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Slavic languages

Cyrillic alphabets used by Slavic languages can be divided into two categories used to divide the languages:

East Slavic languages, such as Russian, share common features such as Й and ь
South Slavic languages, such as Serbian, share common features such as Ј.

East Slavic

Russian

The Russian alphabet
А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Е е	Ё ё	Ж ж	З з	И и	Й й
К к	Л л	М м	Н н	О о	П п	Р р	С с	Т т	У у	Ф ф
Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш	Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ы ы	Ь ь	Э э	Ю ю	Я я

Yo (Ё ё) /jo/
The Hard Sign¹ (Ъ ъ) indicates no palatalisation²
Yery (Ы ы) indicates [ɨ] (an allophone of /i/)
E (Э э) /e/
Ж and Ш indicate sounds that are retroflex

Notes:

In the pre-reform Russian orthography, in Old Russian and in Old Church Slavonic the letter is called yer. Historically, the "hard sign" takes the place of a now-absent vowel, still preserved in Bulgarian. See the notes for Bulgarian.
When an iotated vowel (vowel whose sound begins with [j]) follows a consonant, the consonant is palatalised. The Hard Sign indicates that this does not happen, and the [j] sound will appear only in front of the vowel. The Soft Sign indicates that the consonant should be palatalised in addition to a [j] preceding the vowel. The Soft Sign also indicates that a consonant before another consonant or at the end of a word is palatalised. Examples: та ([ta]); тя ([tʲa]); тья ([tʲja]); тъя ([tja]); т (/t/); ть ([tʲ]).

Before 1918, there were four extra letters in use: Іі (replaced by Ии), Ѳѳ (Фита "Fita", replaced by Фф), Ѣѣ (Ять "Yat", replaced by Ее), and Ѵѵ (ижица "Izhitsa", replaced by Ии); these were eliminated by reforms of Russian orthography.

Belarusian

А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Е е	Ё ё	Ж ж	З з	І і	Й й
К к	Л л	М м	Н н	О о	П п	Р р	С с	Т т	У у	Ў ў
Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш	Ы ы	Ь ь	Э э	Ю ю	Я я	’

The Belarusian alphabet displays the following features:

Ge (Г г) represents a voiced glottal fricative /ɦ/.
Yo (Ё ё) /jo/
I (І і), also known as the dotted I or decimal I, resembles the Latin letter I. Unlike Russian an Ukrainian, "И" is not used.
- Short I (Й й), however, uses the base И glyph.
Short U (Ў ў) is the letter У with a breve and represents /w/, or like the u part of the diphthong in loud. The use of the breve to indicate a semivowel is analogous to the Short I (Й).
A combination of Sh and Ch (ШЧ шч) is used where those familiar only with Russian and or Ukrainian would expect Shcha (Щ щ).
Yery (Ы ы) /ɨ/
E (Э э) /ɛ/
An apostrophe (’) is used to indicate de-palatalization^{[clarification needed]} of the preceding consonant. This orthographical symbol used instead of the traditional Cyrillic letter Yer (Ъ), also known as the hard sign.
The letter combinations Dzh (Дж дж) and Dz (Дз дз) appear after D (Д д) in the Belarusian alphabet in some publications. These digraphs represent consonant clusters Дж /dʒ/ and Дз /dz/ correspondingly.

Ukrainian

Template:Ukrainian alphabet

The Ukrainian alphabet displays the following features:

Ve represents /ʋ/ (which may be pronounced [w] in a word final position and before consonants).
He (Г, г) represents a voiced glottal fricative, (/ɦ/).
Ge (Ґ, ґ) appears after He, represents /ɡ/. It looks like He with an "upturn" pointing up from the right side of the top bar. (This letter was not officially used in Soviet Ukraine in 1933—1990, so it may be missing from older Cyrillic fonts.)
E (Е, е) represents /ɛ/.
Ye (Є, є) appears after E, represents /jɛ/.
Y (И, и) represents /ɪ/.
I (І, і) appears after Y, represents /i/.
Yi (Ї, ї) appears after I, represents /ji/.
Yot (Й, й) represents /j/.
Shcha (Щ, щ) represents ʃtʃ.
An apostrophe (’) is used to mark non-palatalization of the preceding consonant before Ya (Я, я), Yu (Ю, ю), Ye (Є, є), Yi (Ї, ї).
Like in Belarusian Cyrillic, the sounds /dʒ/, /dz/ are represented by digraphs Дж and Дз respectively.
Until reforms in 1990, Soft sign (Ь, ь) appeared at the end of the alphabet, after Yu (Ю, ю) and Ya (Я, я), rather than before them, as in Russian. Many native speakers continue to ignore this reform^{[citation needed]}.

Rusyn

The Rusyn language is spoken by the Lemko Rusyns in Carpathian Ruthenia, Slovakia, and Poland, and the Pannonian Rusyns in Serbia.

The Rusyn alphabet
А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Ґ ґ	Д д	Е е	Є є	Ё ё*	Ж ж	З з
И и	І і*	Ы ы*	Ї ї	Й й	К к	Л л	М м	Н н	О о	П п
Р р	С с	Т т	У у	Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш	Щ щ	Ѣ ѣ*
Ю ю	Я я	Ь ь	Ъ ъ*

*Letters absent from Pannonian Rusyn alphabet.

South Slavic

The South Slavic language alphabets are generally derived from the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. It, and by extension its descendants, differs from the East Slavic ones in that the alphabet has generally been simplified: Letters such as Я, Ю, and Ё, representing /ja/, /ju/, and /jo/ in Russian, respectively, have been removed. Instead, these are represented by the digraphs ⟨ја⟩, ⟨ју⟩, and ⟨јо⟩, respecively. Additionally, the letter Е, representing /je/ in Russian, is instead pronounced /e/ or /ɛ/, with /je/ being represented by ⟨јe⟩. Alphabets based on the Serbian that add new letters often do so by adding an acute accent (´) over an existing letter.

A notable exception is the Bulgarian alphabet, which is more similar to the East Slavic variants.

Serbian

The Serbian alphabet
А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Ђ ђ	Е е	Ж ж	З з	И и
Ј ј	К к	Л л	Љ љ	М м	Н н	Њ њ	О о	П п	Р р
С с	Т т	Ћ ћ	У у	Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Џ џ	Ш ш

The Serbian alphabet shows the following features:

E represents /ɛ/.
Between Д and E is the letter Dje (Ђ, ђ), which represents /dʑ/, and looks like Tshe, except that the loop of the h curls farther and dips downwards.
Between И and К is the letter Je (Ј, ј), represents /j/, which looks like the Latin letter J.
Between Л and М is the letter Lje (Љ, љ), representing Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: /, which looks like a ligature of Л and the Soft Sign .
Between Н and О is the letter Nje (Њ, њ), representing /ɲ/, which looks like a ligature of Н and the Soft Sign.
Between Т and У is the letter Tshe (Ћ, ћ), representing /tɕ/ and looks like a lowercase Latin letter h with a bar. On the uppercase letter, the bar appears at the top; on the lowercase letter, the bar crosses the top at half of the vertical line.
Between Ч and Ш is the letter Dzhe (Џ, џ), representing /dʒ/, which looks like Ts but with the downturn moved from the right side of the bottom bar to the middle of the bottom bar.
Ш is the last letter.

Macedonian

The Macedonian alphabet
А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Ѓ ѓ	Е е	Ж ж	З з	Ѕ ѕ	И и
Ј ј	К к	Л л	Љ љ	М м	Н н	Њ њ	О о	П п	Р р	С с
Т т	Ќ ќ	У у	Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Џ џ	Ш ш

The Macedonian alphabet differs from Serbian in the following ways:

Between Ze (З з) and I (И и) is the letter Dze (Ѕ ѕ), which looks like the Latin letter S and represents /dz/.
Djerv (Ђ ђ) is replaced by Gje (Ѓ ѓ), which represents /ɟ/ (voiced palatal stop). In some dialects, it represents /d͡ʑ/ instead, lke Djerv. It is written ⟨Ǵ ǵ⟩ in the corresponding Macedonian Latin alphabet.
Tjerv (Ћ ћ) is replaced by Kje (Ќ ќ), which represents /c/ (voiceless palatal stop). In some dialects, it represents /t͡ɕ/ instead, like Tjerv. It is written ⟨Ḱ ḱ⟩ in the corresponding Macedonian Latin alphabet.
Lje (Љ љ) often represents the consonant cluster /lj/ instead of /ʎ/.

Montenegrin

The Montenegrin alphabet
А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Ђ ђ	Е е	Ж ж	З з	З́ з́	И и
Ј ј	К к	Л л	Љ љ	М м	Н н	Њ њ	О о	П п	Р р	С с
С́ с́	Т т	Ћ ћ	У у	Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Џ џ	Ш ш

The Montenegrin alphabet differs from Serbian in the following ways:

Between Ze (З з) and I (И и) is the letter З́, which represents /ʑ/ (voiced alveolo-palatal fricative). It is written ⟨Ź ź⟩ in the corresponding Montenegrin Latin alphabet, previously written ⟨Zj zj⟩ or ⟨Žj žj⟩.
Between Es (С с) and Te (Т т) is the letter С́, which represents /ɕ/ (voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative). It is written ⟨Ś ś⟩ in the corresponding Montenegrin Latin alphabet, previously written ⟨Sj sj⟩ or ⟨Šj šj⟩.

Bosnian

The Bosnian language uses both Latin and Cyrillic scripts^[1] There was also a Bosnian Cyrillic script (Bosančica) used in the Middle Ages, along with other scripts, although its connection with Bosnian is tenuous at best.^{[citation needed]} The Cyrillic used for writing in Bosnian language today is the modern Serbian variant.

Bulgarian

The Bulgarian alphabet
А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Е е	Ж ж	З з	И и	Й й	К к
Л л	М м	Н н	О о	П п	Р р	С с	Т т	У у	Ф ф	Х х
Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш	Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ь ь	Ю ю	Я я

Although a South Slavic language, the Bulgarian alphabet is more similar to the East Slavic language alphabets, and displays these features:

Е represents /ɛ/ and is called "е" [ɛ].
Щ represents /ʃt/ and is called "щъ" [ʃtɤ].
Ъ represents the vowel /ɤ/, and is called "ер голям" [ˈɛr ɡoˈljam] ('big er').
Тhe Bulgarian names for the consonants are [bɤ], [kɤ], [ɫɤ] etc. instead of [bɛ], [ka], [ɛl] etc.

References

^ Senahid Halilović, Pravopis bosanskog jezika

[1] Senahid Halilović, Pravopis bosanskog jezika

[1]