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'''Klamath-Modoc''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|æ|m|ə|θ}},<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> also simply '''Klamath''', historically '''Lutuamian''', is a [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Native American language]] that was spoken around [[Upper Klamath Lake|Klamath Lake]] in what is now southern [[Oregon]] and northern [[California]]. It is the traditional language of the [[Klamath people|Klamath]] and [[Modoc people|Modoc]] peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. {{As of|1998|4}}, it was spoken by only one person.<ref>[[#refChen1998|Chen, 1998]]; [[#refMaudlin1998|Maudlin, 1998]].</ref> As of 2003, the last fluent Klamath speaker in [[Chiloquin, Oregon|Chiloquin, OR]] was 92 years old.<ref>{{Cite journal
'''Klamath''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|æ|.|m|ə|θ}},<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> also '''Klamath–Modoc''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|æ|.|m|ə|θ|.|ˈ|m|oʊ|.|d|ɒ|k}}, historically '''Lutuamian''', is a [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Native American language]] that was spoken around [[Upper Klamath Lake|Klamath Lake]] in what is now southern [[Oregon]] and northern [[California]]. It is the traditional language of the [[Klamath people|Klamath]] and [[Modoc people|Modoc]] peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. {{As of|1998|4}}, it was spoken by only one person.<ref>[[#refChen1998|Chen, 1998]]; [[#refMaudlin1998|Maudlin, 1998]].</ref> As of 2003, the last fluent Klamath speaker in [[Chiloquin, Oregon]] was 92 years old.<ref>{{Cite journal
| volume = 8
| volume = 8
| pages = 87–102
| pages = 87–102
Line 22: Line 22:
| accessdate = 2012-08-30
| accessdate = 2012-08-30
| url = http://coyotepapers.sbs.arizona.edu/CPXIII/haynes.pdf
| url = http://coyotepapers.sbs.arizona.edu/CPXIII/haynes.pdf
}}</ref> As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or the Modoc dialects. <ref name = "Golla2011">[[Victor Golla|Golla, Victor]]. (2011). [http://books.google.com/books?id=MX1RtDR_gC0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false California Indian Languages]. Berkeley/Los Angeles, California : University of California Press. ISBN 9780520266674</ref>
}}</ref> As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or Modoc dialects. <ref name = "Golla2011">[[Victor Golla|Golla, Victor]]. (2011). [http://books.google.com/books?id=MX1RtDR_gC0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false California Indian Languages]. Berkeley/Los Angeles, California : University of California Press. ISBN 9780520266674</ref>


Klamath–Modoc is thought to be a member of the [[Plateau Penutian languages|Plateau Penutian]] branch of the [[Penutian languages|Penutian]] [[language family]], a family in which [[apophony|ablaut]] is common, just like in [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]. Evidence for this classification includes some consonant correspondences between Klamath–Modoc and other alleged Penutian languages. For example, the Proto-[[Yokutsan language|Yokuts]] [[Retroflex consonant|retroflexes]] {{IPA|*/ʈ ʈʼ/}} correspond to Klamath–Modoc {{IPA|/tʃ tʃʼ/}}, and the Proto-Yokuts [[Dental consonant|dentals]] {{IPA|*/t̪ t̪ʰ t̪ʼ/}} correspond to the Klamath–Modoc [[Alveolar consonant|alveolars]] {{IPA|/t tʰ tʼ/}}.
Klamath is thought to be a member of the [[Plateau Penutian languages|Plateau Penutian]] branch of the [[Penutian languages|Penutian]] [[language family]], a family in which [[apophony|ablaut]] is common, just like in [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]. Evidence for this classification includes some consonant correspondences between Klamath and other alleged Penutian languages. For example, the Proto-[[Yokutsan language|Yokuts]] [[Retroflex consonant|retroflexes]] {{IPA|*/ʈ ʈʼ/}} correspond to Klamath {{IPA|/tʃ tʃʼ/}}, and the Proto-Yokuts [[Dental consonant|dentals]] {{IPA|*/t̪ t̪ʰ t̪ʼ/}} correspond to the Klamath [[Alveolar consonant|alveolars]] {{IPA|/t tʰ tʼ/}}.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"

! &nbsp;
! &nbsp;
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] || [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] || [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] || [[Velar consonant|Velar]] || [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] || [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] || [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] || [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] || [[Velar consonant|Velar]] || [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] || [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
Line 49: Line 48:
|}
|}


[[Obstruent]]s in Klamath–Modoc except for {{IPA|/s/}} all come in triplets of [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]], aspirated, and [[ejective consonant|ejective]] sounds.<ref>[[#refBlevins2004|Blevins, 2004]], p. 279.</ref> [[Sonorant]] triplets are [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]], voiceless, and "laryngealized" sounds, except for {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ/}}.<ref>[[#refBlevins2004|Blevins, 2004]], pp. 279–80.</ref>
[[Obstruent]]s in Klamath except for {{IPA|/s/}} all come in triplets of [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]], aspirated, and [[ejective consonant|ejective]] sounds.<ref>[[#refBlevins2004|Blevins, 2004]], p. 279.</ref> [[Sonorant]] triplets are [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]], voiceless, and "laryngealized" sounds, except for {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ/}}.<ref>[[#refBlevins2004|Blevins, 2004]], pp. 279–80.</ref>


Most consonants can be [[gemination|geminated]]. The fricative {{IPA|/s/}} is an exception, and there is evidence suggesting this is a consequence of a recent [[sound change]].<ref>[[#refBlevins2004|Blevins, 2004]].</ref> [[Albert Samuel Gatschet]] recorded geminated {{IPA|/sː/}} in the late 19th century, but this sound was consistently recorded as degeminated {{IPA|/s/}} by [[M. A. R. Barker]] in the 1960s. Sometime after Gatschet recorded the language and before Barker did the same, {{IPA|*/sː/}} may have degeminated into {{IPA|/s/}}.
Most consonants can be [[gemination|geminated]]. The fricative {{IPA|/s/}} is an exception, and there is evidence suggesting this is a consequence of a recent [[sound change]].<ref>[[#refBlevins2004|Blevins, 2004]].</ref> [[Albert Samuel Gatschet]] recorded geminated {{IPA|/sː/}} in the late 19th century, but this sound was consistently recorded as degeminated {{IPA|/s/}} by [[M. A. R. Barker]] in the 1960s. Sometime after Gatschet recorded the language and before Barker did the same, {{IPA|*/sː/}} may have degeminated into {{IPA|/s/}}.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Klamath word order is conditioned by pragmatics. There is no clearly defined Verb Phrase or Noun Phrase. Alignment is nominative–accusative, with nominal case marking also distinguishing adjectives from nouns. Many verbs obligatorily classify an absolutive case. There are directive and applicative constructions.<ref>[[#refRude1988|Rude, 1988]].</ref>
Klamath word order is conditioned by pragmatics. There is no clearly defined verb phrase or noun phrase. Alignment is nominative–accusative, with nominal case marking also distinguishing adjectives from nouns. Many verbs obligatorily classify an absolutive case. There are directive and applicative constructions.<ref>[[#refRude1988|Rude, 1988]].</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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* [http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cilc/bibs/klamath.html Klamath Bibliography]
* [http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cilc/bibs/klamath.html Klamath Bibliography]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Klamath-Modoc Language}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Klamath language}}


{{Languages of California}}
{{Languages of California}}

Revision as of 10:07, 18 January 2014

Klamath
Modoc
Native toUnited States
RegionSouthern Oregon and northern California
EthnicityKlamath, Modoc
Extinct2003[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3kla
ELPKlamath-Modoc
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Klamath /ˈklæ.məθ/,[2] also Klamath–Modoc /ˈklæ.məθ.ˈmoʊ.dɒk/, historically Lutuamian, is a Native American language that was spoken around Klamath Lake in what is now southern Oregon and northern California. It is the traditional language of the Klamath and Modoc peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. As of April 1998, it was spoken by only one person.[3] As of 2003, the last fluent Klamath speaker in Chiloquin, Oregon was 92 years old.[4] As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or Modoc dialects. [5]

Klamath is thought to be a member of the Plateau Penutian branch of the Penutian language family, a family in which ablaut is common, just like in Indo-European. Evidence for this classification includes some consonant correspondences between Klamath and other alleged Penutian languages. For example, the Proto-Yokuts retroflexes */ʈ ʈʼ/ correspond to Klamath /tʃ tʃʼ/, and the Proto-Yokuts dentals */t̪ t̪ʰ t̪ʼ/ correspond to the Klamath alveolars /t tʰ tʼ/.

Phonology

Consonants

  Bilabial Coronal Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Stop p pʰ pʼ t tʰ tʼ   k kʰ kʼ q qʰ qʼ ʔ
Nasal m m̥ mʼ n n̥ nʼ        
Fricative   s       h
Affricate   tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ        
Approximant   l l̥ lʼ j ȷ̊ jʼ w w̥ wʼ    

Obstruents in Klamath except for /s/ all come in triplets of unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective sounds.[6] Sonorant triplets are voiced, voiceless, and "laryngealized" sounds, except for /h/ and /ʔ/.[7]

Most consonants can be geminated. The fricative /s/ is an exception, and there is evidence suggesting this is a consequence of a recent sound change.[8] Albert Samuel Gatschet recorded geminated /sː/ in the late 19th century, but this sound was consistently recorded as degeminated /s/ by M. A. R. Barker in the 1960s. Sometime after Gatschet recorded the language and before Barker did the same, */sː/ may have degeminated into /s/.

Syntax

Klamath word order is conditioned by pragmatics. There is no clearly defined verb phrase or noun phrase. Alignment is nominative–accusative, with nominal case marking also distinguishing adjectives from nouns. Many verbs obligatorily classify an absolutive case. There are directive and applicative constructions.[9]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Klamath at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  3. ^ Chen, 1998; Maudlin, 1998.
  4. ^ Haynes, Erin F. "Obstacles facing tribal language programs in Warm Springs, Klamath, and Grand Ronde" (PDF). Coyote Papers. 8: 87–102. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  5. ^ Golla, Victor. (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley/Los Angeles, California : University of California Press. ISBN 9780520266674
  6. ^ Blevins, 2004, p. 279.
  7. ^ Blevins, 2004, pp. 279–80.
  8. ^ Blevins, 2004.
  9. ^ Rude, 1988.

References

  • Barker, M. A. R. (1963a). Klamath Texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics, volume 30. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • ———. (1963b). Klamath Dictionary. University of California Publications in Linguistics 31. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • ———. (1964). Klamath Grammar. University of California Publications in Linguistics 32. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Barker, Philip. (1959). The Klamath language. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
  • Blevins, J. (2004, July). Klamath sibilant degemination: Implications of a recent sound change. IJAL, 70, 279–289.
  • Chen, D. W. (1998, April 5). Blackboard: Lost languages; Kuskokwim not spoken here. New York Times.
  • de Angulo, Jaime (1931). The Lutuami language (Klamath-Modoc). Société des Américanistes. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  • Maudlin, W. S. (1998, April 17). Yale linguists part of effort to save dying languages. The Yale Herald. Retrieved May 6, 2008
  • Rude, Noel (1987). Some Sahaptian-Klamath grammatical correspondences. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 12:67-83.
  • Rude, Noel (1988). Semantic and pragmatic objects in Klamath. In In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics, ed. by William Shipley, pp. 651–73. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Rude, Noel (1991). Verbs to promotional suffixes in Sahaptian and Klamath. In Approaches to Grammaticalization, ed. by Elizabeth C. Traugott and Bernd Heine. Typological Studies in Language 19:185-199. New York and Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Online texts


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