such as Pictish.[4][5] The remainder of the name is less obvious. One possibility is that it comes from the gaelic 'Dèagh', meaning 'fire'. Another is that it derives from 'Tay', and it is in this form, 'Duntay' that the town is seen in Pont's map (c1583-1596).[6] Another suggestion is that it is a personal name, referring to a local ruler named 'Daigh'.[7]

Boece asserts that the name derives from the Latin Dei Donum 'Gift from God'.

Early history

Dundee and its surrounding area have been continuously occupied since the Mesolithic. A kitchen midden of that date was unearthed during work on the harbour in 1879, and yielded flints, charcoal and a stone axe.[8]

A Neolithic cursus, with associated barrows has been identified at the north-western end of the city[9] and nearby lies the Balgarthno stone circle.[10] A lack of stratigraphy around the stone circle has left it difficult to determine a precise age,[11] but it is thought to date from around the late Neolithic/early Bronze age.[12] The circle has been subject to vandalism in the past and has recently been fenced off to protect it.[13]

From the Iron age, perhaps the most prominent remains are of the Law Hill Fort,[14] although domestic remains are also well represented.[15] Near to Dundee can be found the well-characterised souterrains at Carlungie and Ardestie, which date from around the second century AD.[16] Several brochs are also found in the area, including the ruins at Laws Hill near Monifieth,[17][18] at Craighill[17][19] and at Hurley Hawkin, near Liff.[17][20]

Early Middle Ages

The early medieval history of the town relies heavily on tradition. In Pictish times, the part of Dundee that was later expanded into the Burghal town in the twelfth/thirteenth centuries was a minor settlement in the kingdom of Circinn, later known as Angus.[7][21] An area roughly equivalent to the current urban area of Dundee is likely to have formed a demesne, centred on the Law Hillfort.[7]

Boece records the ancient name of the settlement as as Alectum.[22] While there is evidence this name was being used to refer to the town in the 18th century,[23] its early attribution should be treated with caution as Boece's reliability as a source is questionable.[24]

The Chronicle of Huntingdon (c1290) records a battle on the 20th July 834 AD between the Scots, led by Alpin (father of Kenneth MacAlpin), and the Picts, which supposedly took place at the former village of Pitalpin (NO 370 329). The battle was allegedly a decisive victory for the Picts, and Alpin is said to have been executed by beheading.[25][26] This account, while perhaps appealing, should be treated with caution as the battle's historical authenticity is in doubt.[27]

High Middle Ages

Tradition names Dundee as the location of a court palace of the House of Dunkeld.[28][29] However, no physical trace of such a residence remains,[30] and such notions are likely to have been due to a misinterpretation of the ancient name of Edinburgh, Dunedin.[25]

Dundee experienced its first major period of growth in the latter part of the 12th century, after a charter of King William granted the town Royal Burgh status.[7][28] No copies of this charter are known to have survived.[citation needed] William's charter was revoked by Edward I during the First War of Independence. It was renewed with a charter from Robert the Bruce in 1327.[28]

Early Modern Era

The Wishart Arch is the only surviving part of the city walls

Dundee became a walled city in 1545, owing to a period of hostilities known as the rough wooing. In July 1547, much of the city was destroyed by an English naval bombardment. In 1645, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist Marquess of Montrose.[31]

In 1651 during the Third English Civil War, the city was attacked by Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian forces, led by George Monk. Much of the city was destroyed and many of its inhabitants killed.[28] Dundee was later the site of an early Jacobite uprising when John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee raised the Stuart standard on Dundee Law in support of James VII (James II of England) following his overthrow, earning him the nickname Bonnie Dundee.[32]

Modern Era

Dundee greatly expanded in size during the Industrial Revolution mainly because of the burgeoning British Empire trade,flax and then latterly the jute industry.[33] By the end of the 19th century, a majority of the city's workers were employed in its many jute mills and in related industries. Dundee's location on a major estuary allowed for the easy importation of jute from the Indian subcontinent as well as whale oil—needed for the processing of the jute—from the city's large whaling industry. A substantial coastal marine trade also developed, with inshore shipping working between the city of Dundee and the port of London. The industry began to decline in the 20th century as it became cheaper to process the cloth on the Indian subcontinent. The city's last jute mill closed in the 1970s.

The original Tay Bridge (from the south) the day after the disaster. The collapsed section can be seen near the northern end

In addition to jute the city is also known for jam and journalism. The "jam" association refers to marmalade, which was purportedly invented in the city by Janet Keiller in 1797 (although in reality, recipes for marmalade have been found dating back to the 1500s). Keiller's marmalade became a famous brand because of its mass production and its worldwide export. The industry was never a major employer compared with the jute trade.[34] Marmalade has since become the "preserve" of larger businesses, but jars of Keiller's marmalade are still widely available. "Journalism" refers to the publishing firm DC Thomson & Co., which was founded in the city in 1905 and remains the largest employer after the health and leisure industries.[35][36] The firm publishes a variety of newspapers, children's comics and magazines, including The Sunday Post, The Courier, Shout and children's publications, The Beano and The Dandy.[37]

Dundee also developed a major maritime and shipbuilding industry in the 19th century. 2,000 ships were built in Dundee between 1871 and 1881, including the Antarctic research ship used by Robert Falcon Scott, the RRS Discovery. This ship is now on display at Discovery Point in the city, and the Victorian steel-framed works in which Discovery's engine was built is now home to the city's largest book shop.[38] The need of the local jute industry for whale oil also supported a large whaling industry. Dundee Island in the Antarctic takes its name from the Dundee whaling expedition, which discovered it in 1892. Whaling ceased in 1912 and shipbuilding ceased in 1981.[39] The estuary was the location of the first Tay rail bridge, built by Thomas Bouch and opened in 1879. At the time it was the longest railway bridge in the world. The bridge fell down in a storm less than a year later under the weight of a train full of passengers in what is known as the Tay Bridge disaster. None of the passengers survived.[40]

Governance

Main article: Politics of Dundee
File:DundeeCrest.jpg
City of Dundee Arms since 1996

Dundee was first made a royal burgh in 1191[citation needed] and became a unitary council area in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994,[41] which gave it a single tier of local government control under the Dundee City Council. The city has two mottos—Latin: Dei Donum (English: Gift of God). also Prudentia et Candore (With Thought And Purity),[42] although usually only the latter is used for civic purposes. Dundee is represented in both the British House of Commons and in the Scottish Parliament. For elections to the European Parliament, Dundee is within the Scotland constituency.

Local government

Dundee City Square. The building at the back of the square is Caird Hall. The building on the right is Dundee City Chambers, where the city council meets

Dundee is one of 32 council areas of Scotland,[41] represented by the Dundee City Council, a local authority composed of 29 elected councillors. Previously the city was a county of a city and later a district of the Tayside region. Council meetings take place in the City Chambers, which opened in 1933 and are located in City Square. The civic head and chair of the council is known as the Lord Provost, a position similar to that of mayor in other cities. The council executive is based in Tayside House on the banks of the River Tay, but the council recently announced plans to demolish it in favour of new premises (Dundee House) on North Lindsay Street.[43]

Prior to 1996, Dundee was governed by the City of Dundee District Council. This was formed in 1975, implementing boundaries imposed in the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. Under these boundaries, the Angus burgh and district of Monifieth, and the Perth electoral division of Longforgan (which included Invergowrie) were annexed to the county of the city of Dundee. In 1996, the Dundee City unitary authority was created following impementation of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994. This placed Monifieth and Invergowrie in the unitary authorities of Angus and Perth and Kinross, largely reinstating the pre-1975 county boundaries. Some controversy has ensued as a result of these boundary changes, with Dundee city councillors arguing for the return of Monifieth and Invergowrie in order to subsidise Dundee City Council Tax revenues.[44]

The council was controlled by a minority coalition of Labour and Liberal Democrats of 12 councillors, with the support of the Conservatives who had five. Although the Scottish National Party (SNP) was the largest party on the council, with 11 councillors.[45][46] Elections to the council are on a four year cycle, the most recent as of 2007 being on 3 May 2007. Previously, Councillors were elected from single-member wards by the first past the post system of election, although this changed in the 2007 election, due to the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004.[47] Eight new multi-member wards were introduced, each electing three or four councillors by single transferable vote, to produce a form of proportional representation. The 2007 election resulting in no single party having overall control, with 13 Scottish National Party, 10 Labour, 3 Conservatives, 2 Liberal Democrats, and 1 Independent Councillors. A March 2009 by election in the Maryfield ward changed the balance to 14 Scottish National Party, 9 Labour, 3 Conservatives, 2 Liberal Democrats, and 1 Independent Councillors.[48]

Westminster and Holyrood

For elections to the British House of Commons at Westminster, the city area and portions of the Angus council area are divided in two constituencies.[49] The constituencies of Dundee East and Dundee West are as of 2007 represented by Stewart Hosie (Scottish National Party (SNP)) and James McGovern (Labour), respectively. For elections to the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, the city area is divided between three constituencies. The Dundee East (Holyrood) constituency and the Dundee West (Holyrood) constituency are entirely within the city area. The Angus (Holyrood) constituency includes north-eastern and north-western portions of the city area.[49] All three constituencies are within the North East Scotland electoral region. as of 2007 Shona Robison (SNP) is the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Dundee East constituency; Joe Fitzpatrick (SNP) is the current MSP for the Dundee West constituency and Andrew Welsh (SNP) is the current MSP for the Angus constituency.

Geography

Dundee is located on the north bank of the Firth of Tay and near the North Sea. The city surrounds the basalt plug of an extinct volcano, called Dundee Law or simply The Law Hill (174 metres (571 ft)).[50] Dundee is Scotland's only south-facing city, giving it a claim to being Scotland's sunniest and warmest city.[51] Temperatures tend to be a couple of degrees higher than Aberdeen to the north or the coastal areas of Angus.[citation needed] Dundee suffers less severe winters than other parts of Scotland due to the close proximity to the North sea and the salt air and a range of protective hills at the back of the city, which are often snow covered while the city itself remains clear.[citation needed]

Dundee
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
63
 
 
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Dundee West End Weather Station
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.5
 
 
45
36
 
 
1.2
 
 
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1.9
 
 
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55
45
 
 
2
 
 
50
39
 
 
1.5
 
 
45
36
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

The city, being on a relatively small landspace, is the most densely populated area in Scotland after Glasgow and around fifth in the UK overall.[citation needed] It is characterised by tall tenements, mainly four storeys high, Victorian, and built from a honey or brown sandstone. The inner districts of the city, as well as some of the outer estates, are home to a number of multi storey tower blocks from the 1960s, although these have been gradually being demolished in recent years. The outer estates are among some of the poorest urban districts in the United Kingdom.[citation needed] To the east of the city area is the distinct but incorporated suburb of Broughty Ferry.

Dundee lies close to Perth (20 miles) and the southern Highlands to the west. St Andrews (14 miles) and north-east Fife are situated to the south, while the Sidlaw Hills, Angus Glens and the Glamis Castle are located to the north. Two of Scotland's most prestigious links golf courses, St Andrews and Carnoustie are located nearby.

Demography

Natives of Dundee are called Dundonians and are often recognisable by their distinctive dialect of Scots as well as their accent,[52] which most noticeably substitutes the monophthong /e/ in place of the diphthong /ai/. A significant proportion of the population are on a lower than average income or receive social security benefits. More than half of the city's council wards are among Scotland's most deprived[53] and fewer than half of the homes in Dundee are owner-occupied,[54] a slight majority being owned by housing associations and the council, although it does rank higher than Glasgow. For all its social problems, neither do Dundonians die as early as Glaswegians.[citation needed]

Dundee's population increased substantially with the urbanisation of the Industrial Revolution as did other British cities. The most significant influx occurred in the mid-1800s with the arrival of Irish workers fleeing from the Potato Famine and attracted by industrialisation. Today Dundee has 5,000 Northern Irish born residents in its boundary mostly due to universities and there is a large Northern Irish club which is based at Dundee Union[55] The city also attracted immigrants from Italy, fleeing poverty and famine, and Poland, seeking refuge from the anti-Jewish pogroms in the 19th century, and later, World War II in the 20th. Today, Dundee has a sizeable ethnic minority population, and has the third highest Asian population (~3,500) in Scotland after Glasgow and Edinburgh.[56] Dundee has attracted large numbers of Eastern Europeans and is predicted to expand further due to Bulgarian immigrants.[1][failed verification] Abertay University and Dundee University draw a large number of students from abroad (mostly Irish and EU but with an increasing number from countries in the Far East), and students account for 14.2% of the population, the highest proportion of the four largest Scottish cities.[1] Dundee is also one of only four local authorities in Scotland to recycle more than 20% of its waste.[citation needed]

Economy

Cox's Stack, A chimney from the former Camperdown works jute mill. The chimney takes its name from jute baron James Cox who later became Lord Provost of the city

Dundee is a regional employment and education centre, with over 300,000 persons within 30 minutes drive of the city centre and 700,000 people within one hour. Many people from North East Fife, Angus and Perth and Kinross commute to the city.[57] In 2006 the city itself had an economically active population of 76.7% of the working age population, about 20% of the working age population are full time students. The city sustains just under 95,000 jobs in around 4,000 companies. The number of jobs in the city has grown by around 10% since 1996. Recent and current investment levels in the city are at a record level. Since 1997 Dundee has been the focus of investment approaching an estimated £1 billion.[58]

Despite this economic growth the proportion of Dundee’s population whose lives are affected by poverty and who are classed as socially excluded is second only to Glasgow. Median weekly earnings were £409 in February 2006, an increase of 33% since 1998, on a par with the Scottish median.[57] Unemployment in 2006 was around 3.8%, higher than the Scottish average of 2.6%, although the city has “closed the gap” since 1996 when unemployment was 8.6% with the Scottish average at 6.1%. In 2000 the number of unemployed in the city had fallen to below 5,000 for the first time in over 25 years. Average house prices in Dundee have more than doubled since 1990 from an average of £42,475, to £102,025 in 2006.[59] Total house sales in the city have more than tripled since 1990 from £115,915,391 to £376,999,716 in 2004. House prices rose by over 15% between 2001–2002 and 2002–2003 and between 2005 and 2006 by 16.6%.[59]

Modern economic history

The period following World War II was notable for the transformation of the city's economy. While jute still employed one-fifth of the working population, new industries were attracted and encouraged. NCR Corporation selected Dundee as the base of operations for the UK in late 1945,[60] primarily because of the lack of damage the city had sustained in the war, good transport links and high productivity from long hours of sunshine. Production started in the year before the official opening of the plant on 11 June 1947. A fortnight after the 10th anniversary of the plant, the 250,000th cash machine was produced. By the 1960s, NCR had become the principal employer of the city producing cash registers, and later ATMs, at several of its Dundee plants. The firm, developed magnetic-strip readers for cash registers and produced early computers.[61] Astral, a Dundee-based firm that manufactured and sold refrigerators and spin dryers was merged into Morphy Richards and rapidly expanded to employ over 1,000 people.[62] The development in Dundee of a Michelin tyre-production facility helped to absorb the unemployment caused by the decline of the jute industry, particularly with the abolition of the jute control by the Board of Trade on 30 April 1969.[63]

Employment in Dundee changed dramatically during the 1980s with the loss of nearly 10,000 manufacturing jobs due to closure of the shipyards, cessation of carpet manufacturing and the disappearance of the jute trade. To combat growing unemployment and declining economic conditions, Dundee was declared an Enterprise Zone in January 1984. In 1983, the first Sinclair Sinclair ZX Spectrum home computers were produced in Dundee by Timex. In the same year the company broke production records, despite a sit-in by workers protesting job cuts and plans to demolish one of the factory buildings to make way for a supermarket. Timex closed its Dundee plant in 1993 following an acrimonious six month industrial dispute.[64] In January 2007, NCR announced its intention to cut 650 jobs at its Gourdie facility, and to turn the facility over for low volume production. The company has pledged to retain R&D, software, sales and support functions in Dundee.

Modern day

As in the rest of Scotland manufacturing industries are being gradually replaced by a mixed economy, although 13.5% of the workforce still work in the manufacturing sector, higher than the Scottish and UK average, and more than double that of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen. The main new growth sectors have been software development and biotechnology along with retail. The city has a small financial, banking and insurance sector, employing 11% of the workforce.

Magdalen Green and Bandstand, Located in the West End

In 2006, 29 companies employed 300 or more staff these include limited and private companies NCR Corporation, Michelin, Tesco, D. C. Thomson & Co, BT, SiTEL, Alliance Trust, Norwich Union, Royal Bank of Scotland, ASDA, Strathtay Scottish, Tayside Contracts, Tokheim, Scottish Citylink, W H Brown Construction, C J Lang & Son, Joinery and Timber Creations, HBOS, Debenhams, Travel Dundee, WL Gore and Associates, In Practice Systems, The Wood Group, Simclar, Millipore Life Sciences, Alchemy (antibody technology), Cypex(manufacturers of recombinant drug metabolising enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, and in vitro drug metabolism specialists). Major employers in the public sector and non profit sector are NHS Tayside, the University of Dundee, Tayside Police, Dundee College, Tayside Fire Brigade, HM Revenue and Customs, University of Abertay Dundee and Wellcome Trust.

The largest employers in Dundee are the city council and the Health Service, which make up over 10% of the city's workforce. The biomedical and biotechnology sectors, including start-up biomedical companies arising from university research, employ just under 1,000 people directly and nearly 2,000 indirectly.[65] Information technology and software for computer games have been important industries in the city for more than twenty years. Rockstar North, developer of Lemmings and the Grand Theft Auto series was founded in Dundee as DMA Design by David Jones; an undergraduate of the University of Abertay Dundee.[66] (If you look carefully at the advertising hoardings by the airport in Grand Theft Auto Vice City you will see a sign which says "Come to Dundee we have a ship which belonged to a loser"; a reference to Robert Falcon Scott's RRS Discovery). David Jones is now the CEO of Realtime Worlds, which has recently (2007) released Crackdown for the Xbox 360, and is responsible for employing over 200 people of multi national origin, primarily in Dundee.

Dundee is responsible for 10% of Britain’s digital entertainment industry, with an annual turnover of £100 million.[67] Outside of specialised fields of medicine, science and technology, the proportion of Dundonians employed in the manufacturing sector is higher than that found in the larger Scottish cities; nearly 12% of workers. Manufacturing income per head in Dundee was £19,700 in 1999, compared to £16,700 in Glasgow.[68] The insolvency rate for businesses in Dundee is lower than other Scottish cities, accounting for only 2.3% of all liquidations in Scotland, compared to 22% and 61.4% for Edinburgh and Glasgow respectively.[68]

The surrounding area is home to three major UK military bases, Condor (Royal Marines), Leuchars (RAF) which can cause sudden noise from aircraft exercises, and Barry (army and training).

The city is served by Ninewells Hospital—one of the largest and most up to date in Europe, as well as three other public hospitals: Kings Cross, Victoria, and Ashludie, and one private: Fernbrae.

Sensation Science Centre attraction

A recent addition to Ninewells Hospital is the Maggie's Centre building, which was designed by Frank Gehry officially opened by Sir Bob Geldof in 2007.

Transport

Dundee is served by the A90 road which connects the city to the M90 and Perth in the west, and Forfar and Aberdeen in the north. The part of the road that is in the city is a dual carriageway and forms the city's main bypass on its north side, known as the Kingsway, which can become very busy at rush hour. To the east, the A92 connects the city to Monifieth and Arbroath. The A92 also connects the city to the county of Fife on the south side of the Tay estuary via the Tay Road Bridge. The main southern route around the city is Riverside Drive and Riverside Avenue (the A991), that runs alongside the Tay from a junction with the A90 in the west, to the city centre where it joins the A92 at the bridge.

Dundee viewed across the Tay estuary from the southern side. The hill in the background is Dundee law which is situated approximately in the centre of the city. To the left is the Tay Road Bridge

Dundee has an extensive public bus transport system, with the Seagate Bus Station serving as the city's main terminus for journeys out of town. Travel Dundee operates most of the intra-city services, with other more rural services operated by Stagecoach Strathtay. The city's two railway stations are the main Dundee (Tay Bridge) Station, which is situated near the waterfront and the much smaller Broughty Ferry Station, which is located to the eastern end of the city. These are complemented by the stations at Invergowrie, Balmossie and Monifieth. Passenger services at Dundee are provided by First ScotRail, CrossCountry and NXEC. There are no freight services that serve the city since the Freightliner terminal in Dundee was closed in the 1980s.

Dundee Airport offers commercial flights to London City Airport, Birmingham International Airport and Belfast City.[69] The airport is capable of serving small aircraft and is located 3 kilometres west of the city centre, adjacent to the Tay river. The nearest major international airport is Edinburgh Airport, 59.2 miles (95.3 km) to the south.

The nearest passenger seaport is Rosyth, about 35 miles (56 km) to the south on the Firth of Forth, although there are no current services from here.

Education

Schools

Schools in Dundee have a pupil enrollment of over 20,300.[54] There are thirty-seven primary state schools and nine secondary state schools in the city. Of these, eleven primary and two secondary schools serve the city's Catholic population; the remainder are non-denominational.[70][71] There is also one specialist school that caters for pupils with learning difficulties aged between five and eighteen from Dundee and the surrounding area.[72]

Dundee is home to one independent school, the High School of Dundee, which was founded in the 13th century by the Abbot and monks of Lindores Abbey.[73] The current building was designed by George Angus in a Greek Revival style and built in 1832-34.[74] Early students included William Wallace (according to Blind Harry) and Hector Boece.[75] The brothers James, John and Robert Wedderburn who were the authors of The Gude and Godlie Ballatis, one of the most important literary works of the Scottish Reformation, were also educated there.[citation needed] It was the earliest reformed school in Scotland, having adopted the new religion in 1554.[citation needed]

Colleges and universities

The University of Dundee

Dundee is home to two universities and a student population of approximately 17,000.[1]

The University of Dundee became an independent entity in 1967, after 70 years of being incorporated into the University of St Andrews during which time it was known initially as University College and latterly as Queen's College. Significant research in biomedical fields and oncology is carried out in the "College of Life Sciences".[76] The university also incorporates the Duncan of Jordanstone School of Art and Design and the teacher training college.

The University of Abertay Dundee was founded as Dundee Institute of Technology in 1888. It was granted university status in 1994 under the Further and Higher Education Act, 1992. The university is noted for its computing and creative technology courses, particularly in computer games technology. [77]

Dundee College is the city's umbrella further education college, which was established in 1985 as an institution of higher education and vocational training.

Religious sites

Christian groups

Dundee Parish Church, St Mary's is one of three of the Dundee's City Churches which are joined together; only two function as places of worship: St. Mary's and St. Clement's (the Old Steeple) which can be seen in the background.

The Church of Scotland Presbytery of Dundee is responsible for overseeing the worship of 37 congregations in and around the Dundee area, 21 of which are in the city itself, with a further 5 in Broughty Ferry and Barnhill, although dwindling attendances have led to some of the churches becoming linked charges.[78] Due to their city centre location, the City Churches, Dundee Parish Church (St Mary's) and the Steeple Church, are the most prominent Church of Scotland buildings in Dundee. They are on the site of the medieval parish kirk of St Mary, of which only the 15th century west tower survives. The attached church was once the largest parish church in medieval Scotland.[citation needed] Dundee was unusual among Scottish medieval burghs in having two parish kirks; the second, dedicated to St Clement, has disappeared, but its site was approximately that of the present City Square.[citation needed]

In the Middle Ages Dundee was also the site of houses of the Dominicans (Blackfriars), and Franciscans (Greyfriars), and had a number of hospitals and chapels. These establishments were sacked during the Scottish Reformation, in the mid-16th century, and were reduced to burial grounds, now Barrack Street and Howff burial ground respectively.[79][28]

St. Paul's Cathedral is the seat of the Scottish Episcopal Diocese of Brechin. It is charged with overseeing the worship of 8 congregations in the city (9, including Broughty Ferry), as well as a further 17 in Angus, the Carse of Gowrie and parts of Aberdeenshire. The diocese is led by Bishop John Mantle.[80] St. Andrew's Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dunkeld, led by Bishop Vincent Paul Logan. The diocese is responsible for overseeing 15 congregations in Dundee and 37 in the surrounding area.[81]

There are also Methodist,[82] Baptist,[83] Congregationalist,[84] and Pentacostalist[85] churches in the city, and non-mainstream Christian groups are also well represented, including the Salvation Army,[86] the Unitarians,[87] the Society of Friends,[88] the Jehovah's Witnesses,[89] Christadelphians,[90] and Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[91]

Non-Christian groups

Muslims are served by the Dundee Islamic Society Central Mosque, a large mosque in Brown Street, built in 2000 to replace their former premises in Hilltown.[92] There are also smaller mosques at Victoria Road and Dura Street and the Al Maktoum Institute of Islamic and Arabic Studies which opened in 2000 in Blackness Road.[93]

A recorded Jewish community has existed in the city since the 19th century. There is a small, inclusive orthodox synagogue at Dudhope Park[94] was built in the 1960s,[95] with the Hebrew Burial Grounds located three miles (5 km) to the east.[96] Samye Dzong Dundee is a Buddhist Temple based in Reform Street.[97] There is also a Hindu mandir and Sikh gurdwara[98][99] that share a premises in Taylor's Lane situated in the West End of the city, and there is a second gurdwara in Victoria Road.[98]

Culture

The McManus Galleries in the city's Albert Square

Dundee is home to Scotland's only full-time repertory ensemble, established in the 1930s. One of its alumni, Hollywood actor Brian Cox is a native of the city.[100] The Dundee Repertory Theatre, built in 1982 is the base for Scottish Dance Theatre. Dundee's principal concert auditorium, the Caird Hall (named after its benefactor, the jute baron James Key Caird) regularly hosts the Royal Scottish National Orchestra. Various smaller venues host local and international musicians during Dundee's annual Jazz, Guitar and Blues Festivals. An art gallery and an art house cinema are located in Dundee Contemporary Arts, which opened in 1999 in the city's cultural quarter. McManus Galleries is a Gothic Revival-style building, located in Albert Square. It houses a museum and art gallery; exhibits include a collection of fine and decorative art, items from Dundee's history and natural history artefacts. Britain’s only full-time public observatory, Mills Observatory is located at the summit of the city's Balgay Hill. Sensation Dundee,[101] is a science center with over 80 exhibits based on the five senses.

Dundee Headquarters of DC Thomson & Co.

Dundee has a strong literary heritage, with several authors having been born, lived or studied in the city. These include A. L. Kennedy, Rosamunde Pilcher, Kate Atkinson, Thomas Dick, Mary Shelley, Mick McCluskey and John Burnside. The Dundee International Book Prize is a biennial competition open to new authors, offering a prize of £10,000 and publication by Polygon Books. Past winners have included Andrew Murray Scott, Claire-Marie Watson and Malcolm Archibald. William McGonagall, regularly cited as the "worlds worst poet",[102] worked and wrote in the city, often giving performances of his work in pubs and bars. Many of his poems are about the city and events therein, such as his work The Tay Bridge Disaster.

Music

Popular music groups such as the 1970s soul-funk outfit Average White Band, the Associates,[103] the band Spare Snare,[104] Danny Wilson and the Indie rock band The View hail from Dundee. The View's debut album went to number one in the UK charts in January 2007.[104] Ricky Ross of Deacon Blue and singer-songwriter KT Tunstall are former pupils of the High School of Dundee, although Tunstall is not a native of the city.[105] The Northern Irish indie rock band Snow Patrol was formed by students at the University of Dundee,[106] Brian Molko, lead singer of Placebo, grew up in the city.[107] At the end of June, Dundee hosts an annual blues festival known as the Dundee Blues Bonanza.[108]

Television and radio

Dundee is home to 1 of 11 BBC Scotland centres, located within the Nethergate Centre.[109] The regional studios of STV are also located in Dundee and this is where the local news opt-out is broadcast from, within the North Tonight news bulletins shown on STV.

The city has three local radio stations. Radio Tay was launched on 17 October 1980.[110] The channel split frequencies in January 1995 launching Tay FM for a younger audience and Tay AM playing classic hits. In 1999 Discovery 102 was launched, later to be renamed Wave 102.

Sports

Dundee has two professional football teams; Dundee and Dundee United who play at Dens Park and Tannadice Park, respectively.[111][112] Their stadiums are closer together than any senior football club pair in the UK.[113] Dundee is one of only three British cities to have produced two European Cup semi-finalists.[citation needed] Dundee lost to A.C. Milan in 1963[114] and Dundee United lost to A.S. Roma in 1984.[115] Dundee also reached the semi-finals of the forerunner to the UEFA Cup in 1968 and Dundee United were runners-up in the UEFA Cup in 1987.[116] There are also six junior football teams in the area: Dundee North End, East Craigie, Lochee Harp, Lochee United, Dundee Violet and Downfield.[citation needed] In May 2005, Lochee United qualified for the final of the Scottish Junior Cup at Tannadice Park, but were beaten by Tayport.[117]

Dundee is home to the Dundee CCS Stars ice hockey team which plays at Dundee Ice Arena.[118] The team participates in the Scottish National League (SNL) with the Dundee Tigers and the Northern League (NL) and in cup competitions. Dundee is home to the Dundee High School Former Pupils rugby club which plays in the First Division of the Scottish Hydro Electric Premiership. Furthermore, Harris Academy F.P.R.F.C, Panmure R.F.C. and Stobswell R.F.C. also operate in the city and participate in the Scottish Hydro Electric Caledonia League Division 2 (Midlands). Menzieshill Hockey Club are one of Scotland's premier field hockey teams and regularly represent Scotland in European competitions. The team plays in the European Indoor Cup A Division and has won the Scottish Indoor National League seven times in the last decade. An outdoor concrete skate park was constructed in Dudhope Park with money from the Scottish Executive’s Quality of Life Fund.[119] Opened in 2006, the park was nominated for the Nancy Ovens Award.[120]

Public services

Dundee and the surrounding area is supplied with water by Scottish Water. Dundee, along with parts of Perthshire and Angus is supplied from Lintrathen and Backwater reservoirs in Glen Isla. Electricity distribution is by Scottish Hydro Electric plc, part of the Scottish and Southern Energy group.

Waste management is handled by Dundee City Council. There is a kerbside recycling scheme that currently serves 15,500 households in Dundee. Cans, glass and plastic bottles are collected on a weekly basis.[121] Compostable material and non-recyclable material are collected on alternate weeks.[122] Paper is collected for recycling on a four-weekly basis.[123]

Recycling centres and points are located at a number of locations in Dundee. Items accepted include, steel and aluminium cans, cardboard, paper, electrical equipment, engine oil, fridges and freezers, garden waste, gas bottles, glass, liquid food and drinks cartons, plastic bottles, plastic carrier bags, rubble, scrap metal, shoes and handbags, spectacles, textiles, tin foil, wood and yellow pages.[124] The Dundee City Council area currently has a recycling rate of 31%.[124]

Healthcare is supplied in the area by NHS Tayside. Ninewells Hospital, is the only hospital with an accident and emergency department in the area.[125] Primary Health Care in Dundee is supplied by a number of General Practices.[citation needed] Dundee, along with the rest of Scotland is served by the Scottish Ambulance Service.[126]

Law enforcement is provided by Tayside Police[127] and Dundee is served by Tayside Fire and Rescue Service.[128]

Twin Cities

The arms of the twinned cities and their national flags alongside those of Dundee in the City Chambers.

Dundee maintains cultural, economic and educational ties with six twin cities:[129]

In addition, the Scottish Episcopalian Diocese of Brechin (centred on St Paul’s Cathedral in Dundee) is twinned with the diocese of Iowa, USA and the diocese of Swaziland.[130]

See also

References

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External links

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