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citizenship<ref>http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/20/stories/2004072001220900.htm</ref>. Today [[Jirga]]'s are frequently held. <ref>http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061030/asp/nation/story_6934322.asp</ref>. Those settled and living in the Kashmir Valley speak [[Pashto]], and are found chiefly in the southwest of the valley, where Pashtun colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting are the Kukikhel [[Afridis]] of Dramghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak [[Pashto]]. They wear picturesque dress and carry swords and shields. The [[Afridi]]s and the Machipurians, who belong to the [[Yusufzai]] tribe, are liable to military service, in return for which they hold certain villages free of revenue. The Pashtuns chiefly came in under the [[Durranis]], but many were brought by [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharajah Gulab Singh]] for service on the frontier.<ref name="OPF">{{cite web|url = http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/P/people.htm| title = Saiyids, Mughals, Pashtuns and Galawans|publisher = OPF|accessdate = 2007-06-07}}</ref> [[Pashto]] is also spoken in two villages Dhakki and Changnar (Chaknot) located on the [[LOC]] <ref>www.sil.org/silewp/2005/silewp2005-008.pdf</ref> in [[Kupwara District]].
citizenship<ref>http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/20/stories/2004072001220900.htm</ref>. Today [[Jirga]]'s are frequently held. <ref>http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061030/asp/nation/story_6934322.asp</ref>. Those settled and living in the Kashmir Valley speak [[Pashto]], and are found chiefly in the southwest of the valley, where Pashtun colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting are the Kukikhel [[Afridis]] of Dramghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak [[Pashto]]. They wear picturesque dress and carry swords and shields. The [[Afridi]]s and the Machipurians, who belong to the [[Yusufzai]] tribe, are liable to military service, in return for which they hold certain villages free of revenue. The Pashtuns chiefly came in under the [[Durranis]], but many were brought by [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharajah Gulab Singh]] for service on the frontier.<ref name="OPF">{{cite web|url = http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/P/people.htm| title = Saiyids, Mughals, Pashtuns and Galawans|publisher = OPF|accessdate = 2007-06-07}}</ref> [[Pashto]] is also spoken in two villages Dhakki and Changnar (Chaknot) located on the [[LOC]] <ref>www.sil.org/silewp/2005/silewp2005-008.pdf</ref> in [[Kupwara District]].


A further small scattered Pashtun population still exists in some major cities of India with large Muslim populations, with the majority of [[Pashto]]-speaking individuals residing in the states of [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Lucknow">{{cite web|url =http://www.lucknow4jesus.org/people/people2.asp| title = Pathan|publisher = Lucknow for Jesus|accessdate = 2007-06-07}}</ref><ref name="Christopher Buyers">{{cite web|url = http://www.4dw.net/royalark/India/rampur.htm| title = Rampur|publisher = Christopher Buyers|accessdate = 2007-06-07}}</ref> These Pathans, numbering around 14,161,<ref name="CRULP-Pashto">{{cite web|url = http://crulp.org/Publication%5CCrulp_report%5CCR03_15E.pdf|format=PDF| title = Phonemic Inventory of Pashto|publisher = CRULP|accessdate = 2007-06-07}}</ref><ref>name="india">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001], ''Census of India'' (retrieved 17 March 2008)</ref> have retained the use of the Pashto language and are still able to speak and understand it. This is partially because until recently, most of these Indian Pashtuns were able to travel to [[Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name="Dawat - Pathan Communities in India">{{cite web|url = http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml| title = Study of the Pathan Communities in four States of India|publisher = Khyber|accessdate = 2007-06-07}}</ref> <!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Indian Pathans.jpg|thumb|200px|A group of Pathans in [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]]] -->
A further small scattered Pashtun population still exists in some major cities of India with large Muslim populations, with the majority of [[Pashto]]-speaking individuals residing in the states of [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Lucknow">{{cite web|url =http://www.lucknow4jesus.org/people/people2.asp| title = Pathan|publisher = Lucknow for Jesus|accessdate = 2007-06-07}}</ref><ref name="Christopher Buyers">{{cite web|url = http://www.4dw.net/royalark/India/rampur.htm| title = Rampur|publisher = Christopher Buyers|accessdate = 2007-06-07}}</ref> These Pathans, numbering around 14,161,<ref name="CRULP-Pashto">{{cite web|url = http://crulp.org/Publication%5CCrulp_report%5CCR03_15E.pdf|format=PDF| title = Phonemic Inventory of Pashto|publisher = CRULP|accessdate = 2007-06-07}}</ref><ref>name="india">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001], ''Census of India'' (retrieved 17 March 2008)</ref> have retained the use of the Pashto language and are still able to speak and understand it. This is partially because until recently, most of these Indian Pashtuns were able to travel to the [[North West Frontier Province]] of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Dawat - Pathan Communities in India">{{cite web|url = http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml| title = Study of the Pathan Communities in four States of India|publisher = Khyber|accessdate = 2007-06-07}}</ref> <!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Indian Pathans.jpg|thumb|200px|A group of Pathans in [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]]] -->


''Urdu-Speaking Communities''
''Urdu-Speaking Communities''

Revision as of 19:00, 17 March 2009

Part of a series on
Pashtuns
Empires and dynasties

Pashtuns (Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn or پختون Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns), also called Pathans (Pashto:پټان, Urdu: پٹھان, Hindi: पठान Paṭhān) have many communities world-wide. Though their homeland is in the Pakhtunkhwa region of South-Central Asia - a region stretching from southern and eastern Afghanistan to western and southern Pakistan, they are also found in the Middle East, Europe, North America, Australia as well as in other parts of the globe. These communities include substantial numbers who claim Pashtun descent (and perhaps to a lesser extent culturally) and not linguistically.

Pashtuns in South Asia

Afghanistan

Pashtuns, are the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan, comprising 42% of Afghanistan's population[1] or 13 million people, although about 1.5 million continue to live as refugees in Pakistan. The term Pashtun is historically synonymous with Afghan, a term now used to describe any citizen of Afghanistan. Kandahar is the second major city in Afghanistan and a stronghold of the Pashtun culture.

Pakistan

Pashtuns are the second largest ethnic group after the Punjabis in Pakistan, comprising over 15% of Pakistan's population (28 million persons),[2] not including the Afghan refugees who migrated to the country during the Soviet war in Afghanistan. The Pashtuns have considerable influence in the politics, military, government, business and trade of Pakistan [3]. Peshawar and Quetta are Pakistani cities with significant numbers[quantify] of Pashtuns while Karachi is the world's largest city by number of Pashtuns.

The following delineates the population of Pashtun in the provinces of Pakistan:[citation needed]

In ethnic terms, substantial ethnic communities reside in Attock district and Mianwali. Other communities include large numbers of Muhammadzais in Kasur, and other larger communities have settled around Multan which was formerly part of the Durrani Empire.

In addition to this a large portion of the Urdu speaking community in Pakistan claim to be ethnically Pashtun. A large community identify themselves as Yousefzai Pashtuns. The Afghans settling in the Sultanate dynasties and Mughal Empire assimilated into Urdu speaking community. It is estimated that over 25% of Urdu speaking community claims Pashtun heritage. Additionally a significant number[quantify] of descendants of Rohillas migrated to Pakistan after independence in 1947.

India

India, as a British colony, once had a large Pashtun population roughly equal to that of Afghanistan, mostly concentrated in what were then the British Indian provinces of the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan. In fact, according to Encyclopædia Britannica, the number of Pashtuns in all of India was nearly 31 million, but the speakers of Pashto numbered less than 14 million.[6] Most of this population was alloted, along with its respective provinces, to Pakistan after the Partition of India. Today the Pashtuns in India are can be separated into those who speak Pashto and those who speak Urdu, with the latter being the far larger.

Pashto-Speaking Communities

There are a large number of Pashto speaking Pakhtoons living in the Kashmir valley [7]. Although their exact numbers are hard to determine, it is at least in excess of 100,000 for it is known that in 1954 over 100,000 nomadic Pakhtoons living in Kashmir valley were granted Indian citizenship[8]. Today Jirga's are frequently held. [9]. Those settled and living in the Kashmir Valley speak Pashto, and are found chiefly in the southwest of the valley, where Pashtun colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting are the Kukikhel Afridis of Dramghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashto. They wear picturesque dress and carry swords and shields. The Afridis and the Machipurians, who belong to the Yusufzai tribe, are liable to military service, in return for which they hold certain villages free of revenue. The Pashtuns chiefly came in under the Durranis, but many were brought by Maharajah Gulab Singh for service on the frontier.[10] Pashto is also spoken in two villages Dhakki and Changnar (Chaknot) located on the LOC [11] in Kupwara District.

A further small scattered Pashtun population still exists in some major cities of India with large Muslim populations, with the majority of Pashto-speaking individuals residing in the states of Delhi and Uttar Pradesh.[12][13] These Pathans, numbering around 14,161,[14][15] have retained the use of the Pashto language and are still able to speak and understand it. This is partially because until recently, most of these Indian Pashtuns were able to travel to the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan.[16]

Urdu-Speaking Communities

The larger number of people claiming Pashtun ancestry in India are Urdu-speaking. Despite the loss of most of the Raj-era Pashtun population, India still has a large community of Urdu-speaking Muslims who trace their ancestry to Pashtun-invaders and settlers. They are often referred by the Hindi-Urdu pronunciation of the word Pashtun, "Pathan". However, because Pashto fluency has been lost, and a large degree of intermarriage with Indian locals has occurred throughout the centuries, such Pathans are rarely ever regarded by Pashtuns in Pakistan and Afghanistan as being truly Pashtun, including the Bollywood 'Khan' actors.

Shabbir Hasan Khan Josh, an Urdu-speaking poet of Pakhtun origin from Malihabad (UP, India), wrote that the Pathans of India took pride in their ethnicity and considered bravery and aggressiveness a part of it. The Pathans of India did not speak Pashto, though, according to H. G. Raverty, 'in the territory of the Rampur Nawwab, whole towns and villages may be found in which the Afghan language' was spoken up to 1860.[17] Their genealogical tables, in common with their Pashto-speaking counterparts, were in Persian, which appears to have been the language of literacy among the Pakhtuns.

Major Indian Pathan tribes lived in the following areas. While, many persons belonging to these tribes moved to the Afghan-Pakistan border, others chose to stay and thus, descendants of these tribes still reside in the parts of India listed below:[18]

  1. Rohillas mainly live in Uttar Pradesh.
  2. Bangashes living in Farrukhabad
  3. Yousafzai other than Rohillas living in Tonk, Baroda, and Bhopal
  4. Mianas in Southern India
  5. Lodhis and Suris of North India

It must be remembered that the term "Pathan" does not refer exclusively and specifically to these Indian Pashtun descendants. Historically the term was used to refer to Pashtuns in general by mainstream Indians, Muslims included. Most Pashtuns, however, find the term to be insensitive and prefer to be called by their native label.

Many Pashtuns worked in the Indian independence movement. While many supported the Muslim League's demand for Pakistan, some Pashtuns opposed it in favor of a united and secular India, especially members of the Indian National Congress. These included Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, his son Khan Wali Khan, Indian diplomat Mohammed Yunus, Pakistani opposition leader Mufti Mahmud and Balochistan-based Pashtun leader Abdul Samad Achakzai.

Today around 11,904,000 Urdu-speaking people who claim Pathan descent reside in post-partition India.[19] The following delineates the population of Pathans in the states of India.[16]

The following are the some famous Indians that claim Pashtun blood:


Also included among the Pashtuns in India are students from Afghanistan who are in India to obtain a quality education[20] and Kabuliwallah Pashtuns who are doing business in India.[21] In addition, India has a large number of Hindu and Sikh refugees from Afghanistan who are very fluent in Pashto, Hindko and Dari.

Pashtuns in the Middle East

A significant population [quantify] of Pasthuns serving as migrant workers is found in the Middle East particularly in United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman and other Arab countries. Majority of them are involved in the transport business, while others are employees of construction companies.

Pashtuns in Europe

A large number of Pashtuns have migrated from their homeland, South Asia, to Europe. The following statistics give information on the number of Pashtuns in European countries:

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom is home to some 200,000 Pashtuns, making it one of the most populous overseas Pashtun communities. See also: Afghan British and Pakistani British[23]

Pashtuns in Other parts of the World

United States

Vida Zaher-Khadem and Baktash Zaher-Khadem, Pashtuns from Afghanistan now living in USA.

Since the late 1970s and onwards, Pashtuns began immigrating to the USA in large numbers and are well established there. Former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (Zalmay Khalilzad) is Pashtun, who originates from Mazari Sharif in northern Afghanistan. Pashtuns in the United States are famous for running top Afghan cuisine restaurants[24][25][26] as well as owners of the fast-food restaurant chain Kennedy Fried Chicken that is based in New York City.

Pashtuns have been present in California at least since agricultural labor was imported in the early 20th Century. A prominent example is the town of Lodi, which has a large community which was in the news with the case of the Hayats, a father-and-son duo arrested by the FBI on allegation of terrorism training, in 2006.[27]

Australia

Large numbers of Afghans were recruited in the 19th century during the initial British development of Australia, especially for the operation of camel trains in desert areas. These consisted of men who were not allowed to bring their families with them, many married local aborigines and are now known as Ghans.[28] During the 1980s and 90s, Pashtuns began settling in Perth, Melbourne, Sydney and other major cities of Australia.

Latin America

There is a small number of Pashtuns in some of the South American countries, in Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, Chile, Paraguay, etc. Most of them settled there through Indian, Pakistan, and Afghan immigration.

Guyana & Suriname

Some people living in Guyana & Suriname claim to be of Afghan descent. Most of them moved to South American countries during the Indian immigration.[29]

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html
  2. ^ Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan - Population by Mother Tongue
  3. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Afghanistan
  4. ^ Part of the region bordering Pakistan falls in the disputed Kashmir region which is claimed by India
  5. ^ cf. Weinreich 2008: 19. Part of the area falls in the disputed Kashmir region which is claimed by India
  6. ^ "Pathan". Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  7. ^ http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/05aug13/news.htm
  8. ^ http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/20/stories/2004072001220900.htm
  9. ^ http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061030/asp/nation/story_6934322.asp
  10. ^ "Saiyids, Mughals, Pashtuns and Galawans". OPF. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  11. ^ www.sil.org/silewp/2005/silewp2005-008.pdf
  12. ^ "Pathan". Lucknow for Jesus. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  13. ^ "Rampur". Christopher Buyers. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  14. ^ "Phonemic Inventory of Pashto" (PDF). CRULP. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  15. ^ name="india">Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001, Census of India (retrieved 17 March 2008)
  16. ^ a b "Study of the Pathan Communities in four States of India". Khyber. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  17. ^ Shabbir Hasan Khan Josh, Yadon ki Barat [Urdu: The Wedding Procession of Memories] (Lahore: Maktaba Sher-o-Adab, 1964), p 341, passim.
  18. ^ "Pashto Language & Identity Formation". Contemporary South Asia, July 1995, Vol 4, Issue 2, p151,20 (Khyber). Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  19. ^ "Pashtun, Northern of India". Joshua Project. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
  20. ^ "President Karzai Meets Afghan Students Studying in India". Office of the President (Islamic Republic of Afghanistan). Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  21. ^ "The Kabuliwallahs of Ballimaran". The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  22. ^ Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (1993)
  23. ^ The Other Languages of England, British Journal of Educational Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Oct., 1986), pp. 288-289 (retrieved 15 March 2008)
  24. ^ Helmand - Baltimore, Maryland
  25. ^ Helmand - San Francisco, California
  26. ^ Helmand - Cambridge, Massachusetts
  27. ^ Blog: Hamid Hayat
  28. ^ Afghan histories in Australia: The story of the Ghans
  29. ^ Afghans of Guyana, Afghanland.com (retrieved 18 January 2007)

Bibliography

  • Ahwalay Riyasatay Rampur (Tarikhi wa Maashrati Pusmanzar) by Syed Asghar and Ali Shadami, compiled and edited by Rizwanullah Khan Enayati and Tanzim Ahbab Rampur
  • Nichols, Robert. 2008. A History of Pashtun Migration.1775 - 2006. Oxford University Press, Pakistan
  • Weinreich, Matthias. 2008. We Are Here to Stay. Pashtun Migrants in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Klaus Schwarz Verlag Berlin. (Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 285)
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